Mining Industry In China Research Articles

矿区生态风险评价研究述评

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 矿区生态风险评价研究述评 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201110191553 作者: 作者单位: 北京大学城市与环境学院,地表过程分析与模拟教育部重点实验室,北京大学城市与环境学院,地表过程分析与模拟教育部重点实验室,北京大学城市与环境学院,地表过程分析与模拟教育部重点实验室,北京大学城市与环境学院,地表过程分析与模拟教育部重点实验室 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国土资源部公益性行业科研专项课题(200911015-2) Research progress in ecological risk assessment of mining area Author: Affiliation: College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Ministry of Education, Peking University,College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Ministry of Education, Peking University,, Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:作为世界上矿产资源最丰富的国家之一,我国的矿山开采活动在给经济发展注入强大拉动力的同时,也给矿区生态环境带来了巨大的生态风险。总结前人相关研究,在对比分析了矿区生态风险及其评价与区域生态风险评价异同的基础上,初步明晰矿区生态风险具有风险源的多样性、空间影响边界的模糊性、随空间距离的衰减性及时间累积的延续性等特性。目前矿区生态风险评价的矿区类型过多集中于金属矿区的重金属污染等单项风险,对综合生态风险评价的重视不充分,多基于景观格局、生态环境问题视角,结果多对斑块或生态系统风险评价进行拼接,欠缺基于空间异质性的整体综合;风险度量模型、指标体系法和空间分析法则是较为常用的矿区生态风险评价方法,但在模型模拟方面略显不足。基于现有研究进展,预期矿区独特性的体现、空间格局的关注、"3S"技术的综合应用、生态安全阈值的设定、不确定性表征、基于评价结果的风险规避等将有望成为未来研究的重点。 Abstract:The rich mineral resources along with the active mining industry in China have contributed a lot to the economic boom for the past years. However, it has also posed tremendous ecological risk to the regional socio-economic system and ecosystem. Therefore, researchers have started to evaluate ecological risk for mining areas since the end of 1990s. From ecological risk assessment to regional ecological risk assessment,and then to ecological risk assessment for mining areas, the research paradigm has a significant shift. Traditional ecological risk assessment usually focuses on a simplex stress factor in the single risk source on a special situation, while regional ecological risk assessment, as a branch of ecological risk assessment, emphasizes several stress factors caused by different risk sources. Based on these related conceptions and references of ecological risk assessment, the study first discussed the features of ecological risk assessment for mining areas, such as accumulation effects with increase of spatial distance and temporal evolution, diversity of risk sources, and fuzziness of affected edges, which make the ecological risk assessment for mining areas different from other regional ecological risk assessments. Ecological risk assessment for mining areas should emphasize to express the accumulation and faintness effects with variation in spatial and temporal scale by different risk sources with proper models on the background of the mining areas so as to characterize the possibility of the disadvantageous effects caused by mining industry to ecological and socio-economic systems. After that, the basic methodologies and theories concerning mining and risk types, research perspectives and methods were discussed. The previous researches focused on metal mining and the risk of heavy metal pollution because the Hakanson method was almost mature, and tended to diversify in terms of the types of mining areas, the indexes, the types of risk types. But previous studies ignored to deal with a common comprehensive risk,especially in the coal mining area. Most researchers made ecological risk assessment from the perspective of landscape ecology or ecological problems or both of them, while comprehensiveness of results based on spatial heterogeneity should be considered. As for the methods, risk measurement models, index system methods and spatial analysis have been frequently used. Risk measurement models consider the possibility of ecological risk and the damages caused by ecological risk, such as landscape ecological pattern indexes. But the index systems are mostly large, confusing and subjective, which are also the disadvantages of index system methods. For index system methods, another problem to be dealt with is a kind of appropriate method to determine the weight of each index. The spatial analysis method just uses the spatial analysis functions of RS and GIS to describe the spatial distribution characters of ecological risk and needs to be further researched. So in general there are some flaws in the model simulation of existing researches. After all, the paper concluded the prospects for further study. Considering the deficiencies of former researches and prospective technological developments, researchers should pay more attention to the employment of 3S techniques, the application of methods and theories of landscape ecology, the determination of ecological security threshold, and application of research results in risk management in further studies. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

The Cultivation Mode of Graduate Students’ English Writing Ability of Scientific Papers on Mining Engineering

Up till now, the development of mining industry in China has followed the road of the overseas introduction and absorption, independent innovation and technology export. Mere English reading ability can hardly meet the demands of high-level professionals to export research achievements. To improve the graduate students’ ability to write English scientific papers on mining industry has become one of the main tasks to cultivate mining engineering professionals. Considering the current condition of China’s test-oriented education, the mode to efficiently and quickly enhance graduate students’ English writing ability of scientific papers on mining industry has been proposed, specifically, intensively reading high-level English scientific papers on mining industry, writing the Chinese version according to the requirements of the corresponding English scientific paper, rewriting the paper in English based on the Chinese version, performing language refinement and polish by experts or institutions, finally completing the paper through communication and exchange with the experts.

Failure modes of the surface venthole casing during longwall coal extraction: A case study

Abstract The effective control of gas emissions from longwall faces and gob areas in the coal mining industry in China has become increasingly important. Drilling underground gas drainage holes from a surface is an effective way to release gas. Once a coal seam is extracted, the rock strata above a gob subside and move, after which the gas drainage borehole and casing become damaged due to state changes in the rock. In this paper, we perform a deformation and failure analysis of a surface venthole casing using the numerical simulation method. The numerical investigation is carried out on the casing under compression, tension, and shear conditions. The general factors that affect casing failure are discussed, and basic failure modes are summarized. The experimental casing of the surface venthole at Cheng Zhuang Colliery (CZC) is also analyzed by numerical simulation. The actual deformation and failure of the casing are examined using on-site monitoring data, to which the numerical simulation results are then compared. We deduce that the tensile and shear failures occur at the lower part of the casing or at the bedding plane separation. Monitoring must be focused on these areas, and protective measures should be used. The numerical simulation model is simplified given various restrictions. The integration of numerical simulation and monitoring technology can serve as an efficient method for the quantitative analysis of failure on surface venthole casings. The research concepts presented in this paper and the rules deduced are useful references.

Construction and application of formal ontology for mine

Digital mine is the only way for the development of mining industry in China. Due to lack of appropriate standards and norms, and different awareness in the field of digital mine among academia and industry insiders, the meaning for digital mine is still unclear. Starting from the nature of mining and removing of views of specialized fields, this paper constructs formal ontology for digital mine and proposes the four levels for it. The ontology clarifies the concept world for digital mine, defines the meaning of concepts and relations clearly, provides a reference for the standard construction for digital mine and provides a unified semantic framework for the integration of heterogeneous mine data. Meanwhile, it can provide formal reasoning knowledge for expert system of digital mine and improve the intelligence and automation while the machine automatically interpreting and processing mine spatial data.

A study on a new hazard detecting and controlling method: The case of coal mining companies in China

This paper sets forth a new hazard detecting and controlling method according to the theory of system safety engineering to tackle the safety problems in coal mining companies of China. It combines classified detecting and controlling with closed-loop management, and detects hazards at different levels by dividing safety inspection into self-checking, working team checking, region team checking and specialist team checking. This method makes hazard management a closed-loop through introducing an accountability mechanism based on the interior market system of hazard detecting. The findings of our case study show that this new method is efficient to improve safety situation of the coal mining industry in China.

Fatal gas accident prevention in coal mine: a perspective from management feedback complexity

In order to reduce fatal gas accidents in coal mines in China so as to lessen miner injuries and economic losses, this paper describes a system analysis of fatal gas accidents in coal mines. From management complexity to system dynamic perspective, causes of fatal gas accident are discussed and the approaches to prevent accident are studied. Time delay and feedback effect of organization safety commitment in the system are simulated. The research shows that the time delay and feedback bring up complexity in the coal mine system. With causing mechanism analysis in the process of incident, the authors provides kinds of suggestions for coal mine administrator in decision-making from system dynamics perspective to preventing the fatal accidents, which is helpful in reducing fatal gas accident of mining industry in China.

Ecological restoration of mineland with particular reference to the metalliferous mine wasteland in China: A review of research and practice

Despite a principal contributor to the rapid economic growth, the mining industry in China produced a large amount of wasteland and caused water pollution and soil erosion as well as other environmental damages. In 2002, this industry generated 265.4 Mt tailings, 130.4 Mt gangue and 107.8 Mt smelting slags. The degraded land associated with mining is estimated to be 3.2 Mha by the end of 2004, deteriorating the land shortage of China. Restoration of mine wasteland began in late 1970s but the restoration process was sluggish. The overall restoration rate (the ratio of reclaimed land area to the total degraded land area) of mine wasteland was some 10–12% with a higher rate for coal mine spoils but a lower rate for metal-mined derelict land. From 1994 to 2004, 149 research papers were published about the restoration of China's mining wasteland, of which 70 were on metal-mined land and 61 on the non-metal-mined land. Although 37 institutions in China were involved in the restoration research, only a few remained active and productive. Metal-mined derelict land is often more metal toxic and deficient of macronutrients and is tougher for revegetation. Many substrate amelioration techniques were proposed and tolerant plant species were tested for use of reclamation of the metal-mined tailings. Five hyperaccumulator species have been reported in China for the potential use in phytoremediation. However, these accomplishments were all at laboratory or small-scale field demonstration stage and still far from the practical use in reality. To accelerate the restoration and utilization of mine wasteland, several recommendations are put forward in this review. Above these suggestions, the commitment and efficiency of the government at all levels are vital.

Ecological restoration and land reclamation in open-cast mines in Shanxi Province, China

Although a major contributor to economic development, the mining industry in China produces a large amount of derelict land, and causes pollution of water and soil erosion as well as other environmental damage. Large areas of degraded mining land remains barren preventing agricultural, social and economically sustainable development in affected areas. As land is under short supply in China, exacerbated by the rapidly expanding population, it is now policy to restore or reclaim land degraded by mining. The aim is to develop sustainable and healthy arable-land ecosystems. This paper outlines the principles and approaches to ecological restoration, which have been adopted in Shanxi Province with reference to three typical surface mines.

Noah Drake and the Coal Mining Industry in China: 1898-19111

Noah Drake and the Coal Mining Industry in China: 1898-1911¹

Some effects of deforestation in China

This study deals with the historical impacts of mining as a result of the economic development in Eastern Asia. It focuses on landscape changes caused by the emerging copper mining industry in China's south east provinces. Since the ecological aftermath has never been documented in Chinese history, a reconstruction of dynamic landscape processes is performed. A key region for this reconstruction are the mining areas in Yunnan province. This province was the most important supplying region of copper in China during the early and mid Qing dynasty (1725–1855).Predictive modeling of the primary vegetation in combination with dynamic agent-based reconstructions have been performed to analyze and to understand deforestation processes. Therefore a time-discrete balance between biomass removal and renewal has been carried out to characterize different periods of landscape degradation, biodiversity and agriculture. Besides the reconstruction, explanatory and experimental results have been compiled to assess the ecological impacts of mining during this period.An ‘Evaludation’ of the model was performed in order to verify the applied concepts and test the integration of data as well as the conclusive generation of results. Our calculations show that while deforestation for mining was severe in the 18th and 19th century, rising populations and agricultural reclamation had a bigger impact on the clearance of forests. In addition, quantitative data for the ecological succession show that deforestation was reduced by up to 75% due to the provision of regrowing biomass. Deforested areas around the mines were either completely destroyed or of high biodiversity due to the abundance of heterogenous vegetation communities within small spaces. Lastly, two extreme scenarios were calculated which covered all positive and negative triggers of deforestation. These calculations served as reference data to evaluate model's quality: our model outputs lie within the range of comparable studies but underestimate the total deforestation reported and yet some uncertainties regarding forest fires and other uses of biomass remain. This study has led to a more holistic understanding of the interactions between copper mining and landscape ecology in Chinese history.