Minimum Weight Research Articles

A Triply‐Periodic‐Minimal‐Surface Structured Interphase based on Fluorinated Polymers Strengthening High‐energy Lithium Metal Batteries

AbstractThe challenge of constructing a mechanically robust yet lightweight artificial solid‐electrolyte interphase layer on lithium (Li) anodes highlights a trade‐off between high battery safety and high energy density. Inspired by the intricate microstructure of the white sea urchin, we first develop a polyvinyl fluoride‐hexafluoropropylene (PVDF‐HFP) interfacial layer with a triple periodic minimal surface structure (TPMS) that could offer maximal modulus with minimal weight. This design endows high mechanical strength to an ordered porous structure, effectively reduces local current density, polarization, and internal resistance, and stabilizes the anode interface. At a low N/P ratio of ~3, using LiFePO4 as the cathode, Li anodes protected by TPMS‐structured PVDF‐HFP achieve an extremely low capacity‐fading‐rate of approximately 0.002 % per cycle over 200 cycles at 1 C, with an average discharge capacity of 142 mAh g−1. Meanwhile, the TPMS porous structure saves 50 wt % of the interfacial layer mass, thereby enhancing the energy density of the battery. The TPMS structure is conducive to large‐scale additive manufacturing, which will provide a reference for the future development of lightweight, high‐energy‐density secondary batteries.

Abstract 4059: Vitokine-2: A TIL-targeting tumor activable engineered IL-2 for cancer treatment

Abstract Background: Interleukin-2 is the first approved immune-oncology (IO) drug to treat multiple metastatic cancers with durable and curative antitumor effects. Yet, its application is restricted due to severe toxicity, short half-life, and a small fraction of response rate. To reduce toxicity and improve efficacy, we developed Vitokine-2, a tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL)-targeting, tumor activable, and precision engineered IL-2 that remains inert systemically but activated in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Methods: Through protein and structure-guided precision engineering, the biological activity of IL-2 was optimized, concealed, guided to exhausted TILs, and activated at TME. The biological activity was determined by measuring proliferation (Ki67) of CD8+ T and NK cells using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), and anti-tumor efficacy were evaluated in mice, encompassing healthy and multiple syngeneic tumor mouse models. Results: Vitokine-2 was inactive in stimulating CD8+T and NK cell proliferation in vitro. Yet, its biological activity was fully restored following the cleavage and release of the concealing domain. Vitokine-2 displayed a significantly prolonged in vivo pharmacokinetic profile due to half-life extension, concealing and reduction of target sink. Administration of Vitokine-2 in mice resulted in minimal or no detectable activation, proliferation, and expansion of cytotoxic CD8+T and NK cells in the systemic circulation. However, marked CD8+ T cell proliferation and expansion with enhanced expression of granzyme B, a cytotoxic functional biomarker, was observed within the TME. The effect was specific to cytotoxic lymphocytes but not regulatory T cells. Corroborating with the expansion and enhanced functionality of CD8+ T cells in TME, robust antitumor efficacy was observed with Vitokine-2 but not with the non-activable IL-2 counterpart. Furthermore, dose-dependent tumor killing efficacy and complete eradication of tumors were demonstrated in multiple syngeneic tumor models. Vitokine-2 was found to be safe and well tolerated with minimal interferon gamma release and body weight loss even at much higher doses. Conclusion: Vitokine-2 is a TIL-targeting, tumor activable and precision engineered IL-2. It demonstrated robust anti-tumor efficacy with minimal systemic toxicity. It is safe, well tolerated, and permits high dose administration, yielding a widened therapeutic window. Vitokine-2 presents a paradigm-shifting, potentially a first-in-class, highly safe and efficacious IO therapy with an immense potential to address both IO-responsive and unresponsive patient population. Citation Format: Sreerupa V. Challa, Yao-Te Hsieh, Karen Gelinas, Andrea Umana, Wei-chun Weng, Toska Berisha, Cameron Stephens, Yuesheng Li, Jing Xu. Vitokine-2: A TIL-targeting tumor activable engineered IL-2 for cancer treatment [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 4059.

Abstract 3217: Discovery of novel inhibitors of the epigenetic regulator Kat6a histone acetyl transferase and characterization of their anti-tumor activity

Abstract KAT6A and its paralog KAT6B are histone acetyltransferases (HATs) which direct chromatin structural rearrangement and subsequent changes in gene transcription through acetylation of histones, primarily specific lysine residues on histone H3. KAT6A is modified in cancer, including genomic amplification, overexpression, mutation, as well as genetic rearrangement, resulting in the production of fusion proteins. Dysregulation of this MYST family member and its acetyl transferase activity is known to drive gene expression and tumorigenic progression in cancers. An inhibitor of KAT6A and KAT6B entered phase 1 clinical trials (NCT04606446). With continuous daily dosing, durable partial responses were seen in estrogen-receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer patients who had progressed on a prior endocrine therapy and CDK4/6 inhibitor. In that study, evidence of dose dependent pharmacodynamics (H3K23Ac inhibition) was observed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and paired tumor biopsies (Sommerhalder, ASCO2023). Isosterix has developed a series of structurally diverse small molecule KAT6A-selective inhibitors which engage at the active site in the acetyl CoA substrate binding pocket. Lead compounds are selective for KAT6A and have significant potency and cellular activity in a variety of assays; they inhibit KAT6A-mediated histone acetylation in a biochemical assay as well as pharmacodynamic dose-dependent inhibition of histone acetylation in the breast cancer tumor cell line ZR-75-1. These compounds reduce cell viability of ZR-75-1 in 10 days with continuous compound administration, confirming the dependence of this cell line on KAT6A acetyl transferase activity for proliferation and cell cycle progression. Lead inhibitors are orally bioavailable with excellent pharmacokinetic properties in rodents. They demonstrate dose-dependent anti-tumor efficacy with minimal weight loss with continuous daily dosing in mouse xenograft tumor models. Inhibitors against this novel epigenetic target demonstrate the potential for efficacy in not only ER+ breast cancer but also other tumor indications which exhibit transcriptional induction dependent on KAT6A-directed chromatin remodeling. Selection of a lead candidate is planned for early 2024 with IND enabling studies to follow. Citation Format: Leslie J. Holsinger, Roopa Rai, Rahul R. Nagawade, Benoy K. Pal, Samir G. Pawar, Krishna Anand Putta, Somashekar S.C., Mahaboobi Jaleel, Jianhong Wang, Alison L. Hannah. Discovery of novel inhibitors of the epigenetic regulator Kat6a histone acetyl transferase and characterization of their anti-tumor activity [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 3217.

Abstract 6021: Lutetium-177 (177Lu) radiolabeled engineered antibody fragment against human prostate stem cell antigen (hPSCA) demonstrates targeting and antitumor effects in a syngeneic mouse model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC)

Abstract Introduction: hPSCA is a cell surface protein overexpressed in PDAC but minimally expressed in normal tissues, making it a promising therapeutic marker for targeted radiopharmaceutical therapy (TRT). Anti-hPSCA A2 scFv-Fc2DM antibody (A2DM) was engineered with a double mutation in the FcRn binding site for rapid blood clearance to the liver, reducing bone marrow and kidney radiotoxicity. The potential of using 177Lu radiolabeled A2DM antibody for targeted anti-hPSCA imaging and TRT was investigated in a syngeneic mouse model of PDAC. Methods: hPSCA knock-in mice were engrafted subcutaneously with KPC cells overexpressing hPSCA (KPC-hPSCA). ImmunoPET with zirconium-89 (89Zr) radiolabeled with A2DM was conducted to confirm in vivo targeting. For imaging, A2DM and an isotype control (anti-CD20) antibody were radiolabeled with 89Zr. Mice (n = 5; tumor sizes: 150 mm3 - 180 mm3) were i.v. injected with 89Zr-A2DM or 89Zr-isotype control (administered activity: 1.5 MBq/10 µg) or co-injected with excess cold antibody. ImmunoPET was acquired at 21 h post-injection. Ex vivo biodistribution was conducted and %ID/g was calculated based on decay-corrected standards. For therapy, KPC-hPSCA tumor bearing mice (n = 8 - 9, average tumor sizes: 20.1 ± 5.1 mm3) was i.v. injected with 177Lu-A2DM (administered activity: 17.8 MBq/10 µg or 9.25 MBq/10 µg) or saline. Tumor sizes and body weights measured every 2-3 days. Results: 89Zr immunoPET and biodistribution of A2DM demonstrated significantly higher tumor uptake (15.6 ± 0.6 %ID/g) than theisotype control (10.7 ± 1.0 %ID/g, p= 0.0001) or blocked control with 70-fold excess cold antibody (8.6 ± 1.3 %ID/g, p< 0.0001), suggesting A2DM binds to hPSCA-positive tumors in an antigen-specific manner. Therapy studies show tumor growth inhibition in a dose-dependent manner when treated with 17.8 MBq of 177Lu-A2DM (tumor size at day 25: 178 ± 119 mm3) or 9.25 MBq of 177Lu-A2DM (tumor size at day 25: 309 ± 182 mm3) (tumor size at day 25: 740 ± 317 mm3, p= 0.006, 0.04 respectively, compared to saline). Median survival was significantly improved in mice treated with high dose of 17.8 MBq 177Lu-A2DM compared to saline-treated group (48 vs. 25 days, p= 0.002). Median survival of mice treated with low dose 9.25 MBq of 177Lu-A2DM showed a trend towards improved survival but results were not significant (48 vs. 34 days, p= 0.25). Minimal weight loss observed in the 177Lu-A2DM and saline groups, suggesting the 177Lu therapy was well tolerated. Conclusions: 89Zr immunoPET studies confirmed specific targeting of A2DM to KPC-hPSCA tumors in vivo. 177Lu-A2DM therapeutic studies demonstrated significant tumor growth delay in a dose-dependent manner. Future studies will explore dose fractionation strategies, with the aim to enhance tumor growth control for PDAC. Citation Format: Bao Ying Chen, Masoud Farshbaf, Felix B. Salazar, Saad N. Ahmed, Sunidhi Jaiswal, Jennifer Chean, Anakim Sherman, Teresa Hong, Paul J. Yazaki, Tove Olafsen, Kirstin A. Zettlitz, Anna M. Wu. Lutetium-177 (177Lu) radiolabeled engineered antibody fragment against human prostate stem cell antigen (hPSCA) demonstrates targeting and antitumor effects in a syngeneic mouse model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 6021.

Performance simulation of metal hydride based flat coupled beds with differential sizes for cooling/heating

Hydrogen being the most abundant element in the universe has great potential towards decarbonisation at the point of usage. Metal hydride-based heat pumps/ refrigerators are getting increasing acceptance due to its environment friendliness and safety. These systems operate over a wide range of temperatures and pressures. The thermal performance of these systems depends mainly on the reaction kinetics of the alloy pairs. Difference in the reaction rates of the alloy pairs, causes a certain amount of hydride to go unutilized during cycling. While a variety of reactor designs and heat transfer enhancements are suggested, optimal thermal design of coupled beds with minimum weight and cycle time remains a major challenge. In the present study, numerical simulation of differently sized coupled beds based on the alloy pair of LaNi4.7Al0.3 - La0.8Ce0.2Ni5 is carried out using COMSOL Multiphysics® commercial code. The effect of mass ratio on the hydrogen pressure and hydride concentration in the coupled bed is highly significant. It is found that 12 % increase in COP (0.28) is obtained for a cycle time of 260 s and mass ratio of 1.5. This corresponds to minimum alloy weight ensuring effective transfer of hydrogen across HT-LT reactors.

Constructing Portfolio Optimization: Analysis in Indonesia Non-Cyclical Industry (Markowitz Approach and Skewness and Kurtosis)

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to examine the application of portfolio optimization in the context of real-world financial issues, particularly in light of the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Traditional portfolio optimization strategies, such as those proposed by Markowitz, often rely on the assumption of normally distributed returns, which may not accurately capture the risks associated with extreme events like the COVID-19 crisis. This study aims to shed new light on portfolio optimization methods by exploring various approaches and considering the implications of non-normally distributed returns on portfolio construction. Methods: This research employs a quantitative approach to analyze portfolio optimization techniques in the face of non-normally distributed returns. Using data from financial markets impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the study investigates different portfolio construction methods, including risk-free rate for equally weighted portfolios, optimal risk portfolios, minimum variance weights, and maximum expected returns. Various risk metrics such as variance, Sharpe ratio, and standard deviation are considered to evaluate portfolio performance under different constraints. Results and discussion: The empirical findings highlight the limitations of traditional portfolio optimization techniques, particularly in accurately assessing and managing risk in the presence of non-normally distributed returns. Assets exhibit heavily tailed returns, leading to an underestimation of risk when using standard approaches. The study identifies that certain assets offer high returns but also entail significant risks, necessitating a nuanced approach to portfolio construction. By considering stable distribution models and optimizing for both maximum expected return and minimum variance weight, investors can build more profitable and diversified portfolios while managing risk effectively. Implications of the research: The research findings have important implications for investors and financial practitioners, particularly in navigating uncertain market conditions such as those brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic. By recognizing the limitations of traditional portfolio optimization methods and embracing more sophisticated approaches that account for non-normally distributed returns, investors can make more informed decisions and better manage portfolio risk. These insights can inform the development of robust investment strategies tailored to mitigate the impact of extreme events on portfolio performance. Originality/value: This research contributes to the literature by offering a fresh perspective on portfolio optimization under the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic. By systematically evaluating different portfolio construction methods and considering the implications of non-normally distributed returns, the study advances understanding in the field of financial risk management. The identification of stable distribution models and the emphasis on balancing maximum expected return with minimum variance weight provide practical guidance for investors seeking to build resilient and profitable portfolios in turbulent market environments. Overall, this research underscores the importance of adapting portfolio optimization strategies to address the realities of contemporary financial markets.

Human Activity Detection Events Through Human Eye Reflection using Bystander Analyzer

ABSTRACT Automatic video-based human activity recognition has shown promise and is mostly used in video surveillance applications for diverse purposes. However, there are still substantial performance issues that make real-world implementation challenging. The main barrier to the accurate detection of human movement remains to the perspective problem, which results from the fact that video sequences are frequently shot from random camera angles. Therefore, the main focus of this study is on how human eyesight reflects in different camera views that are used to detect human activity or identify intruders. First, a gaussian mixture model that previously used the Minimal Spanning Tree for segmentation is used for pre-processing. Using the pixel-based Kruskal methodology and this method, the input data set’s minimal weight is precisely determined. Segmentation comes next. Independent discriminant features are extracted using transformation using Karhunen-Loeve expansion, which isolates human behavior based on the Person Correlation Coefficient. To effectively identify data, Deep Lens Classifier is also employed to look for any suspect human behavior. With an impressive 78.8774% accuracy, 28.6961% sensitivity, 98.50% specificity, 75.6734% precision, 48.781% recall, and 65.10% F-measure, this approach is unique in the field of detecting human activity. Finally, our proposed system’s MATLAB performance retrieves the accurate detection.

Biomass Densification to Improve Management Efficiency and to Obtain High Value Products in México

In México, the utilization of fast-growing plant species for biomass production presents transportation-related issues such as freshness reduction, the transportation of large volumes with minimal weight due to low density, limited storage availability, and logistical challenges. To enhance understanding in this field, the research aimed to evaluate the densification potential of a variety of organic materials, with a specific emphasis on the biomass derived from eight species of rapidly growing plants, three animal species’ manure, and concentrated feed. After conditioning, 100 g samples underwent particle size analysis and were categorized into seven sizes. Pellets and briquettes (40 g, 10% moisture, 15 MPa pressure, 5 min processing, 80 °C temperature) were produced and evaluated for bulk density (BD) and pellet (PD) and briquette durability (BDU). The predominant particle sizes were 0.850 mm and 0.425 mm. Original biomass bulk density (OBBD) varied notably, with ovine manure (0.50 g cm−3) and cattle feed (0.49 g cm−3) exhibiting the highest values. Caprine manure (0.83 g cm−3) and ovine manure (0.78 g cm−3) yielded the densest pellets at 1.76 and 1.84 g cm−3, respectively. Apple tree pellets achieved premium quality with the highest hardness (97.9%). Cattle manure (1.25 g cm−3) and cattle feed (1.25 g cm−3) had the densest briquettes, with notable BBD/OBBD ratios in pine sawdust (4.6) and corn (4.5). Caprine manure and Acacia biomass briquettes showed premium quality with the highest hardness (99.1%), emphasizing densification variations and the need for tailored approaches based on organic material characteristics.

A robust machine learning-based framework for handling time-consuming constraints for bi-objective optimization of nonlinear steel structures

In structural design, multi-objective optimization of nonlinear steel structures simultaneously considers various design (often conflicting) purposes during the stage of construction to the operation of projects. Such optimization generally requires excessive computational efforts for the evaluation of time-consuming constraints. To overcome this drawback, this paper presents an efficient machine learning-based (ML) method to perform bi-objective optimization of nonlinear steel structures describing two conflicting objectives, namely minimization of structural weight and nodal displacements, simultaneously. The proposed method combines a nondominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA2) with an extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) surrogate-assisted model. Furthermore, a multi-objective comparison technique (MulCT) is implemented, where a safety parameter t is introduced to reduce errors in the predictive ML model. To demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method, two robust design examples, including a planar 10-bar truss and 47-bar transmission tower structures, are provided. In comparison with various ML algorithms, numerical results illustrate that the XGBoost model is superior in performance and requires significantly less training time. The MulCT technique enhances computational efficiency, leading to a 20% reduction in computing resources as when it was implemented with NSGA2. The proposed method by integrating both MulCT and XGBoost models with NSGA2 can save more than 50% of computational efforts, while maintaining good accuracy, as can be achieved by NSGA2.

Efficacy of thankuni and grapes in arsenicosis-affected rat

This study was undertaken to observe the effects of Thankuni and grapes on hematological and biochemical parameters against arsenicosis in Long Evans rats. Sixty male rats were selected to perform the study. The experimental rats were randomly divided into five different groups, with n = 12 in each group. Animals in group T0 were given normal feed and water and kept as control. Rats of group T1 were given arsenic trioxide @ 100 mg/L of drinking water orally. Rats of group T2 were given arsenic trioxide @ 100 mg/L drinking water and Thankuni @ 1gm/kg feed. Group T3 was given arsenic trioxide @ 100 mg/L drinking water with grapes @ 10 mg /kg body weight thrown DW. Group T4 was given arsenic trioxide, Thankuni, and grapes with the same dose for up to 45 days, respectively. Four randomly selected rats from each group (T0, T1, T2, T3, and T4) were sacrificed at 15-day intervals to determine body weight, hematological and biochemical parameters. At the end of the experiment, the result showed that the minimum weight gain group was T1 whereas the maximum weight gain was found in the T3 and T4 groups. The weight gain of the T2 group is better than T1. Reduction of TEC and Hb values were significant (P < 0.01) in the T1 group. Whereas in the rest of the groups, the reduction of TEC and Hb was less than in arsenic-treated groups. In conclusion, Thankuni and grapes have a significant effect on body weight and hematological and biochemical parameters.

Effects of Limiting the Number of Different Cross-Sections Used in Statically Loaded Truss Sizing and Shape Optimization.

This research aims to show the effects of adding cardinality constraints to limit the number of different cross-sections used in simultaneous sizing and shape optimization of truss structures. The optimal solutions for sizing and shape optimized trusses result in a generally high, and impractical, number of different cross-sections being used. This paper presents the influence of constraining the number of different cross-sections used on the optimal results to bring the scientific results closer to the applicable results. The savings achieved using the cardinality constraint are expected to manifest in more than just the minimization of weight but in all the other aspects of truss construction, such as labor, assembly time, total weld length, surface area to be treated, transport, logistics, and so on. It is expected that the optimal weight of the structures would be greater than when not using this constraint; however, it would still be below conventionally sized structures and have the added benefits derived from the simplicity and elegance of the solution. The results of standard test examples for each different cardinality constraint value are shown and compared to the same examples using only a single cross-section on all bars and the overall optimal solution, which does not have the cardinality constraint. An additional comparison is made with results of just the sizing optimization from previously published research where authors first used the same cardinality constraint.

Synergistic performance evaluation of copper–WC-graphene composites: Microstructure, mechanical properties, corrosion, and wear behavior under microwave sintering

This study investigates the synergistic performance of copper–WC–graphene composites fabricated using microwave sintering. Optical Microstructure analysis demonstrated a uniform distribution of reinforcing elements (WC and graphene) within the copper matrix across various compositions (Cu - 5 wt % WC, Cu - 5 wt % WC – 2.5 wt % Graphene, Cu - 5 wt % WC – 5 wt % Graphene, Cu - 5 wt % WC – 7.5 wt % Graphene). The SEM images further revealed controlled porosity and crack-free surfaces. Interfacial bond strength among WC, graphene, and copper was evidenced through SEM and wettability results, affirming successful phase integration. Mechanical property assessments unveiled substantial improvements in compressive strength (31.76%) and hardness (67.21%) after incorporating 5 wt % WC and 7.5 wt % graphene. Corrosion resistance was affirmed through minimal weight loss (0.201 mg) in a 3.5 wt % NaCl solution over 120 h. Wear tests exhibited a noteworthy 81.25% reduction in wear rate for Cu - 5 wt % WC – 7.5 wt % Graphene, emphasizing enhanced wear resistance. The coefficient of friction is determined to be 0.265. XRD analysis validates the composite's composition, featuring copper, copper oxide, copper carbide, tungsten carbide, and carbon phases.

A Best-Path Approach to the Design of a Hybrid Space–Ground Quantum Network with Dynamic Constraints

The design and operation of quantum networks are both decisive in the current push towards a global quantum internet. Although space-enabled quantum connectivity has already been identified as a beneficial candidate for long-range quantum channels for over two decades, the architecture of a hybrid space–ground network is still a work in progress. Here, we propose an analysis of such a network based on a best-path approach, where either fiber- or satellite-based elementary links can be concatenated to form a repeater chain. The network consisting of quantum information processing nodes, equipped with both ground and space connections, is mapped into a graph structure, where edge weights represent the achievable secret key rates, chosen as the figure of merit for the network analysis. A weight minimization algorithm allows for identifying the best path dynamically, i.e., as the weather conditions, stray light radiance, and satellite orbital position change. From the results, we conclude that satellite links will play a significant role in the future large-scale quantum internet, in particular when node distances exceed 500 km, and both a constellation of satellites—spanning 20 or more satellites—and significant advances in filtering technology are required to achieve continuous coverage.

The Association of Weight With Surgical Morbidity in Infants Undergoing Enterostomy Reversal: A Study of the NSQIP-Pediatrics Database

IntroductionOptimal criteria and timing for enterostomy closure (EC) in neonates is largely based on clinical progression and adequate weight, with most institutions using 2.0–2.5 kg as the minimum acceptable weight. It is unclear how the current weight cutoff affects post-operative morbidity. AimTo determine how infant weight at the time of EC influences 30-day complications. MethodsInfants weighing ≤4000 g who underwent EC were identified in the 2012–2019 ACS NSQIP-P database. Demographics, comorbidities, and 30-day outcomes were assessed using univariate analysis. Multivariable logistic regression controlling for ASA score, nutritional support, and ventilator support was used to estimate the independent association of weight on risk of 30-day complications. ResultsA total of 1692 neonates from the NSQIP-P database during the years 2012–2019 met inclusion criteria. Neonates weighing <2.5 kg were significantly more likely to have a younger gestational age, require ventilator support, and have concurrent comorbidities. Major morbidity, a composite outcome of the individual postoperative complications, was observed in 283 (16.7%) infants. ASA classifications 4 and 5, dependence on nutritional support, and ventilator support were independently associated with increased risk of 30-day complications. With respect to weight, we found no significant difference in major morbidity between infants weighing <2.5 kg and infants weighing ≥2.5 kg. ConclusionDespite using a robust, national dataset, we could find no evidence that a defined weight cut-off was associated with a reduction in major morbidity, indicating that weight should not be a priority factor when determining eligibility for neonatal EC. Level of EvidenceIII.

Role of gamma-irradiated sodium alginate on growth, physiological and active components of iceberg lettuce (Lactuca sativa) plant

BackgroundOne of the most widely recognized biostimulators of plant development; is oligoalginate, which regulates the biological processes of plants and was used in horticultural fields as a plant growth regulator. The plan of the current research was to study, however, the foliar application of un-irradiated and irradiated Na-alginate (UISA and ISA) to improve the growth, physiological activity, and other active components of the Egyptian iceberg lettuce plant. Degraded Na-alginate is equipped with exposure of sodium alginate in its solid state to gamma-rays at different dose levels (0.0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 kGy). The characterization of the oligo-alginates achieved by γ-radiation deprivation at different dose levels was performed by FTIR, XRD, TGA, SEM, and TEM. Different concentrations of irradiated sodium alginate at dose levels of 100 kGy (200, 400, 600, and 800 ppm, as well as deionized water used as a control) were sprayed with a hand sprayer every week after transplanting the iceberg lettuce seedlings in the field until the harvest stage. Morphological traits were evaluated, as well as pigments, ascorbic acid, phenols, flavonoids, soluble proteins, and antioxidant activity.ResultsIrradiated Na-alginate resulted in the depolymerization of Na-alginate into small molecular-weight oligosaccharides, and the best dose to use was 100 kGy. Certain chemical modifications in the general structure were observed by FTIR analysis. Two absorbed bands at 3329 cm−1 and 1599 cm−1, were recognized that are assigned to O–H and C-O stretching, respectively, and peaks achieved at 1411 cm−1 represent the COO-stretching group connected to the sodium ion. The peak obtained at 1028 cm−1 was owing to the stretching vibration of C-O. The results of TGA provided that the minimum weight reminder was in the ISA at 100 kGy (28.12%) compared to the UISA (43.39%). The images of TEM pointed out that the Na-alginate was globular in shape, with the particle distribution between 12.8 and 21.7 nm in ISA at 100 kGy. Irradiated sodium alginate caused a noteworthy enhancement in the vegetative growth traits (leaf area, stem length, head weight, and leaf number). By spraying 400 ppm, ISA showed a maximum increase in total pigments (2.209 mg/g FW), ascorbic acid (3.13 mg/g fresh weight), phenols (1.399 mg/g FW), flavonoids (0.775 mg/g FW), and antioxidant activities (82.14. %). Also, there were correlation coefficients (R values) between leaf area, stem length, head weight, and leaf number values with total pigment content, antioxidant activity, total soluble proteins, and ascorbic acid.ConclusionsThe outcomes of the recent investigation demonstrated that the application of spraying irradiated Na-alginate (100 kGy) resulted in an improvement of the considered characters.

Evaluation of Postharvest Behaviour of Bitter Gourd as Influenced by Gamma Irradiation and Modified Atmosphere Packaging

An experiment was conducted at the Postharvest Laboratory of Horticulture Division, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture during November to December 2022to examine the effects of different doses of gamma irradiation and Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on shelf life and quality of bitter gourd at ambient condition. The experiment comprised ten postharvest treatment viz., T0 =Control (untreated, unwrapped and non-irradiated); T1 =Gourds wrapped in Polypropylene (PP) bag; T2 =Gourds treated with 3% CaCl2; T3 = Irradiated at1000 Gy, T4= Irradiated at2000 Gy, T5 =3% CaCl2+ PP bag, T6 = 1000 Gy+ PP bag, T7 = 2000 Gy+ PP bag, T8 =3% CaCl2, + 1000 Gy+ PP bag and T9 = 3% CaCl2 + 2000 Gy+ PP bag. The single-factor experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with three replications. Parameters investigated were fruit colour, shrinkage, moisture content, dry matter content, weight loss, disease incidence (DI), disease severity (DS) and shelf life. The minimum weight loss (3.49%), shrinkage (0.00%), DI (11.11%),DS (6.67%) and longest shelf life (10 days) were found in bitter gourds treated with T8 treatment, whereas the maximum weight loss (52.31%), shrinkage (3.89%), DI (77.78%), DS (76.67%) and shortest shelf life (4 days) were T0 treatment at 8 days after storage. The findings would have great impact in reducing enormous postharvest loss of bitter gourd and maintain their quality during postharvest handling and marketing under ambient condition. Bangladesh J. Nuclear Agric, 37(2): 57-68, 2023

Engineering Soft Spring Gauges for In Situ Biomaterial and Tissue Weighing.

Hydrogels have gained great attention and broad applications in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and drug delivery due to their excellent biocompatibility and degradability. However, accurately and noninvasively characterizing the degradation process of hydrogels remains a challenge. To address this, we have developed a method using soft spring gauges (SSGs) for the in situ weighing of hydrogels. Our approach uses a simple hydrogel-based sacrificial template method to fabricate polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) SSGs. The SSGs used in this study can characterize hydrogels with a minimum wet weight of approximately 30 mg. Through theoretical derivations, numerical simulations, and experimental characterization, we confirmed that the length change of the SSGs in a buffer solution correlates linearly with the applied hanging weights. This allows us to track and assess the solid mass change of hydrogels during degradation with high feasibility and accuracy. Additionally, we have demonstrated the potential application of SSGs for the in situ characterization of engineered tissue growth. This method represents an advanced approach for in situ hydrogel weighing, holding great promise for advancing the development of hydrogels and other biomaterials in biomedical applications.

Development of Compact Medical Aspirator with IoT Applications

The medical aspirator is a suction device that operates pneumatically (pump). It is an electrically powered machine that is used in hospitals, health care centers and ambulance for a variety of purpose. It is quite heavy, more expensive and serves a variety of functions. The need for a new device necessitates that it should be compact, easily transportable, portable and which can be used for tele-medication. As a result, a medical aspirator is designed with minimum size, weight and portability to mobilized, an aesthetic design, and idea of planning the machine in a shoulder bag, making it easier for nurse and attendants to carry it and treat their patients in a long-term situation. The new design is an optimized variant of the currently available aspirator, as it can perform all functions without any limitation or drawbacks. As a result, the primary goal of the work is to design an aesthetic and compact medical aspirator to serve for the medical treatment.

СРАВНЕНИЕ ПРОМЫШЛЕННЫХ СОРТОВ ЗЕМЛЯНИКИ САДОВОЙ FRAGARIA × ANANASSA В УСЛОВИЯХ МОСКОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

The objective of the study is to identify the most promising varieties of garden strawberries for cultivation under industrial conditions in the Moscow Region. The study was carried out in 2022 and 2023 on the territory of the Kolomenskaya Yagoda farm (Moscow Region). The objects of the study were the following varieties of garden strawberries: Aromas, Clery, Mara des Bois, Monterey and San Andreas. The year of planting was 2022. The soil of the experimental plot was gray forest loamy. Planting pattern: 2.0 m bet¬ween rows and 0.3 m in a row between plants. Agrotextile (density 120 g/m2) was used in the experimental plots. Drip irrigation was installed on the plantation. Records and observations were carried out according to the classical methodology of setting up experiments with fruit crops by E.N. Sedov, T.P. Ogoltsova. For the study, 30 fruits were randomly selected and their quantitative (fruit length (mm), fruit diameter (mm), fruit weight (g), content of soluble dry substances (°Bx), fruit density (g), peduncle length (mm)) and qualitative (fruit color, glossiness, aroma) traits were assessed. Strawberries Mara des Bois, with minimal length (22.2 mm), diameter (20.4 mm), weight (5.2 g) and density (457.8 g), have the highest content of soluble dry substances (13.4 Bx°). The varieties Aromas, Clery and San Andreas have the maximum length, diameter and weight, but Aromas has a high accumulation of sugars at low fruit density, while Clery and San Andreas have medium and low content of soluble dry substances at high density. Contingency analysis revealed a highly reliable relationship between fruit length, width and weight (0.709–0.897). Organoleptic observations showed that fruits of 4 varieties have a red color. Strong glossiness was noted in Clery, Mara des Bois and San Andreas. Aromas, Mara des Bois and San Andreas have a strong aroma.

The Hamiltonian p-median problem: Polyhedral results and branch-and-cut algorithms

In this paper we study the Hamiltonian p-median problem, in which we are given an edge-weighted graph and we are asked to determine p vertex-disjoint cycles spanning all vertices of the graph and having minimum total weight. We introduce two new families of valid inequalities for a formulation of the problem in the space of edge variables. Each one of the families forbids solutions to the 2-factor relaxation of the problem that have less than p cycles. The inequalities in one of the families are associated with large cycles of the underlying graph and generalize known inequalities associated with Hamiltonian cycles. The other family involves inequalities for the case with p=n/3, associated with edge cuts and multi-cuts whose shores have specific cardinalities. We identify inequalities from both families that define facets of the polytope associated with the problem. We design branch-and-cut algorithms based on these families of inequalities and on inequalities associated with 2-opt moves removing sub-optimal solutions. Computational experiments on benchmark instances show that the proposed algorithms exhibit a comparable performance with respect to existing exact methods from the literature. Moreover the algorithms solve to optimality new instances with up to 400 vertices.