Minimum Strength Research Articles

Extension and validation of the pendulum model for longitudinal solar prominence oscillations

Context.Longitudinal oscillations in prominences are common phenomena on the Sun. These oscillations can be used to infer the geometry and intensity of the filament magnetic field. Previous theoretical studies of longitudinal oscillations made two simplifying assumptions: uniform gravity and semicircular dips on the supporting flux tubes. However, the gravity is not uniform and realistic dips are not semicircular.Aims.Our aim is to understand the effects of including the nonuniform solar gravity on longitudinal oscillations and explore the validity of the pendulum model with different flux-tube geometries.Methods.We first derived the equation describing the motion of the plasma along the flux tube including the effects of nonuniform gravity, yielding corrections to the original pendulum model. We also computed the full numerical solutions for the normal modes and compared them with the new pendulum approximation.Results.We find that the nonuniform gravity introduces a significant modification in the pendulum model. We also found a cut-off period; i.e., the longitudinal oscillations cannot have a period longer than 167 min. In addition, considering different tube geometries, the period depends almost exclusively on the radius of curvature at the bottom of the dip.Conclusions.We conclude that nonuniform gravity significantly modifies the pendulum model. These corrections are important for prominence seismology, because the inferred values of the radius of curvature and minimum magnetic-field strength differ substantially from those of the old model. However, we find that the corrected pendulum model is quite robust and is still valid for noncircular dips.

Pengaruh Penambahan Agregat Ban Bekas dan Limbah Botol Kaca Terhadap Karakteristik dan Kuat Tekan Batako

This study aims to determine the characteristics of the bricks and the percentage of additional shredded used tires and glass powder that meet the minimum compressive strength requirements of solid bricks (SNI-3-0349-1989). This research uses a laboratory experimental method with variations in the percentage of additives from used tires and glass powder. The results showed that by using shredded used tires and glass powder, the three types of aggregates met the quality classification of bricks according to the minimum compressive strength requirements of solid bricks (SNI-3-0349-1989) with quality standard III. The use of used tires and glass powder in bricks as an added material by replacing some of the sand from the ratio can provide a quality standard III in making bricks according to SNI 03-0349-1989. Glass powder and used tires with an average compressive strength of 60.95 kg/cm2, 55.70 kg/cm2 and 45.19 kg/cm2, the three types of aggregates are included in grade III bricks with average compressive strength.

Optimization of the pre-application process of a reactive resin before direct dyeing for imparting reserve effects on Elastane/cotton pant garments

The present study investigated multi-response optimization of process parameters of a new formula based on reactive resins applied on Elastane/cotton pants. Bleached samples were treated with a reserve agent based on reactive resins, then were dyed with a direct dye to impart reserve and contrast effects. The response surface methodology (RSM) and desirability functions were employed to obtain simultaneous optimum settings of input parameters including liquor ratio bath, resin concentration, curing time and temperature. Different tests were carried out on the resin treated and dyed samples: color strength of the front and the back side of the pant garment, tear strength, washing, and rubbing color fastness.The main goal of this work is to propose a new solution: the application of a resin followed by a dyeing process to obtain special reserve and contrast effects on pants and to propose optimized conditions to succeed. Under the optimized conditions, the experimental values of liquor ratio bath, resin concentration, curing temperature and curing time agreed closely with the predicted values. The optimized process parameters for maximum tear strength, maximum color fastness properties and a minimum color strength of the front side of the pant garment were found to be: liquor ratio bath as 12.22:1, concentration of resin as 183 g/L, curing temperature as 140 °C and curing time as 12 min. 20 s.

Strength Measurement of Scapular Retractors In Female IT Workers Through Dynamometer

It is very important for the proper position orientation and motion of shoulder that all the muscles should function properly whereas scapular muscles having the key role in the normal function and stability of upper extremity and Cervical spine. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research was to determine the scapular retractors strength in female IT workers. MATERIAL & METHODS: This was descriptive cross-sectional study conducted on females IT workers working at Arfa Karim Tower, Lahore. A sample of 35 IT workers were selected using nonprobability convenience sampling. After signing an informed consent each subject was assessed for strength of scapular retractors using handheld dynamometer. By using SPSS 22.0 we analyzed the provided data in which for the quantitative variables mean and standard deviation were used and for the qualitative data we use frequency and percentage. RESULTS: The mean strength of Rhomboids Major, Rhomboids Minor and trapezius middle fibers was 14.72 ± 2.91 lbs., 12.38 ± 2.62 lbs and 13.22 ± 3.43 lbs respectively. The average strength of scapular retractors of the dominating hand was 14.72 ± 2.91 lbs with a strength of ranging between10 lbs and17 lbs from minimum to maximum. The average strength of scapular retractors of the non-dominant hand was 12.38 ± 2.62 lbs with a minimum strength of 7 lbs and a maximum strength of 14 lbs. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that the strength of Rhomboids Major, Rhomboids Minor and Trapezius middle fibers was lower in female IT workers.

Strength Measurement of Scapular Retractors In Female IT Workers Through Dynamometer

It is very important for the proper position orientation and motion of shoulder that all the muscles should function properly whereas scapular muscles having the key role in the normal function and stability of upper extremity and Cervical spine. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research was to determine the scapular retractors strength in female IT workers. MATERIAL & METHODS: This was descriptive cross-sectional study conducted on females IT workers working at Arfa Karim Tower, Lahore. A sample of 35 IT workers were selected using nonprobability convenience sampling. After signing an informed consent each subject was assessed for strength of scapular retractors using handheld dynamometer. By using SPSS 22.0 we analyzed the provided data in which for the quantitative variables mean and standard deviation were used and for the qualitative data we use frequency and percentage. RESULTS: The mean strength of Rhomboids Major, Rhomboids Minor and trapezius middle fibers was 14.72 ± 2.91 lbs., 12.38 ± 2.62 lbs and 13.22 ± 3.43 lbs respectively. The average strength of scapular retractors of the dominating hand was 14.72 ± 2.91 lbs with a strength of ranging between10 lbs and17 lbs from minimum to maximum. The average strength of scapular retractors of the non-dominant hand was 12.38 ± 2.62 lbs with a minimum strength of 7 lbs and a maximum strength of 14 lbs. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that the strength of Rhomboids Major, Rhomboids Minor and Trapezius middle fibers was lower in female IT workers.

Effect of Fine Aggregate Sources on Compressive Strength of Cement Concrete

The cause of failure of structure made from cement concrete is due to use of low-quality ingredient which is used directly without testing its properties and without studying its suitability in production of different grade of concrete mix. The aim of this study is to presents that the effect of fine aggregates from different sources on compressive strength of cement concrete. For this study four fine aggregate sources were taken. Altogether 48 concrete cubes of M20 grade were prepared from different sixteen combinations of these four fine aggregate sources. The different properties were founded by conducting different laboratory tests for fine aggregates from different sources and the compressive strength test of 48 cubes was conducted.The test results showed that properties of fine aggregate sources such as fineness modulus, loose bulk density, specific gravity, water absorption and Materials Finer than 75 μm were founded in the range of (3.17-3.88), (1508.33-1604.17) kg/m3, (2.57-2.66) %, (1.60-1.92) % and (2.74-7.47) respectively. Compressive strength test of all 48 samples were cross the minimum strength provided by M20 grade and it is ranges from 20.64 N/ mm2 to 32.47 N/ mm2. Different value of mean compressive strength was obtained for all sixteen combinations of aggregates form each other. The fine aggregate from Chisang source achieved more value of average compressive strength when mix with other four different coarse aggregate sample than other three sources. Significance difference in mean compressive strength of concrete made from different fine aggregates source was concluded by the Two-way ANOVA test results. This research work concluded that all four fine aggregate sources used in this study and concrete made from these sources can be used for residential building construction propose and other construction work which required strength provided by M20 grade of nominal mix concrete.

Diagonal Tension Performance of Impregnated Woodworking Corner Joints

In this study, the effects were examined of wood species, processing types and processing time on diagonal tension performance of woodworking corner joint with double tenon and mortise. Test samples were prepared by using Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris Lipsky), sessile oak (Quercus petreae Lipsky) and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.). Poly vinyl acetate (PVAc) adhesive was used to join the tenon and mortise corner joints. The samples were impregnated by using the method of immersion for 20 and 40 min with a mixture of wax / linseed oil (3 % paraffin, 10 % linseed oil, 87 % white spirit) and Imersol-Aqua. The test of diagonal compression was used to test 120 samples. In this study, the minimum strength decrease of around 68 % was obtained for Scots pine impregnated with Imersol-Aqua for 40 min and the highest strength increase of around 10 % was obtained for sessile oak samples impregnated with Imersol-Aqua for 40 min. The highest diagonal tension performance of 879.734 N·m was obtained for oak samples impregnated with Imersol-Aqua for 40 min., the lowest diagonal tension performance of 189.111 N·m was obtained for Scots pine samples impregnated with Imersol-Aqua for 40 min.

Research on the use of fly ash to make reactive powder concrete

Reactive powder concrete is a type of concrete using materials with fine grains and high activity that can participate in chemical reactions in hydration process. Reactive powder concrete has a high compressive strength, usually greater than 100 MPa. However, such materialutilized in applicationsmust also go through selection and must be of good quality, i.e. high activity and fineness, and loss when heated. In this study, the use of locally available untreated raw materials such as natural sand, fly ash partially replacing cement for the fabrication of reactive powder concrete with a minimum strength requirement is examined and proposed.

Characterization of fatigue performance of cold mix recycled asphalt mixtures through uniaxial tension–compression testing

Cold recycling of pavements utilizes nearly 100% of the reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) for pavement rehabilitation. Due to the large amount of RAP, the cold recycled mixes would become prone to fatigue cracking, and hence evaluation of their fatigue performance becomes highly important. In this study, three cold recycled asphalt mixes were prepared using a regular cationic slow setting asphalt emulsions with hard base asphalt binder (CSS-1h) with and without Portland cement stabilization, and a polymer modified emulsion (CSS-1hp). The optimum emulsion and pre-mix water contents were determined using Superpave Gyratory compacted specimens through the mix design process by studying the air void levels and meeting minimum strength requirements. Fatigue properties of these three groups of mixes were then evaluated through a series of uniaxial cyclic tension–compression tests. The results were compared in terms of the modulus degradation, dissipated energy capacity, changes in phase angle, and number of cycles to failure, to determine the fatigue lives of the different mixes. The results indicated that adding 1% Portland cement to the cold recycled specimens significantly improved their fatigue performance as compared to the control scenario specimens prepared with regular CSS-1h emulsion. Using the polymer modified emulsion also led to a slightly improved fatigue resistance of the cold mix specimens as compared to the mixes prepared with regular emulsion. Furthermore, Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR) testing of the two residual emulsion binders indicated potential of improving the rutting resistance for the mixes prepared with the polymer modified emulsion.

Pengaruh Penambahan Slag Nikel Dan Cacahan Plastik Terhadap Kekuatan Tekan Paving Block

This study aims to analyze the addition of nickel slag and crushed plastic into the paving block on the compressive strength. Paving blocks were made by conventional methods. Samples were made and tested according to SNI 03-0691-1996 standards. After molded, the paving blocks were dried within 28 days. After that, the materials were placed on a compression test device to determine the compressive strength. The results of the compression test showed that the maximum compressive strength value was owned by sample B with a value of 210.8 kg/cm2 with a volume composition of 25% cement, 5% coarse aggregate, 30% nickel slag, 5% fine aggregate, and 35% crushed plastic. The minimum compressive strength was found in sample A with a value of 129.17 kg/cm2 with a mixture composition of 25% cement, 25% coarse aggregate and 50% fine aggregate. From this study, it was found that there was an increase in the compressive strength of the paving block after the addition of chopped plastic and nickel slag.Keywords: paving block, slag nickel, plastic chopping, compressive strength

EFFECT OF BASICITY ON COMPLEX METALLURGICAL PROPERTIES OF SINTER

Metallurgical properties of sinter have a significant influence on its basicity. The dependence of cold and hot strength, softening point, reducibility and other physical and chemical properties of sinter on basicity was established by studies of many domestic and foreign scientists. However, taking into account essential increase of iron content in concentrate during decrease in silica content as a result of modernization of production in JSC Stoilensky GOK, the estimation of basicity influence on complex properties of sinter produced with the silica usage is actual. The results of laboratory research at Novolipetsk Iron and Steel Works with the purpose of study of sinter basicity influence on sintering process indexes, strength and high-temperature properties, including filterability of smelting products through the coke baffle are presented. The sinters of different basicity were produced in the laboratory conditions by sintering based on concentrate of Stoilensky GOK with iron content 68,0 %. The basicity of the charge CaO/SiO2 was varied in the range of 1.2‒2.0 units in steps of 0.2 units. In the process of research we selected the optimum rate of solid fuel for each charge from the condition of maximum vertical speed of sintering and sintering strength of sinter. It was found that increasing the basicity of sintering material leads to increasing cold and hot strength, narrowing interval of plastic-viscous state. The maximum vertical sintering rate and maximum specific capacity are reached at basicity 1.6. At basicity of 1.4 the minimum strength of sinter was obtained. It was established, that the sinter reducibility sharply increases at basicity of 1.6 units. With increase in basicity the temperature softening-melting interval (TSMI) of sinter decreases, which characterizes the cohesion zone. The widest TSMI is in sinter with basicity of 1.2, the narrowest – with basicity of 2.0. With increasing basicity of sinter the characteristics of the melt flow through the coke packing increases. The mixture of 55% of sinter with 2.0 basicity and 45% of unfluxed pellets from Stoilensky GOK had the best flow characteristics of the melt products and slag.

Unemployment and COVID-19-related mortality: a historical cohort study of 50,000 COVID-19 patients in Fars, Iran.

OBJECTIVESPrevious studies have estimated the risk of death associated with unemployment in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, but no studies have examined unemployment before COVID-19 infection as a risk factor for COVID-19-related mortality. Thus, this study aimed to investigate COVID-19 mortality among this population.METHODSData on 50,038 people aged 25-59 years were collected from 38 agencies in Fars Province, Iran, from February 2020 to July 2021. Follow-up lasted from participants’ diagnosis with COVID-19 based on the results of a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction test to participants’ death or the end of the study period. The association between unemployment and COVID-19-related mortality was estimated using the Poisson regression method, and a sensitivity analysis was conducted to calculate the E-value.RESULTSUnemployment was associated with a 2.41-fold (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.01 to 2.90) higher age-adjusted and sex-adjusted risk of COVID-19-related mortality. The adjusted Poisson regression analysis showed 8.82 (95% CI, 6.42 to 12.11), 2.84 (95% CI, 1.90 to 4.24), and 1.58 (95% CI, 1.24 to 2.01) times higher risks of COVID-19-related mortality among unemployed people aged 25-39 years, 40-49 years, and 50-59 years, respectively, than among their employed counterparts. Unemployment increased the risk of COVID-19 mortality by 3.31 (95% CI, 2.31 to 4.74) and 2.30 (95% CI, 1.86 to 2.84) times in female and male, respectively. The E-value was 3.43, reflecting the minimum strength of confounding required to shift the association between unemployment and COVID-19-related mortality toward the null.CONCLUSIONSUnemployment prior to COVID-19 infection increased the risk of COVID-19-related mortality. COVID-19-related mortality disproportionately impacted unemployed women and younger unemployed people.

Experimental Study on the Influence of Confining Pressure and Bedding Angles on Mechanical Properties in Coal

Extensive bedding planes have a great influence on the mechanical properties of coal. In order to study the mechanism of the effects of bedding angles on the mechanical properties and failure characteristics of coal in the Shanxi Baode coal mine, uniaxial and triaxial compression tests and numerical simulations were conducted. The strength deterioration and microstructural changes in the samples were then analyzed with discrete element method (DEM) numerical simulation. The experimental results reveal that the power function strength criterion has good applicability to the strength characteristics of this coal. It was also found that the bedding angles have a great influence on the mechanical properties of coal. The properties of peak strength at different bedding angles roughly showed a U-shaped changing trend. The maximum strength occurred at a bedding angle of 0°, whereas the minimum strength occurred at a bedding angle of 60°. The numerical simulation and test results prove that the forms of failure of different bedding coal samples are complicated and are mainly represented by tensile and shear failures.

Effect of sand content on bond performance of engineered geopolymer composites (EGC) repair material

Engineered geopolymer composites (EGC) have recently emerged as a greener and more environmentally friendly alternative to conventional engineered cementitious composites (ECC), achieving excellent mechanical and durability properties. This study investigated the effect of sand to binder (S/B) ratio on the bond performance of EGC repair material with concrete and steel reinforcement. The S/B ratio of EGC mixes was varied from 0.3 to 1.0, and its effect on the physical and mechanical properties was evaluated. It was found that increasing the S/B ratio decreased the micro-cracks at the EGC-concrete interface and, increased the bond strength. A direct correlation was observed between the elastic modulus of EGC and its bond strength with concrete substrate. The EGC-steel rebar pull-out strength initially increased and then decreased with the S/B ratio. The EGC repair material with S/B ratio more than or equal to 0.8 achieved the minimum EGC-concrete bond strength value of 1.5 MPa, as recommended by the BSI code.

Study on preparation and mechanical properties of 3D printed concrete with different aggregate combinations

3D printed concrete (3DPC) properties are closely related to the characteristics of coarse aggregates and fine aggregates. In this paper, the role of recycled aggregates in 3DPC is considered and the printable inks with different aggregate combinations were well prepared. The mechanical properties of 3DPC containing different aggregates were compared and analyzed, and the effect of recycled aggregates on the development of concrete properties was further investigated under different curing conditions. The results showed that the full recycled aggregate reduced the 3DPC interlayer deformation by 3.1 mm at a height of 120 mm, and the minimum anisotropic compressive strength of it was 16.36 MPa, approximately 67.15% of that of the cast-in-place one. And compared to the full replacement of recycled coarse aggregates, the full replacement of recycled fine aggregates in air curing facilitates the improvement of the mechanical properties of the concrete, with an increase of 4.1 MPa at 28d, but with a negative impact in standard curing. In addition, the reduction in mechanical properties with the combination of fully recycled coarse and fine aggregates is less than the sum of the reduction with the single aggregate, under any type of maintenance or pouring.

Properties of Ion-Inertial Scale Plasmoids Observed by the Juno Spacecraft in the Jovian Magnetotail.

We expand on previous observations of magnetic reconnection in Jupiter's magnetosphere by constructing a survey of ion‐inertial scale plasmoids in the Jovian magnetotail. We developed an automated detection algorithm to identify reversals in the Bθ component and performed the minimum variance analysis for each identified plasmoid to characterize its helical structure. The magnetic field observations were complemented by data collected using the Juno Waves instrument, which is used to estimate the total electron density, and the JEDI energetic particle detectors. We identified 87 plasmoids with “peak‐to‐peak” durations between 10 and 300 s. Thirty‐one plasmoids possessed a core field and were classified as flux‐ropes. The other 56 plasmoids had minimum field strength at their centers and were termed O‐lines. Out of the 87 plasmoids, 58 had in situ signatures shorter than 60 s, despite the algorithm's upper limit being 300 s, suggesting that smaller plasmoids with shorter durations were more likely to be detected by Juno. We estimate the diameter of these plasmoids assuming a circular cross section and a travel speed equal to the Alfven speed in the surrounding lobes. Using the electron density inferred by Waves, we contend that these plasmoid diameters were within an order of the local ion‐inertial length. Our results demonstrate that magnetic reconnection in the Jovian magnetotail occurs at ion scales like in other space environments. We show that ion‐scale plasmoids would need to be released every 0.1 s or less to match the canonical 1 ton/s rate of plasma production due to Io.

Emulating 3 Clinical Trials That Compare Stroke Rehabilitation at Inpatient Rehabilitation Facilities With Skilled Nursing Facilities

ObjectiveTo inform the design of a potential future randomized controlled trial (RCT), we emulated 3 trials where patient-level outcomes were compared after stroke rehabilitation at inpatient rehabilitation facilities (IRFs) with skilled nursing facilities (SNFs). DesignTrials were emulated using a 1:1 matched propensity score analysis. The 3 trials differed because facilities from rehabilitation networks with different case volumes were compared. Rehabilitation network case volumes were based on the number of patients with stroke that each hospital discharged to each specific IRF or SNF. Trial 1 included 60,529 patients from all networks, trial 2 included 34,444 patients from networks with medium and large case volumes (ie, ≥5 patients), and trial 3 included 19,161 patients from networks with large case volumes (ie, ≥10 patients). The E values were calculated to estimate the minimum strength that an unmeasured confounder would need to be to nullify the results. SettingA national sample of IRFs and SNFs from across the United States. ParticipantsFee-for-service Medicare patients with acute stroke who received IRF or SNF based rehabilitation. InterventionsNot applicable. Main Outcome MeasuresOne-year successful community discharge (home for >30 consecutive days) and all-cause mortality. ResultsOverall, 29,500, 15,156, and 7450 patients were matched for trials 1, 2, and 3. For 1-year successful community discharge, absolute risk differences for IRF patients were 0.21 (95% CI, 0.20-0.22), 0.17 (95% CI, 0.16-0.19), and 0.12 (95% CI, 0.10-0.14) in trials 1, 2, and 3, respectively. For 1-year all-cause mortality, corresponding risk differences were −0.11 (95% CI, −0.12 to −0.11), −0.11 (95% CI, −0.12 to −0.09), and −0.08 (95% CI, −0.10 to −0.06). The E values indicated that a moderately sized unmeasured confounder, with a relative risk of 1.6-2.0 would nullify differences in successful community discharge. ConclusionsIRF patients had superior outcomes, but differences were attenuated when IRFs and SNFs from larger rehabilitation networks were compared. The vulnerability of the findings to unmeasured confounding supports the need for an RCT.

Ternary combined industrial wastes for non-fired brick

ABSTRACT The demand for bricks in South Asia is increasing significantly due to growth in the construction sector. Bricks produced using traditional firing technique and fertile clay contribute significantly to some of the worst air pollution in the world. Therefore, the utilisation of other environment-friendly alternative to conventional bricks is considered an urgent need to conserve a clean environment and help in saving its fertile soil. This research aimed to explore geopolymerisation technique with ternary combined industrial waste/by-products as binders including high volume Ladle Furnace Slag (LFS), Fly ash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) to produce non-fired and clay-free brick alternatives. The first two byproducts are locally produced in the related iron and power industry while GGBS are being imported by the cement industry. The results indicated that all the prepared samples conform to the minimum compressive strength requirement of 20.7 MPa and maximum water absorption rate of 17% for common brick with severe weathering as per ASTM C62. This highly promising performance pronounced the use of locally available high volume LFS and other industrial waste/by-products materials in non-fired building block production to achieve a cleaner, environmental-friendly sustainable society as well as a sustainable route for industrial waste management.

Effect of strain rate on triaxial extension behavior of silty clay

Traditional methods of suction caisson foundation design only consider the soil is under either purely drained or purely undrained conditions and ignore the effects of the excess pore water pressure (EPWP). A series of triaxial extension stress path tests were conducted in this article to evaluate the effects of the loading rate on the development of EPWP and soil strength. The soil specimens were consolidated under pressures of 60, 80, and 100 kPa and then unloaded at seven different loading rates. It is found that the EPWP and soil strength are heavily influenced by the loading rate. The EPWP tends to be negative at small axial strain and then increases to be positive with the increase of axial strain. The normalized deviatoric stress versus loading rate curves are in the backbone curve. The minimum deviatoric strength happens when the normalized loading rate V ref=5 and linearly increases with the increase of consolidation pressure with the slope of −0.715. The magnitude of the slope of the critical state line in p′ – q space is heavily influenced by the loading rate.

Strength and leaching characteristics of red mud (bauxite residue) as a geomaterial in synergy with fly ash and gypsum

Red mud (Bauxite residue) comprises microscopic particles and other chemical constituents that pose a major threat to the environment. The most common solution to resolve issues related to any solid waste is its reuse in construction. This paper delves into the possibility of using red mud as a geomaterial in synergy with fly ash and gypsum. In this regard upon finding the geotechnical properties of virgin red mud, it is strengthened with fly ash by replacing 10, 20, and 30% of red mud by its dry weight and to these combinations gypsum was added by 0.5% and 1% and prepared various combinations. The impact of these material additions on the characteristics of red mud were investigated using the Unconfined compressive strength and California bearing ratio values and their environmental compatibility was further studied by conducting the leaching characteristics using Toxicity Characteristics Leaching Procudure (TCLP) method. The findings of the tests indicated that fly ash and gypsum significantly enhanced the strength qualities of red mud as compared to unstabilized red mud. The stabilization helps red mud to attain a minimum strength required to use as a subgrade material. Furthermore, leaching investigations performed on stabilised samples have revealed that the vast majority of leaching heavy metals are within the WHO's authorised threshold for toxicity.