Minimum Rank With Hysteresis Objective Function Research Articles

Advancing Healthcare Networks: Optimizing Multi-Objective RPL for Diverse Traffic in Low-Power, Lossy Environments

RPL: Powering modern healthcare IoT Networks. The Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks(RPL) is a protocol specifically designed for routing in networks characterized by low power and lossy connections built on IPv6. It is specifically designed for the growing use of Instantaneous IoT (Internet of Things) applications. These networks cater to the specialized requirements of Low Power (resource-constrained) and Lossy Networks(unstable networks), also known as LLNs, where routing data smoothly and prioritizing traffic types are the significant challenges. Studies have shown that standard RPL, which makes use of a set of routing rules, struggles to provide the level of performance that many IoT applications in modern-day healthcare demand. This limits RPL’s potential in scenarios where we have a mix of data traffic, which is very common in healthcare settings. To handle the diverse data traffic found in healthcare settings, our method involves distributing several instances of RPL settings throughout the network. The main objective of this strategy is to improve the effectiveness of important and critical healthcare applications. We have developed and thoroughly tested our system using Contiki, which is an open-source IoT operating system. We have three instances in our MultiInstance RPL setup, each of which is intended to handle different kinds of network traffic and provide varying Quality of Service (QoS) measures. Different sets of Objective Function (OF) rules are used by each instance to decide which route is optimal for the data it processes. We have made use of OF0 (Objective Function 0) and MRHOF (Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function). We have rigorously tested our solution. Our focus has been on metrics like delay, average energy consumption and Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR). Compared to standard RPL, our approach improved packet delivery rates and significantly reduced delays for high priority data packets. This research shows how to better address the complex data traffic needs of real-time healthcare IoT networks.

Trust and Mobility-Based Protocol for Secure Routing in Internet of Things.

In the Internet of Things (IoT), the de facto Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is susceptible to several disruptive attacks based on its functionalities and features. Among various RPL security solutions, a trust-based security is easy to adapt for resource-constrained IoT environments. In the existing trust-based security for RPL routing attacks, nodes’ mobility is not considered or limited to only the sender nodes. Similarly, these trust-based protocols are not evaluated for mobile IoT environments, particularly regarding RPL attacks. Hence, a trust and mobility-based secure routing protocol is proposed, termed as SMTrust, by critically analysing the trust metrics involving the mobility-based metrics in IoT. SMTrust intends to provide security against RPL Rank and Blackhole attacks. The proposed protocol is evaluated in three different scenarios, including static and mobile nodes in an IoT network. SMTrust is compared with the default RPL objective function, Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function (MRHOF), SecTrust, DCTM, and MRTS. The evaluation results indicate that the proposed protocol outperforms with respect to packet loss rate, throughput, and topology stability. Moreover, SMTrust is validated using routing protocol requirements analysis to ensure that it fulfils the consistency, optimality, and loop-freeness.

Investigation of RPL in 6LoWPAN based elderly care monitoring system

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a self-structured network containing small, energy-constrained wireless nodes that act together to accomplish difficult tasks. Wearable sensors, one of the WSNs play a significant role in healthcare applications, especially patient monitoring. With a miniature size, wearable sensors have less space dedicated for energy sources. So it is important for wearable sensors to be manufactured as energy efficient and reliable and it must ensure quality of service in providing the data. Remote health care monitoring has two limitations such as adoption of mobility and the usage of low power consumption devices. To overcome these limitations, appropriate routing protocol can be used in Low Power Lossy Networks (LLNs). IPV6 Routing Protocol for Low Power Lossy Networks (RPL) is one of the routing protocols standardized to be applied in Internet of things network with wireless sensors. The current research article investigates the performance of RPL with three Objective Functions (OF), Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function (MRHOF) with Energy as metric, MRHOF with Expected Transmission count (ETX) as metrics and Objective Function zero(OF0) with hop count as metric, in elderly health care monitoring system. The study considered two scenarios case 1 has all static nodes while case 2 has few dynamic nodes. The performance was evaluated in terms of metrics control overhead, convergence time, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Latency and energy consumption and the OF optimum for reliability, mobility and energy consumption is determined. The results of the simulation showed that, in mobile scenario OF0 converged at a fast rate than the MRHOF, which increases the life time. OF0 also consumed the least energy and it increased the life time of the node. As far as PDR is concerned, OF0 had low PDR when the nodes were mobile and ETX performed well.

Proposed RPL routing protocol in the IoT applications

SummaryRouting protocol for low‐power and lossy networks (RPL) is a proactive routing protocol that automates the path development process using objective functions (OFs). The IETF defines two types of RPL objective functions, minimum rank with hysteresis objective function (MRHOF) and OF0. OF0 is based on the minimum hop count metric while the MRHOF is based on the expected transmission count (ETX) metric. Because of the single metric, both MRHOF and OF0 will suffer from long hops when selecting the routs to the sink, and select inefficient routes maybe paths contain nodes with small residual energy, which may cause consume the nod's energy faster than other nodes. The other problem of RPL is unbalanced chosen by parents that make bottleneck nodes that cause more network delay and high packet loss ratio because of the high congestion nodes, especially the nodes that locate near the sink node. In this article, we proposed an improvement RPL objective function that considers three metrics (load, residual energy, and ETX metrics) instead of one metric, to solve the MRHOF problems. The performance of the proposed protocol shows the enhancement in the RPL performance in terms of PDR, total energy consumption, and many other parameters.

Energy‐efficient fog computing in Internet of Things based on Routing Protocol for Low‐Power and Lossy Network with Contiki

SummaryThe traditional centralized cloud computing (CC) model faces a range of problems with the exponential growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) applications, like high latency, reduced bandwidth, and network instability. Fog computing (FC) takes the cloud closer to IoT computers to overcome these problems. Rather than moving them to the cloud, the FC provides local IoT data processing and storage on IoT computers. This paper focuses on the Routing Protocol for Low‐Power and Lossy Network (RPL), a universally routing protocol for a static environment that is used for reducing energy consumption, delay, and packet loss with data aggregation at the border router using a fog simulation model in Contiki Cooja. The objective function (OF) choice has an impact on network topology, as each node selects a set of potential parents to send to the destination. However, no systematic analysis of the effects of OF behavior in the RPL environment has been undertaken. Here, three different OFs, Objective Function Zero (OF0), Advanced Objective Function Zero (AOF0), and Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function (MRHOF) for RPL in the static environment for different node numbers, have been compared. The findings demonstrate that altering all three OFs has a significant impact on RPL. The energy consumption is reduced in the case of the AOF0 in the fog node by 50.86%, which is less than the case of the OF0 and MRHOF function. Extensive simulations show that AOF0 outperforms the existing OFs.

Performance Evaluation of IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks Based on Objective Functions for Media Technology

The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has proposed the use of the IPv6 Routing Protocol for the Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL). RPL has been seen to be a major routing protocol related to the Internet of Things (IoT) that could be used for wireless networks with lower power consumption and liable to a higher packet loss. The RPL construct-related network topology uses the Objective Functions (OF) for choosing the route from the source to a destination node, which has been based on constraints and metrics. The IETF designed two OFs for the RPL protocol, i.e., Objective Function Zero (OF0) and Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function (MRHOF). In this study, the researchers have investigated the RPL performance with the help of the OFs in a medium density. This performance has been judged using different network parameters like Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and Power Consumption (PC). Furthermore, in this study, the number of nodes has been maintained as 40 and 50. The RX ratio has varied between 20, 60, and 100%, in the grid, and random topologies. The results of the study have also indicated that the OF0 protocol has showed a better performance concerning the power consumption compared to the MRHOF, while both the OFs have showed a similar PDR performance.

Performance Evaluation of the Objective Functions for Low-Power and Lossy Networks in the Light Density Network Used in Media Technology for the Internet of Things

Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm has garnered a lot of attention as it comprises the communication of many devices and provide an infrastructure to deliver the exchanged data to the Internet. The development of this new ground-breaking paradigm raised the necessity for the management of all media-related technologies in their different forms without any human interference. IPv6 Routing Protocol is one dominant protocol in Low Power and Lossy (RPL) IoT Networks . The RPL protocol uses two different “Objective Functions” (OFs): Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function (MRHOF) and the Objective Function Zero (OF0). These functions help in determining the best route to reach destination nodes, by using different processes and rules of selection. In this paper, we have studied the performance of the OF0 and MRHOF objective functions in terms of Power Consumption (PC) and Expected Transition Ratio (ETX) under different network parameters, such as RX Ratio, total number of nodes Network Topology.

Performance Evaluation of the Objective Functions for Digital Media in Internet of Things (IoT)

Internet of Thing (IoT) technology allows physical objects to connect to the Internet and it is based on Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) that represent an essential component for IoT. Moreover, the high rate of using the internet has enabled the spread of digital media such that the world is populated by digital media products, which are included in several industries such as healthcare and education. Moreover, it has emerged that IoT technologies enable the objects from exchanging digital data and communicating in an efficient way by using a routing protocol. Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is one of the most growing routing protocols in IoT. Specifically, it is a routing protocol for WSNs with low-power and lossy networks(LNNs), proposed by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) as a standard for routing packets in WSN to support IPv6 communication. Furthermore, RPL uses objective functions(OFs) to optimize the path from source to destination. Mainly, it has two objective functions that are: Objective Function Zero (OF0) and Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function (MRHOF). In this paper, the evaluation and the analysis of RPL's objective functions are presented in terms of both Power Consumption (PC) and Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) in medium network sizes specifically when N=25, N=40, and N=50 using a set of network parameters, including Packet Reception Ratio (RX) and Transmission range (TX) under random and grid network topologies. The experimental results show that the two objective functions perform the same in term of PDR when RX=100% but in some cases MRHOF outperforms OF0 and gives a 1-5% higher PDR than OF0. However, on average OF0 consumes less power than MRHOF.

EBOF: A New Load Balancing Objective Function for Low-power and Lossy Networks

The IPv6-based Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is a new routing protocol designed to satisfy constrained networks such as 6LoWPAN. The default route selection technique of RPL takes into account a single metric, which is unable to recognize the load balancing problem in the network. As a consequence, energy may drain rapidly from overloaded nodes, and the nodes that die first can cause a partition in the network. To resolve this problem, we propose a new RPL-compliant objective function named the Energy Balance Objective Function (EBOF). It combines two different routing metrics, which are the Expected Transmission Count (ETX) and the Child Count (CC). Then, the Destination Oriented Directed Acyclic Graph (DODAG) Information Object (DIO) message format is amended to disseminate the CC information among neighbor nodes. Two metrics are utilized to select the best path and to construct a balanced network. The proposed scheme is examined through simulation tests and evaluated against the Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function (MRHOF), the Load Balancing Model for RPL (ALABAMO), and Load Balanced Objective Function (LB-OF). The resulting analysis shows that the proposed EBOF significantly achieves the energy balance among intermediate nodes, which in turn prolongs the network lifetime.

Control Messages Overhead Impact on Destination Oriented Directed Acyclic Graph—A Wireless Sensor Networks Objective Functions Performance Comparison

Routing Protocol for Low-power and Lossy Network (RPL) with IPv6 support is the de facto standard for routing over Low-power and Lossy Network (LLN) called Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). Objective Functions namely Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function (MRHOF) and Objective Function Zero (OF0) together with the Internet Control Messaging Protocol (ICMP) control messages, propel RPL to constructs routing paths called Destination Oriented Directed Acyclic Graph (DODAG), for packet routing within the sensor network. To the best knowledge of the authors, no detailed investigation has been carried out to unravel the dynamics of how these control messages impact on the network with respect to DODAG formation right before convergence is attained, particularly from the perspective of MRHOF and OF0. In this paper, the authors investigated the various types of control messages (DODAG Information Solicitation, DODAG Information Object and Destination Advertisement Object) used to setup the DODAG. RPL Simulations was carried out on one 100 nodes, starting with 10 nodes and incremented by 10 until the 100th node. Each simulation was repeated five times with a confidence level of 95%, which statistically signifies a reliable and acceptable confidence interval, for a duration of thirty minutes. Results obtained showed that the DIS–OF0 generated the least packets with 125 packets, followed by DAO–MRHOF with 1357 packets and the most generated; DIO–MRHOF with 1536 packets. Subsequently, MRHOF had higher Convergence Time of 130.67 seconds as to 87.93 seconds for OF0. This information is valuable for both the academia and industry.

Routing protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks for heterogeneous traffic network

In a real network deployment, the diverse sensor applications generate a heterogeneous traffic pattern which may include basic sensing measurements such as temperature readings or high-volume multimedia traffic. In a heterogeneous traffic network, the two standardized objective functions (OFs), i.e., objective function zero (OF0) and the Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function (MRHOF) for routing protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) perform poor routing decisions by selecting an already congested parent node and cause more re-transmissions across the network. Therefore, careful consideration is required in designing a new OF for heterogeneous traffic scenarios. In this study, we examine the RPL protocol under a heterogeneous traffic pattern and proposed a new protocol based on queue and workload-based condition (QWL-RPL). The aim of the proposed protocol is to achieve a reliable path with better overall performance. The proposed OF model considers the link workload in addition to mapping the congestion status of the node using the packet queue. We implement the proposed routing model in the Contiki operating system (OS) Cooja environment to compare with the existing technique. The simulation results show that QWL-RPL can improve the performance of a heterogeneous traffic network as compared with both OF0 and MRHOF, specifically in terms of the amount of overhead, packets reception ratio (PRR), average delay, and jitter. Final results indicate that on average, there is a 5%–30% improvement in PRR, 25%–45% reduction in overheads, 12%–30% reduction in average delay, and 20%–40% reduction in jitter.

A new objective function for RPL routing protocol in IoT to increase network lifetime

Internet of Things (IoT) uses Routing Protocol of Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) for routing task with an Objective Function (OF) which determines next hop of nodes with calculation of path cost. However, energy imbalance between nodes is considered as one of the main problems in RPL and causes increasing in energy consumption. In this paper, we design a new OF called Time OF (T-OF) to achieve balance between energy of the nodes to improve network lifetime. A new varying weighted combination of energy, Expected Transmission Count (ETX) and Number of Children and Siblings (NOCS) metrics is used. The proposed T-OF has been compared to Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function (MRHOF), Objective Function Zero (OF0), and Energy Objective Function (EN-OF). Experimental results show that the proposed OF improves network lifetime and energy balancing significantly owing to lower delay, 11.35 seconds and Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) of 95%.

Performance of Static Iot Networks using RPL Objective Functions

Internet of Things, abbreviated as IoT is a network used mainly for the communication where different devices are connected for the retrieval, examination and execution of the necessary task. One of IoT’s biggest challenge is that, they are resource-constrained. Hence, it is essential to use an efficient data transmission protocol for routing. An effective routing protocol for static IoT network is the Routing protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL). It is essential to assess the effectiveness of the RPL with the selection of best objective function for different static model. In this paper, the performance of different routing algorithms is compared in connection with different static topologies. Hence, the objective function’s performance is compared for different topologies i.e., Butterfly, Ring and Umbrella topologies. We consider two objective functions: namely Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function (MRHOF) and Objective Function Zero (OF0). MRHOF considers Expected Transmission Count (ETX) as its metric and the metric considered under OF0 is hop count. It is observed that the objective function OF0 performs better than MRHOF for the metric of energy and successful receiving of data.