Minimum Intake Research Articles

Preliminary results on the association with feeding and recovery length in equine colic patients after laparotomy.

Colic is a serious disease for horses and the nutritional management of postoperative colic patients is an extremely important field. The aim of this retrospective study was to analyse the different factors, especially related to nutritional management, that may be associated with recovery length during hospitalization after a surgical intervention for colic, using a multivariate model. Data were collected from the records of horses presented to two hospitals and undergoing surgery for colic. The length (days) of recovery was the outcome of interest and was taken into account as a reference parameter (short, medium, long). The parameters collected (patient details, preoperative clinical and laboratory examinations, postoperative parameters and post-surgery nutritional parameters) were subjected to multivariate analysis (MCA and PCoA). A ranking class dataset was used to calculate Kendall's tau correlation of the length of recovery with respect to other parameters. Descriptive statistic to identify differences in the recovery length among groups (Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's Multiple Comparison Test) was also performed. p value was set at<0.05. Groups were not different in preoperative clinical parameters (BCS, PCV, total protein), postoperative parameters (time to 1st defecation, time to the end of IV fluid therapy and time to first water drinking, anaesthesia) and patient details (age). The comparison among groups revealed differences on the post-surgical nutritional parameters. Horses with short recovery consumed higher % of DM as forages in the 24hr compared with the horses that have a long recovery and reach the minimum DM intake in a shorter period. Both Kendall and MCA analysis confirmed that the time to first feeding had a positive association with the length of recovery. Only 37 horses undergoing colic surgery were included in the study. From a clinical standpoint, this study has shown which nutritional parameters are associated with short recovery.

Minimal effective dose of lactic-fermented egg white on visceral fat in Japanese men: a double-blind parallel-armed pilot study

BackgroundWe previously reported that the consumption of 8 g of protein per day in the form of lactic-fermented egg white (LAFEW) improves visceral fat obesity. In this study, we investigated the minimum effective intake of LAFEW for visceral fat reduction in the Japanese males with mild obesity.MethodsTwenty-two Japanese adult males with a Body mass index (BMI) ≥24 and a waist circumference ≥ 85 cm were included in this study. The subjects were divided into three groups, that is, control group, LAFEW 6 g group, and LAFEW 8 g group. The LAFEW 6 and 8 g groups consumed 6 and 8 g, respectively, of egg white protein (EWP) in a drink at breakfast for 8 weeks, whereas the control group consumed a drink containing 8 g of milk whey protein. Body weight, body fat percentage, abdominal circumference, and visceral fat (VF) area around the navel were measured at 0 and 8 weeks after initiating the consumption.ResultsNo changes in body weight or body fat percentage were observed in any of the groups. No significant differences between the pre- and posttreatment measurements were found in the VF area around the navel in the control group and the LAFEW 6 g group. In the LAFEW 8 g group, the VF area had decreased significantly after 8 weeks of consumption, when compared to that before consumption, and the average observed decrease (Δcm2) was 13.2 ± 4.7 cm2. Among the subjects with an initial BMI > 25, the VF area was significantly smaller in the LAFEW 8 group, when compared to the week 0 values and those in the control group. Visceral fat/subcutaneous fat values in the LAFEW 8 group were also significantly smaller than those in the control group or at week 0.ConclusionThe results suggested that the minimum effective intake of EWP in the LAFEW to reduce the VF area in the Japanese men is 8 g.Trial registrationThis clinical trial was retrospectively registered with the University hospital Medical Information Network (UMIN) Center, (UMIN000031681; registered on 12/03/2018).

SUN-410 Central Diabetes Insipidus Refractory to Oral Desmopressin (DDAVP)

Background We report a case of CDI due to craniopharyngioma resection that became refractory to oral DDAVP after recurrence of tumor and subsequent surgical removal. Due to inability of patient to use the intranasal route, subcutaneous (SC) DDAVP was used successfully. Clinical Case An 11-year male developed CDI after craniopharyngioma removal and proton beam therapy. He developed also panhypopituitarism, hypothalamic obesity, and had an impaired thirst mechanism. CDI was managed with oral DDAVP and fix fluid intake. After 2 years he had a tumor recurrence and a surgical removal complicated by a stroke. Since then his DDAVP dose had to be increased progressively due to poor CDI control. He presented to our hospital with severe hypernatremia and a urine output of 4-5 liters a day. DDAVP dose was eventually titrated up to 800 mcg bid. He was placed on minimum fluid intake of 3 Liters a day. Even with this dose he was putting out 4 liters of urine daily. Intranasal DDAVP was not considered due to poor cooperation of patient and nasal mucosa scarring. SC DDAVP was started at a dose of 1 mcg (0.01 mcg/Kg) twice a day.Dose increments were made by 0.5 mcg every 2 days to avoid hyponatremia. Prior to therapy patient received 4 liters/day and was progressively decreased, as DDAVP dose was increased, to 1.7 liters/day. Patient was discharged home on 4.5 mcg in the morning and 5.5 mcg at night time (0.14 mcg/kg/day). Discussion The route of administration of DDAVP varies depending on the age and cooperation of the patient to use the different forms available. DDAVP has also haemostatic effect. It is used in the treatment or to prevent bleeding in patients with von Willebrand disease, haemophilia A and platelet function defects. We hypothesize that our patient became resistant to the action of oral DDAVP probably due to the development of antibodies that were interfering with the appropriate absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. The parenteral/SC route dose ranges from 0.1-1 mcg in one or two divided doses nevertheless our patient had a stroke and we were concerned about the maximum dose that it could be used without increasing the risk of causing a new thrombotic event. With no data available about the use of DDAVP in this specific setting, we decided to use as a limit the dose used to treat bleeding disorders (0.3 mcg/Kg).Since our patient had basically an adult weight (70kg) we have enough room to continue increasing the dose up until desire effect was reached keeping in mind that 20 mcg/day is the maximum dose used in adults with bleeding disorders. Since discharge his sodium has remained stable as also his urine output and he has been able to reassume his daily activities. Conclusion: We present a case of CDI refractory to oral DDAVP.SC DDAVP was used and after slow titration patient was able to reach stable sodium levels and urine output with no side effects. Final dose was less than 50% of the dose used to treat bleeding disorders.

Fruit consumption, its determinants and attitudes among undergraduates

Fruits, being a good source of nutrients, can be used to fulfil the daily requirement of nutrients. However, the statistics of Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization state that the worldwide per capita consumption of fruits and vegetables is estimated to be less than 20 to 50 percent of the minimum daily recommended intake. The health and well-being of the future generation of a country are critical in preventing malnutrition and chronic diseases. A study was carried out to find out the daily intake of fruits, barriers for consumption and other patterns in consumption among undergraduates. Moreover, the study focused on identifying knowledge on nutrition and opinions of undergraduates on fruit production. 50 students from the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka were randomly selected and given a self- administered questionnaire. The daily intake of a majority of students existed between 50-100g and most consumed fruits in fresh form. Unavailability in the market or the limited access was the major barrier for the intake of sufficient amount of fruits. The study concluded that the daily intake of fruits of undergraduates is less than the recommended level. Extension services and constant market prices can overcome the problems in fruit production.

Micro-homogeneity evaluation of a bovine kidney candidate reference material

The minimum sample intake for which a reference material remains homogeneous is one of the parameters that must be estimated in the homogeneity assessment study of reference materials. In this work, Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis was used to evaluate this quantity in a bovine kidney candidate reference material. The mass fractions of 9 inorganic constituents were determined in subsamples between 1 and 2 mg in order to estimate the relative homogeneity factor (HE) and the minimum sample mass to achieve 5% and 10% precision on a 95% confidence level. Results obtained for HE in all the analyzed elements were satisfactory. The estimated minimum sample intake was between 2 mg and 40 mg, depending on the element.

Going beyond hunger: Linking food supplies to global malnutrition

ABSTRACTInternational food security and nutrition studies focus mainly on hunger rather than dietary diversity and the nutritional requirements essential for a productive life. The authors present a method that processes Food and Agriculture Organization food supply data into World Health Organization food groups to determine whether national food supply satisfies nutritional requirements for medium energy intake (i.e. c.2200 calories per day) rather than minimum energy intake. They employ a modified version of the International Food Policy Research Institute’s 2013 Global Hunger Index to group nations for comparison. The results show that most nations have a deficit in at least one of four required food groups. However, many developed Mediterranean nations with low levels of hunger display an adequate supply of all food groups. The positioning represents a successful model for managing the nutrition transition from plant-based diets to the consumption of animal protein, oils, fats, and sugars and other carbohydrates. Additionally, the results suggest that health risks associated with overweight and obesity may increase with societal development. Accordingly, the authors conclude that information on medium energy requirements should be combined with complementary socio-economic analysis to inform food and nutrition research and policy.

Consumption Uncertainty Reduction Among Sweet Potato Smallholder Farmers in Tanzania

This study examines food production and consumption among smallholder sweet potato farmers in the selected districts of Tanzania, namely Kishapu and Mvomero. Inter-cropping is commonly practiced among smallholder farmers in the study area to shield against harvest failure due to unpredictable weather change. Crop productivity in the study area was low for almost all staples selected for the analysis, leading to low food consumption among smallholder farmers and their household members in the study area. Most smallholder farmers’ food consumption in the study area was below the minimum standard. Some households failed to provide three meals for their family members, including children, pregnant mothers, and lactating mothers. Some farmers could only afford one meal. The calorie intake analysis indicated that more than half of the households surveyed had less than minimum caloric intake in both the pre- and post-harvest period. Due to food consumption uncertainty, smallholder farmers hardly changed their consumption level as their income changed. Even though consumption was inelastic, consumption inequality closely followed income inequality among smallholder farmers in the study area. Food crop productivity improvement was vital in reducing food consumption uncertainty among smallholder farmers in the study area.

Nutritional Principles of Adolescent Swimmers

Adolescence is a period between age 10 and 19. Intensive changes associated with the development of the organism influence the nutritional needs during this period. Young swimmers’ training is characterized by large volume, so their diet can play an important role in their results and future career. The energy intake of a developing athlete should be determined individually based on gender, anthropometric measurement, character, and number of workouts per day. The frequent presence of drowsiness and fatigue during training may indicate insufficient dietary energy supply. Dehydration exceeding 2% of body weight should be prevented. Isotonic drinks should only be consumed during training longer than 75 minutes. Young swimmers should consume adequate amounts of carbohydrates to restore glycogen reserves before another training unit. Carbohydrates with a high glycemic index of 1-1.2 g/kg b.w./h should be delivered during the post-training period. Immediately following training, a meal containing a complete protein should be consumed to accelerate post-exercise recovery. The total protein supply should be at least 1.2 g/kg b.w./h. The minimum intake of fat in the diet of a young swimmer should be 2 g/kg lean b.w. It is recommended to limit products containing large amounts of saturated fatty acids.

Rapid manufacturing of woven comingled flax/polypropylene composite structures

The use of natural fibre reinforced composites such as flax fibre / polypropylene is in a constant expansion particularly in automotive and marine industries due to their good mechanical properties, low density and thus, lightness, low environmental impact, low cost, recyclability, renewable properties of flax fibres and a minimum energy intake during their process. One of the major challenges of thermoplastic composites for the automotive industry is to manufacture finished parts in a single processing step within a minimum amount of time. For this purpose, a stamping airflow device was specifically developed. It is designed to produce woven comingled composite parts from comingled woven fabrics such as flax/polypropylene in only 200 s. Firstly, preliminary tests and the optimization of processing parameters were performed. Then, a quasi-static mechanical characterization of the formed parts was realized. By using criteria based on mechanical properties, the optimal process parameters such as the level of pressure, temperature, holding time and cooling rate so that to obtain the lowest voids rate were determined. Finally, a comparison of the mechanical properties of parts obtained from using the new manufacturing process and a conventional thermo-compression process is presented to demonstrate the interest and the level of performance achieved by this original and fast manufacturing device.

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN JUS ALPUKAT (PERSEA GRATISSIMA) TERHADAP PERUBAHAN KONSTIPASI PADA LANSIA DI PANTI TRESNA WERDHA TERATAI KOTA PALEMBANG TAHUN 2016

International Database Us Census Bureau menyatakan bahwa 3.857.327 masyarakat Indonesia mengalami keluhan konstipasi dan sebagian besar hanya melakukan pengobatan sendiri. Menurut hasil penelitian, serat berperan dalam proses defekasi penderita konstipasi dengan jumlah 100 mg/kg BB/hari. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian jus alpukat (persea gratissima) terhadap perubahan konstipasi pada lansiadi Panti Tresna Werdha Teratai Kota Palembang. Jenis penelitian ini adalah kuasi eksperimen dengan rancangan penelitian pretest dan postest dengan kelompok pembanding. Sampel berjumlah 44 orang yang dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok yang diambil dengan metode purposive sampling dengan kriteria inklusi dan ekslusi. Sampel yang diperoleh adalah 20 orang untuk setiap kelompok, terdiri dari 22 orang kelompok perlakuan dan 22 orang kelompokpembanding. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata defekasi lansia penderita konstipasi mengalami peningkatan setelah mendapatkan pemberian jus alpukat. Pada kelompok perlakuan rata-rata defekasi sebelum adalah 0,82 kali, setelah mendapatkan perlakuan meningkat menjadi 1,45 kali. Hasil uji t dependen pada kelompok perlakuan adalah p value &lt; 0,05 yaitu 0,02. Sedangkan pada kelompok kontrol tidak terdapat perubahan yang signifikan dengan nilai p value &gt; 0,05 yaitu 0,83. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, jus alpukat mampu meningkatkan frekuensi defekasi pada lansia yang menderita konstipasi.

Isolation of the parametric effects of pre-blended fuel on low load gasoline compression ignition (GCI)

Gasoline compression ignition (GCI) combustion is a promising solution to address increasingly stringent efficiency and emissions regulations imposed on the internal combustion engine. However, the high resistance to auto-ignition of modern market gasoline makes low load compression ignition operation difficult. The most comprehensive work focused on low load GCI operation has been performed on multi-cylinder research engines where it is difficult to decouple effects of the combustion event from air-handling and system level parameters (e.g., intake pressurization and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)). Further, most research has focused on technology applications (e.g., use of variable valve actuation or supercharging) rather than fundamental effects, making identification of influential factors difficult. Accordingly, there is a need for detailed investigations focused on isolating the critical parameters that can be used to enable low load GCI operation. A full factorial parametric study was completed to isolate the effects of intake temperature, EGR rate, and fuel reactivity on low load performance. A minimum intake pressure metric was used to compare these parameters. This allowed for combustion phasing and load to be held constant while isolating the experiment from fuel injection effects. The effort showed that increasing intake temperature yields a linear reduction in the minimum intake pressure required for stable operation. Adding a small amount of diesel fuel to gasoline improved combustion stability with minimal need for energy addition through intake pressurization. The minimum intake pressure requirement also showed very good correlation with the measured research octane number of the fuel. However, increasing the fuel reactivity with diesel fuel, caused NOx emissions to increase. Response model analysis was used to determine the intake conditions required to maintain NOx levels that may not require lean NOx after treatment. The combination of diesel fuel blending and EGR allowed NOx levels to be reduced to near zero values with the minimum intake pressurization required. A detailed investigation into the effects of EGR showed that, for a given fuel, there is a maximum EGR rate that allows for stable operation, which effectively constrains the minimum NOx prior to aftertreatment.

Effects of individualized nutrition after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation following myeloablative conditioning; a randomized controlled trial

Reduced quality of life (QoL) is prevalent after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). In this randomized trial we examined the effect of individualized nutritional support during hospitalization for allo-HSCT. Primary outcome was change in global QoL three months post-HSCT with oral mucositis (OM) and acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) as main secondary outcomes. Whereas the intervention group received recommended minimum daily intakes of 126kJ/kg and 1.5-2.0g protein/kg as food, supplements, enteral or parenteral nutrition, the controls received routine feeding. QoL was self-reported using the EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaire. Between August, 2010 and February, 2016, we randomized 59 and 60 patients to intervention and control, respectively; 40 and 48 being eligible for analysis of QoL. There was no difference between the two groups in mean global QoL after three months (-3.10, 95% CI -11.90-5.69; P=0.49). Nor were there any differences in OM grades 3 or 4 (RR (vs grades 0-2), 1.11, 95% CI 0.59-2.11 and 0.95, 95% CI 0.72-1.25, respectively; P=0.78), or aGVHD grades 3 or 4 (RR (vs grades 0-2) 0.44, 95% CI 0.12-1.60; and 0.65, 95% CI 0.20-2.20, respectively; P=0.37). Individualized nutritional support with recommended energy and protein intakes during hospitalization had no effect on QoL, OM or aGVHD three months after allo-HSCT compared to routine nutrition.

Chinese guidelines for the assessment and provision of nutrition support therapy in critically ill children.

This document represents the first evidence-based guidelines to describe best practices in nutrition therapy in critically ill children (> 1month and < 18years), who are expected to require a length of stay more than 2 or 3days in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit admitting medical patients domain. A total of 25,673 articles were scanned for relevance. After careful review, 88 studies appeared to answer the pre-identified questions for the guidelines. We used the grading of recommendations, assessment, development and evaluation criteria to adjust the evidence grade based on the quality of design and execution of each study. The guidelines emphasise the importance of nutritional assessment, particularly the detection of malnourished patients. Indirect calorimetry (IC) is recommended to estimate energy expenditure and there is a creative value in energy expenditure, 50kcal/kg/day for children aged 1-8years during acute phase if IC is unfeasible. Enteral nutrition (EN) and early enteral nutrition remain the preferred routes for nutrient delivery. A minimum protein intake of 1.5g/kg/day is suggested for this patient population. The role of supplemental parenteral nutrition (PN) has been highlighted in patients with low nutritional risk, and a delayed approach appears to be beneficial in this group of patients. Immune-enhancing cannot be currently recommended neither in EN nor PN. Overall, the pediatric critically ill population is heterogeneous, and an individualized nutrition support with the aim of improving clinical outcomes is necessary and important.

Digitally supported dietary counseling increases protein intake in community dwelling older adults: Preliminary results of the vitamin RCT

BACKGROUND. In order to prevent sarcopenia in community dwelling older adults a higher daily protein intake is needed. A new e-health strategy for dietary counseling was used with the aim to increase total daily protein intake to optimal levels (minimal 1.2 g/kg/d, optimal 1.5 g/kg/d) through use of regular food products.METHODS. The VITAMIN (VITal AMsterdam older adults IN the city) RCT included 245 community dwelling older adults (age ≥ 55y): control, exercise, and exercise plus dietary counseling (protein) group. Dietary intake was measured by a 3d dietary record at baseline and after 6 months intervention. In total 173 subjects were eligible for analysis. A two-way mixed ANOVA with time, group, and time*group interaction was performed. Post-hoc Bonferroni was performed with significance level at p<0.05.RESULTS. Mean age of the subjects was 72.1±6.3y, with a BMI of 25.7±4.2 of which 68% were females. ANOVA revealed significant effect of time, group and time*group (p<0.001). Table 1 shows higher protein intake over time in the dietary counseling group than either control (p=0.038) or exercise (p=0.008) group. Additional analyses revealed no change in vegetable protein intake. The higher protein intake was fully accounted for by animal protein intake. In the dietary counseling group 72% of subjects increased protein intake above the minimum intake level. DISCUSSION. This study shows digitally supported dietary counseling improves protein intake sufficiently in community dwelling older adults. Protein intake increase by counseling with e-health is a promising strategy for dieticians with the upcoming rising ageing population.

Sodium and potassium excretion in an adult Caribbean population of African descent with a high burden of cardiovascular disease

BackgroundHigh sodium diets with inadequate potassium and high sodium-to-potassium ratios are a known determinant of hypertension and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The Caribbean island of Barbados has a high prevalence of hypertension and mortality from CVD. Our objectives were to estimate sodium and potassium excretion, to compare estimated levels with recommended intakes and to identify the main food sources of sodium in Barbadian adults.MethodsA sub-sample (n = 364; 25–64 years) was randomly selected from the representative population-based Health of the Nation cross-sectional study (n = 1234), in 2012–13. A single 24-h urine sample was collected from each participant, following a strictly applied protocol designed to reject incomplete samples, for the measurement of sodium and potassium excretion (in mg), which were used as proxy estimates of dietary intake. In addition, sensitivity analyses based on estimated completeness of urine collection from urine creatinine values were undertaken. Multiple linear regression was used to examine differences in sodium and potassium excretion, and the sodium-to-potassium ratio, by age, sex and educational level. Two 24-h recalls were used to identify the main dietary sources of sodium. All analyses were weighted for the survey design.ResultsMean sodium excretion was 2656 (2488–2824) mg/day, with 67% (62–73%) exceeding the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended limit of 2000 mg/d. Mean potassium excretion was 1469 (1395–1542) mg/d; < 0.5% met recommended minimum intake levels. Mean sodium-to-potassium ratio was 2.0 (1.9–2.1); not one participant had a ratio that met WHO recommendations. Higher potassium intake and lower sodium-to-potassium ratio were independently associated with age and tertiary education. Sensitivity analyses based on urine creatinine values did not notably alter these findings.ConclusionsIn this first nationally representative study with objective assessment of sodium and potassium excretion in a Caribbean population in over 20 years, levels of sodium intake were high, and potassium intake was low. Younger age and lower educational level were associated with the highest sodium-to-potassium ratios. These findings provide baseline values for planning future policy interventions for non-communicable disease prevention.

How Sensitivity of Energy Intake to Fuel Price Change: Evidence from Central Java

Because of high world oil prices during 2008-2013, the government must adjust domestic fuel price several times. One of the fuel price adjustments occurred in 2013. The increase in fuel prices caused high inflation. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of rising fuel prices on calorie consumption as a main source of energy intake in Central Java Province. The results of this study indicate that calorie income elasticity increased both in urban and rural areas after the increase in fuel price. However, urban households are more responsive than rural households. An increase in calorie income elasticity means that households must allocate more expenditure on food consumption in order to fulfill minimum energy intake. These findings imply that cash transfer policies such as direct cash transfer for poor households known as BLT as well as rice policy for poor households as called Raskin are very effective to maintain minimum calorie intake during price crisis.

Research on Pedestrian Route Planning Algorithm Based on Low Exhaust Intake

The main pollution source of urban air quality is vehicle exhaust pollution, in which a variety of toxic and harmful substances seriously affect the health. In this paper, a pedestrian path planning algorithm based on low exhaust gas intake is proposed. The vehicle exhaust collection device is used to collect and analyze the concentration of harmful gases on the road edge, and calculate the air quality index of each section by AQI calculation method. In order to reduce the intake of harmful gas in the existing road network model, the route planning of the minimum harmful gas intake from the starting point to the destination node is given by using the A* search algorithm. Experiments show that the algorithm can effectively avoid the large traffic flow and serious air pollution section.

Operating envelope of Haber-Bosch process design for power-to-ammonia.

The power-to-ammonia concept allows for the production of ammonia, one of the most produced inorganic chemicals, from air, water and (renewable) electricity. However, power-to-ammonia requires flexible operation for use with a directly intermittent renewable energy supply. In this paper, we systematically analyse the operating envelope for steady-state operation of the three bed autothermic Haber–Bosch reactor system for power-to-ammonia by pseudo-homogeneous model. Operational flexibilities of process variables, hydrogen intake and ammonia production flexibilities are analysed, along with maximum and minimum possible changes in recycle load and recycle to feed ratio for the following process variables: reactor pressure, inert gas percentage in synthesis loop, NH3 concentration, H2-to-N2 ratio, total flow rate and feed temperature. Among the six process variables, inert gas fraction and H2-to-N2 ratio provided very high flexibilities, ca. 255% operational flexibility for Ar, up to 51 to 67% flexibility in hydrogen intake, and up to 73% reduction and 24% enhancement in ammonia production. However, a decrease in ammonia production by H2-to-N2 ratio significantly increases recycle load. Besides inert gas fraction and H2-to-N2 ratio, the total mass feed flow rate is also significant for minimum hydrogen intake and ammonia production.

Phenylalanine and Tryptophan Intake of Hyperactive Children with Autism

Background: Hyperactive is behavior which demonstrates the attitude of more energy than normal behavior. Level of neurotransmitter dopamine and serotonin in the body may be the factor of this disorder behavior. Level of phenylalanine and serotonin were found high in hyperactive children with autism. Level phenylalanine in the brain shows that it is not changed into tyrosine so dopamine can not be form. Serotonin derived from an amino acid tryptophan.Objective: To understand the association between phenylalanine and tryptophan intake to hyperactivity of children with autism.Methods: A survey analytic research with cross sectional approach involving 20 subjects. Phenylalanine and tryptophan intake data was collected by Semi Quantitative-Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQ-FFQ), and hyperactivity disorder of children with autism was measured based on DSM-IV guidelines. Results: Eight (40%) children had low hyperactivity, 9 (45%) children had moderate hyperactivity, 2 (10%) children had severe hyperactivity, and 1 (5%) child had very severe hyperactivity. Mean phenylalanine intake was 4899.74mg (±1543.42) with maximum and minimum intake respectively 7735.42mg and 1843.88mg. Tryptophan intake was 1153.91mg (±384.99) with maximum and minimum intake respectively 1953.89mg and 367.69mg. There was significant association between phenylalanine intake (p=0,034; r=0,477) and tryptophan intake and hyperactivity (p=0,026; r=0,492).Conclusion: There is an association between intakes of amino acid phenylalanine and amino acid tryptophan with hyperactivity of autistic children

Olive Oil-related Anti-inflammatory Effects on Atherosclerosis: Potential Clinical Implications.

Atherosclerosis is characterized by a chronic low-grade inflammatory process which can result in atherothrombosis and a number of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). It is believed to be caused by multiple processes that involve inflammation and immunity. Mediterranean Diet (MedD) has been discovered to possess anti-inflammatory properties and associated with a reduction in the CVD risk and mortality. Its main component, extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO), is believed to be largely responsible for these effects and therefore, has been investigated in various studies. The present review article aims to summarize the available literature on the antiinflammatory and cardio-protective effects of EVOO. A search based on the key concepts "olive oil", "atherosclerosis", "inflammation" and "cardiovascular disease" was performed to retrieve relevant studies and articles on the association between the consumption of EVOO and the levels of inflammatory biomarkers as well as CVD incidence and mortality from online databases; Pubmed, Embase and Cochrane Library. Consumption of EVOO is associated with a reduction in inflammatory biomarkers and molecules implicated in atherosclerosis as well as CVD incidence and mortality as well as other complications such as heart failure and atrial fibrillation. Moreover, these anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective effects of EVOO are mostly attributable to its high content of polyphenol molecules. Currently available evidence supports the anti-inflammatory and cardio-protective roles of EVOO. However, there is limited amount of available randomized controlled trials especially lacking those investigating the use of EVOO as secondary prevention, heterogeneity of study design, limited generalization to wide population groups, and inability to determine the minimum intake of EVOO required to clinically achieve the anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective effects. Therefore, more highquality randomized controlled trials still need to be carried out to overcome these challenges to further assess the health benefits of EVOO consumption and potentially translate it into clinical practice as primary or secondary prevention of atherosclerosis-related conditions.