Minimum Electrical Conductivity Research Articles

Study the Interactive Effects of Different Nitrogen Doses and Spacing on Quality Characteristics of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is one of the most important spice crops worldwide, possessing varied medicinal impacts. It is majorly grown for its leaves; however, its seeds occupy a major place in various cuisines around the world. Several studies have reported the interactive effects of different nitrogen doses and spacing in coriander and provided valuable insights into the optimal conditions for its growth and development. In this sequence, the present study explores the effect of various nitrogen doses and spacing on coriander under field conditions at Research Farm of Vegetable Science, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar (India) during Rabi, 2019-20. Amongst all the treatments, treatment S3N3 (40×15; N@75 kg/ha) was found best for harvest index, Test weight, Standard Germination, Seedling Length, Seedling Dry weight, Vigour Indices I & II, and S2N1 (30×15; N@50 kg/ha) for minimum Electrical Conductivity. Based on this study, the following treatments can be exploited for sustainable coriander production.

Continuous Metal-Insulator Transition and Scale Laws in Metallic n-Type InP

We have studied the transport properties in metallic n-type InP semiconductor. We show that the dependence on temperature of metallic electrical conductivity obey to the law 𝜎 = 𝜎(𝑇 = 0) + 𝑚𝑇1/2. We highlight the absence of a minimum electrical conductivity 𝜎𝑚𝑖𝑛 proposed by Mott at the metal-insulator transition. We show that the conductivity at temperature T = 0 K, 𝜎(𝑇 = 0) , follows a scaling law as a function of the effective parallel and perpendicular Bohr radii 𝑎∥ and 𝑎⊥.

Comparative Effects of Car Wash Detergents and Biosurfactants (Rhamnolipids) on the Soil Environment: In Search of a Greener Alternative

Aims: This study investigates the comparative effects of synthetic car wash and a bio-based surfactant detergent, biotensidon, on the soil environment.
 Study Design: Evaluation studies.
 Place and Duration of Study: Geology and Woodland laboratory at William Smith Building, University of Keele, in 2018.
 Methodology: 1000 g of Topsoil purchased from a local store was dried in the oven at 1100C for 24 hours and its moisture content was determined. 100 g of the soil was irrigated with diluted detergents and cleaning solutions for 5 days. The leachates were then collected and analyzed for pH and Electrical Conductivity (EC) and further analyzed with Infrared Spectroscopy (IR) while the soil sample pellets were with X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) machine.
 Results: The colour of soil leachate when physically observed was consistently almost clear for tap water, light yellow for the biotensidon detergent and dark brown for the car wash detergent. For the pH for the same period, the soil leachates were between neutral and mildly alkaline among the different samples. However, for EC, the maximum EC recorded was in soil irrigated with Car Wash Detergent (1157, 1181, 1242, 1390 and 1876 µS/cm) for all of the 5 days. This is followed by soil irrigated with BioTensidon (732, 757, 796, 799 and 836 µS/cm) for the same period while the minimum EC was recorded in soil irrigated with tap water (456, 487, 500, 505 and 553 µS/cm) for the 5 days. The IR analysis of soil leachates showed peak values that did not differ with all the three leachates collected each day, while the XRF analysis showed the major elements SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 to be the most dominant for analyzed samples.
 Conclusion: Both detergents examined had similar compositions of ingredients for making detergents. Some of these ingredients are well known to be harmful to humans, soil, water and plants, and these compositions vary between the detergents. Both detergents also have similar compositions of microelements that are essential for plant growth and some that are toxic to plants. However, the car wash detergents showed no amount of the element Lead (Pb). The car wash detergents significantly bleached organic fractions of the topsoil when examined physically. An 8% soil pH increase and 43% soil EC increase were recorded after 5 days of testing by car wash detergents when compared to the biosurfactants. Also, biosurfactants were shown to contain some toxic concentrations that may be unsafe.

Study of Physico-Chemical Properties of Phosphorate Solutions

The results of studies of the physicochemical properties of extraction phosphoric acids containing magnesium in the presence of ammonium nitrate are presented. A decrease in the heat of vaporization in the H3PO4-H2O system was found in the range of acid concentrations of 20-30% and 37-45% P2O5. At an acid concentration of 20, 35% and 45% P2O5 there is a minimum electrical conductivity, while at a concentration of 30 and 40% P2O5, the electrical conductivity of solutions reaches a maximum value at temperatures of 25-45%, which is explained by structural changes occurring in the acid during dissociation and dimerization, depending on the concentration. The electrical conductivity of the H3PO4-H2O system decreases with the introduction of magnesium sulfate and ammonium nitrate. The regularity of the thickening of magnesium-containing acid is substantiated.

Mathematical Models for Machining Optimization of Ampcoloy 35 with Different Thicknesses Using WEDM to Improve the Surface Properties of Mold Parts.

Wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) is an unconventional machining technology that can be used to machine materials with minimum electrical conductivity. The technology is often employed in the automotive industry, as it makes it possible to produce mold parts of complex shapes. Copper alloys are commonly used as electrodes for their high thermal conductivity. The subject of this study was creating mathematical models for the machining optimization of Ampcoloy 35 with different thicknesses (ranging from 5 to 160 mm with a step of 5 mm) using WEDM to improve the surface properties of the mold parts. The Box-Behnken type experiment was used with a total of 448 samples produced. The following machining parameters were altered over the course of the experiment: the pulse on and off time, discharge current, and material thickness. The cutting speed was measured, and the topography of the machined surfaces in the center and at the margins of the samples was analyzed. The morphology and subsurface layer were also studied. What makes this study unique is the large number of the tested thicknesses, ranging from 5 to 160 mm with a step of 5 mm. The contribution of this study to the automotive industry and plastic injection mold production is, therefore, significant. The regression models for the cutting speed and surface topography allow for efficient defect-free machining of Ampcoloy 35 of 5-160 mm thicknesses, both on the surface and in the subsurface layer.

Study the effect of kaolin on the electrical properties of polyvinyl acetate-polyol composite

Polyvinyl acetate and polyol (PVA-Polyol) has been blended in percentage by weight 3:1 and a mixture has been done by mixing different percentages by weight of kaolin for electrical measurements. Diagnosis of kaolin was measured by FTIR spectrophotometer. Quality factor (Q), dissipation factor (D), parallel resistance (R), pseries resistance (R), impedance (Z), series capacitance (C) and parallel capacitance ss(C) and Phase angle (Φ) were measured. The maximum electrical conductivity is pfound 6794 S.m-1 for samples 1, 3wt% kaolin and the minimum electrical conductivity is 1x10-5 S.m-1 for sample (2) 5wt% kaolin. Dielectric constants (έ), dielectric loss (έ′), have been studied and calculated. The frequency dependent ac conductivity (σ) and frequency independent dc conductivity (σ) has studied and acdcinvestigated. The calculated minimum and maximum ac conductivity (σ) is 3.2x10-5 acS.m-1 for samples (3) 6wt % kaolin and 0.45 S.m-1 for sample (2) 5wt % kaolin. The minimum and maximum calculated independent frequency dc conductivity (σ) is -dc 0.3472 S.m-1 for sample (2) 5wt % kaolin and 1.1671 S.m-1 for sample (1) 3wt % kaolin.

Study on primary physicochemical characteristics and nutrient adsorption of four plant cultivation substrates

The primary physicochemical characteristics and the nutrient adsorption of different substrates were carried out, to select suitable cultivation substrates for plant cultivation in space. Four types of plant cultivation substrates (Profile substrate (P), black ceramsite (B), white ceramsite (W), and vermiculite (V)) were used to test and compare the primary physicochemical characteristics, such as micropore, bulk density, total porosity, specific surface area and available nutrient content, as well as the nutrients adsorption for NH4+, NO3–, PO43– and K+ with seven concentration gradients respectively. Substrate P contained more micropores, with higher parameter values of total porosity, cation exchange capacity, electrical conductivity, and specific surface area, moderate bulk density and pH, and more mineral nutrients such as potassium, magnesium, and sulfur; substrate B was porous, with smaller parameter values of total porosity, cation exchange capacity and specific surface area, minimum electrical conductivity, moderate bulk density, alkaline and smaller content of mineral elements (excepting for calcium); substrate W had smaller micropore size, the highest value of bulk density and contents of NO3– and PO43–. Other physicochemical parameters were equivalent to those of substrate B; substrate V was flaky, with the smallest values of bulk density, and the highest values of total porosity and cation exchange capacity. The values of electrical conductivity and specific surface area were smaller than those of substrate P. It contained more mineral nutrients of calcium and sulfur. Substrate V had the highest adsorption capacity for NH4+, NO3–, PO43– and K+, followed by substrate P, while substrate B and substrate W had relatively weak adsorption capacity. The adsorption capacity of four substrates for cations (NH4+ and K+) was significantly higher than that for anions (NO3– and PO43–). The orders of average adsorption amount for NH4+, NO3–, PO43– and K+ by four substrates were respectively: V > P > B > W, P > V > W > B, V > P > B > W and V > P > W > B. In comparison, substrate P and substrate V had better physicochemical characteristics, and stronger adsorption capacity for NH4+, NO3–, PO43–, and K+.

MUELLER BRASS C11000

Abstract Mueller Brass C11000 (electrolytic tough pitch copper) is an electrolytically refined, high conductivity copper that contains a minimum of 99.90% copper and a controlled amount of oxygen in the form of Cu2O. It has a minimum electrical conductivity of 100% IACS. Electrolytic tough pitch copper (C11000) is the most widely used grade of copper in electrical applications all over the world and represents over half of global copper use. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming and heat treating. Filing Code: Cu-931. Producer or source: Mueller Brass Company.

Conjoint Application of INM Modules on Vegetative, Flowering, and Seed Yield in French marigold

The present investigation was carried out at Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Chatha, Jammu during 2018-19. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design and comprised of twenty-three treatments replicated thrice. Among the various treatments, maximum plant height (90.10 cm) and highest number of laterals (21.89) were recorded with treatment T7 comprising of 75 % RDF + Spent mushroom compost (1 kg/m2) + 1% foliar spray of MKP (00:52:34). Lesser number of days taken to 50% flowering (70.22 days), number of flowers/plant (86.78), maximum flower diameter (6.20g), weight of flower (5.78 g), flower yield per plant (500 g), seed yield/plant (105.91 g), 1000 seed weight (11.67g) was recorded with the treatment of 75 % RDF + Spent mushroom compost (1 kg/m2) + 1% foliar spray of MKP (T9). Maximum plant spread (68.44 cm) was recorded with treatment comprising of 75 % RDF + Spent mushroom compost (1 kg/m2) + Biofertilizers (T6). However, minimum electrical conductivity of seed leachate (0.688 µmhos/cm/g) was recorded with 25 % RDF + Spent mushroom compost (1 kg/m2) + Biofertilizers (T20). The effects of treatments on flowering duration (days) and shoot: root ratio was found to be non-significant.

Strain‐sensing behavior of flexible polypropylene/poly(ethylene‐co‐octene)/multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposites under cyclic tensile deformation

AbstractIn this study, the associations between the structural evolution and physical properties of polypropylene/poly(ethylene‐co‐octene)/multiwalled carbon nanotube (PP/POE/MWCNTs) composites were established. The MWCNTs particles preferentially migrating from PP matrix to disperse in POE phase, which contributed to a richer network structure, thus resulting in a significant improvement for electrical conductivity, as well thermal stability, and toughness property with the elongation at break from 300% to 800%. Furthermore, the online strain‐resistance analysis showed that introducing POE phase had a big advantage in improving the recovering resilience and stability of the conductive network structure of PP/POE/MWCNTs composites under a multi‐time circular tensile test with a strain of 5%. It was highlighted that the maximum and minimum electrical conductivity levels of PP/POE composites remained almost constant and even the ratio of the real‐time resistance to the initial one was negative just at the beginning of each circulation regarding the strain stretching and recovery. This was attributed to the oriented conductive network structure of PP/POE nanocomposites induced by the applied strain, thereby increasing the electrical conductivity. Overall, this research provides a basic guidance for preparing composites with ultrahigh flexibility and stability under a circular deformation, which is an essential element taken into consideration for smart sensors with high sensitivity.

AURUBIS Cu-ETP

Abstract Aurubis Cu-ETP (electrolytic tough pitch copper) is an electrolytically refined, high conductivity copper that contains a minimum of 99.90% Cu and a controlled amount of oxygen (generally 0.02–0.04%). It has a minimum electrical conductivity of 100% IACS. Special precautions are necessary when heat treating, welding, or brazing Aurubis Cu-ETP in atmospheres containing hydrogen so as to avoid hydrogen embrittlement. Cu-ETP is the most widely used grade of copper in electrical applications and represents over half of global copper use. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming and heat treating. Filing Code: Cu-922. Producer or source: Aurubis AG.

Seawater intrusion analysis in the coastal region of Banda Aceh by using Geographic Information System (GIS)

Seawater intrusion is an environmental problem in many coastal regions which can harm the sustainability of groundwater resources in the future. Banda Aceh as the capital city of Aceh Province has a wide coastal region. The societies are mainly dependent on freshwater. Spatial Distribution of seawater intrusion has been studied using Geographic Information System (GIS) technique. In this research, 57 samples of groundwater were collected from 9 sub-districts of Banda Aceh. A portable Global Positioning System (GPS) was used to collect the coordinates of each sample site. This research aimed to analyse and generate the spatial distribution of seawater intrusion in Banda Aceh coastal region from the measurement of groundwater Electrical Conductivity (EC) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) values in the fields. The EC and TDS were used as indicators to assess the potential of seawater intrusion in the coastal aquifers. The results indicated that spatial distribution of seawater intrusion scattered in northern part of Banda Aceh. However, the analysis and measurements showed that the extent of EC and TDS values varied prominently across these sites, with the maximum EC value of 6.270 μS cm-1 and TDS value of 4.420 mg l-1 found at Neusu Aceh Village in Baiturrahman sub-district. Moreover, the minimum EC and TDS values of 217 μS cm-1 and 100 mg l-1, respectively, found at Mulia Village in Kuta Alam sub-district.

Influences of nanoparticle content on electrical and thermal performances of micro‐nano hybrid composites for packaging materials

AbstractThis paper presents electrical and thermal properties of a novel type of micro‐nano hybrid composites to be potential for packaging. The micro‐nano hybrid composites contain 20 wt% of micro‐aluminium nitride (AlN) with 1, 3, and 5 wt% of nano‐AlN, respectively. Electrical measurement and thermal analysis are used to analyze the performances. The results show that the nano‐AlN in the hybrid composites can suppress the space charge accumulation near the cathode and facilitate the conversion of hetero charge into the homo‐charge accumulations near the anode. No apparent electric field distortion can be observed in the M20N3 sample, whereas it exhibits a minimum electrical conductivity and highest thermal conductivity amongst all samples. Furthermore, the nano‐filler addition can enhance the DC breakdown strength and the thermal stability of the hybrid composites. The thermal and electrical conduction mechanism of the micro and nano fillers in the hybrid composites is also elucidated.

Influence of cobalt doping level for distinct numbers of dipping with heat-treatment temperature on dip-coated TiO2 thin films elaborated via sol-gel technique on structural optical and electrical characterizations

The influence of cobalt doping level for distinct numbers of dipping with heat-treatment temperature (400, 450, and 500 °C) on the characterization of Ti1-xCOxO2 (x = 0, 0.03, 0.05, and 0.07) thin layers have been focused on this investigation. The specimens were studied using Differential scanning Calorimetry, Spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Structural properties revealed that deposited thin films display both tetragonal anatase and orthorhombic brookite crystal structure. The surface morphologies of Ti1-xCOxO2 are smoother relative to undoped TiO2 films. The optical transmittance of Ti1-xCOxO2 thin films is around 60–75% in the visible region with an energy band that reduction of 3.29 to 2.95 eV at 500 °C for 7 % at showing their possible feasibility for optoelectronic and photovoltaic gadgets. The electrical characterization reveals a minimum electrical conductivity of 7.90 10−9 (Ω. cm)-1 picked up for the film doped with 5% at Co at 450 °C.

Effect of Heat Treatment on the Thermal Conductivity of Single Crystals of ZrO2-Based Solid Solutions Stabilized with Scandium and Yttrium Oxides

The effect of heat treatment at 1000°C for 400 h on the thermal conductivity of zirconium dioxide crystals stabilized with scandium oxide (ZrO2)1 – x(Sc2O3)x (x = 0.08–0.10) and simultaneously with scandium and yttrium oxides (ZrO2)1 – x – y(Sc2O3)x(Y2O3)y (x = 0.003–0.20, y = 0.02–0.025) has been studied. In the crystals of zirconium dioxide stabilized with scandium oxide, the most noticeable changes in the thermal conductivity are observed in the 9ScSZ crystals, in which the phase composition is changed and a marked content of the rhombohedral phase appears. These changes are less noticeable in the 8ScSZ crystals and they are mainly due to the ordering of oxygen vacancies and the changes in the microstructures of the samples, and there are no changes in the 10ScSZ crystals. The 10ScSZ crystals have the minimum electrical conductivity before and also after annealing, which is determined by the highest content of scandium oxide in the solid solution. Insignificant changes in the thermal conductivity are observed in crystals of partially stabilized zirconium dioxide co-alloyed with scandium and yttrium oxides. The cubic 8Sc2YSZ and 10Sc2YSZ crystals demonstrate only slight changes in the thermal conductivity, the character of the temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity, and the phase compositions. The alloying of the zirconia–based solid solutions with yttrium oxide simultaneously with scandium oxide enables one to increase the stability of their phase compositions and structurally dependent thermal and electrical physical characteristics.

Physio-biochemical changes associated with seed ageing in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill

The laboratory experiments were comprised of 20 genotypes with five different seed coat colours (Black, Brown, Variegated, Green and Yellow) and seeds were stored for 10 months in polythene bags to evaluate the physiological and biochemical changes during storage. The results revealed that black coloured genotypes showed resistant for seed ageing followed by brown coloured genotypes. Yellow coloured genotypes are susceptible for seed ageing followed by green coloured genotypes. Among the genotypes, PB-5 offered highest germination (97.67%), mean seedling dry weight (56.02 mg). EC 76756 recorded highest mean seedling length (42.63 cm) and lower activity of TSS (93.43 to 118.69 (µg/ml of seed leachates). Minimum electrical conductivity was found in black coloured seeds (0.477 to 0.587 dS cm-1) from initial to 10th month of storage. And minimal seed germination, mean seedling length, seedling dry weight (90%, 30.48 cm, 47.54 mg respectively) and maximum EC (0.867 to 1.434 dS cm-1) and TSS (135.56 to 179.87 µg/ml of seed leachates) were found in 115-B genotype.

KME Cu-ETP

Abstract KME Cu-ETP (electrolytic tough pitch copper) is an electrolytically refined, high conductivity copper that contains a minimum of 99.90% Cu and a controlled amount of oxygen in the form of Cu2O. It has a minimum electrical conductivity of 100% IACS. Cu-ETP is the most widely used grade of copper in electrical applications all over the world and represents over half of global copper use. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, tensile properties, and bend strength as well as fatigue. It also includes information on heat treating. Filing Code: Cu-913. Producer or source: KME Germany GmbH.

Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization scheduling on soil parameters of custard apple cv. Balanagar

A study was conducted during 2017 to 2018 and 2018 to 2019 to find out effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization scheduling on soil parameters of custard apple Cv. Balanagar (Annona squamosa L.) The custard apple plants were treated with three levels of nitrogen (0,250,350 g N/plant/year), phosphorus (0,125,175 g P205/plant/year) and potassium (0,125,175 g K20/plant/year) in all possible 27 combinations was split in different growth stages, were replicated two times in Factorial Randomized Block Design. Experimental findings revealed that, minimum soil pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium showed with the application of 350 g nitrogen, 175 g phosphorus and 175 g potassium per plant during both the years of experimentation.

Влияние термообработки на теплопроводность монокристаллов твердых растворов на основе ZrO-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=-, стабилизированных оксидами скандия и иттрия

The effect of heat treatment at 1000° C for 400 hours on the thermal conductivity of crystals stabilized with scandium oxide, (ZrO2)1-x(Sc2O3)x (x = 0.08–0.10), and together with scandium and yttrium oxides, (ZrO2)1-x-y(Sc2O3)x(Y2O3)y (x = 0.003−0.20; y = 0.02−0.025). For crystals of zirconium dioxide stabilized with scandium oxide, the most noticeable changes in thermal conductivity concern 9ScSZ crystals, in which changes in the phase composition occur, and a noticeable amount of rhombohedral phase appears. For 8ScSZ crystals, these changes are less noticeable and are mainly caused by the ordering of oxygen vacancies and changes in the microstructure of the samples, while for 10ScSZ crystals they are practically absent. The 10ScSZ crystals have the minimum electrical conductivity, both before and after annealing, which is determined by the highest content of scandium oxide in the solid solution. Small changes in thermal conductivity concern crystals of partially stabilized zirconia codoped with scandium and yttrium oxides. For cubic crystals 8Sc2YSZ and 10Sc2YSZ, there are practically no changes in the value of thermal conductivity, the nature of the temperature dependence of thermal conductivity, and the phase composition of crystals. The introduction of yttrium oxide into solid solutions based on zirconium dioxide along with scandium oxide makes it possible to increase the stability of its phase composition and structurally dependent thermal and electrophysical characteristics.

Influence of integrated nutrient management on seed quality of coriander (Coriandrum sativum)

The experiment was carried out during winter (rabi) season of 2016–17 and 2017–18 with 18 treatments comprising of inorganic fertilizers, biofertilizers and manures to compare the coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) seed quality. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications. Results revealed that the co-inoculation of Azotobacter and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) along with recommended dose of nitrogen through vermicompost (T5) recorded significantly higher test weight, standard germination, seedling length, seedling dry weight, vigour index-I, vigour index-II, dehydrogenase activity, superoxidase dismutase, field emergence index and seedling establishment. The electrical conductivity was also recorded less in this treatment. The same treatment recorded significantly higher standard germination (31.50%), seedling length (14.09 cm), seedling dry weight (1.88 mg), vigour index-I (444), vigour index-II (59.25) and minimum electrical conductivity (696.92 μ S cm-1 g-1) after accelerated ageing of seed for 120 h at 40±1°C at 100% relative humidity. Suitable combination of organic manures and biofertilizers can be used to produce good quality coriander sees.