Minimum Level Of Education Research Articles

PROSES PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN MENJADI ISTERI KEDUA DALAM PERKAWINAN POLIGAMI PADA WANITA BERPENDIDIKAN TINGGI

This study focused on the decision-making process became the second wife in a polygamous marriage by highly-educated women along with the factors that influence it. This study is a qualitative approach with subjects were 3 women aged 30-55 years old with minimum education level was undergraduate and serves as a second wife. From the interviews analysis, it concluded that the decision-making process undertaken by subjects were very diverse and complicated. All subjects through every stage of the decision making process vary depending on the obstacles and problems that they faced. The main factors that affect the subjects in the decision became the second wife is a factor of circumstances, in particular subjects who came from descended polygamy marriage and belief factor, that being the second wife is the providence of God that must be accepted. Suggestions for further research are expected to perform data retrieval from significant others who know the decision-making process taken by the subject

Under the Law

From a legal perspective in the U.S., education is a state function. But individuals and advocacy groups have the right to question the state’s fulfillment of this responsibility in court, and many have. Courts generally find that State constitutions afford all children an opportunity to acquire a minimum level of education. A case in Washington State poses what could become a groundbreaking ruling. In an unprecedented recent move, the state’s Supreme Court has imposed sanctions on the state legislature, fining them $100,000 a day until they adopt legislation that adequately funds that state’s public schools. What makes this case so important right now is that most states have reduced their support to public education.

Educational Expansion and Occupational Change: US Compulsory Schooling Laws and the Occupational Structure 1850–1930

During the US Industrial Revolution, educational expansion may have created skilled jobs through innovation and skill upgrading or reduced skilled jobs by mechanizing production. Such arguments contradict classic sociological work that treats education as a sorting mechanism, allocating individuals to fixed occupations. I capitalize on state differences in the timing of compulsory school attendance laws to ask whether raising the minimum level of schooling: (1) increased school attendance rate; or (2) shifted state occupational distributions away from agricultural toward skilled and non-manual occupation categories. Using state-level panel data constructed from 1850–1930 censuses and state-year fixed effects models, I find that compulsory laws significantly increased school attendance rates, particularly among lower-class children, and shifted the categorical distribution toward skilled and non-manual occupations. Thus, rather than deskilling through mechanization, raising the minimum level of education seems to have created skilled jobs and raised the occupational distribution through skill-biased technological change. Results suggest that education was not merely a sorting mechanism, supporting the importance of education as an institution even around the turn of the century.

Consequences of the Investment in Education as Regards Human Capital

Abstract A sustainable and democratic society cannot exist if the majority of the citizens do not have a minimum level of education. Nobody would contest that an individual that invests in his own education could bring benefits not only to his family, but also to the others. However, there are a lot of other good things for human co-operation or society, but it does not result that they should be produced by the state and financed by taxes and fees. Additionally, the investment in one's training/education can finally be retrieved when the individual comes to the labour market.

Low-Skilled Jobs and Student Jobs: Employers' Preferences in Slovakia and the Czech Republic

Massification of tertiary education, growing share of student workers on labour market and consequently increased competition for low-skilled jobs gave rise to the theory of crowding out of the less educated workers. This paper contributes to better understanding of temporary skills-qualifications mismatch typical for student workers by analysing the preferences of employers in low-skilled jobs and student jobs. We take labour market demand perspective and carry out exploratory analysis of job offers posted online in Slovakia and the Czech Republic. The results show that the student labour market is quite diverse as student job offers can be found in low-skilled, but also medium-skilled positions. We also find that although student vacancies require, on average, fewer skills than non-student positions, there is strong correlation between formal sophistication of a job vacancy and the required minimum educational level, as well as required skills for both student and non-student positions. It appears that low-educated workers and student workers do not compete for the limited number of positions, but rather fill employers' demands for different types of hard (e.g. language skills) and soft (e.g. flexibility, adaptability) skills. These results support the complementarity view of the coexistence of student employment and low-skilled employment rather than the crowding out theory.

Organizational Commitment in Nigerian Banks: The Influence of Age, Tenure and Education

Age, tenure and education data are often used by employers to make series of decisions in matters relating to recruitment and selection, salaries and compensation, retrenchment and retirement, etc. In recent times, the Nigerian banking sector has been undergoing series of reforms which have led to restructuring, mergers and acquisitions, downsizing and liquidation. Organizations’ management tend to hold the view that the younger the employee the higher the level of commitment and productivity, hence, the preference for the younger to the older employees in acquisition and retention of workforce. Job advertisements do emphasize conditions such as minimum age and educational level not only for entry-level jobs but also for other types of positions. Most job advertisements also specify the added advantage of years of experience. This practice is not unconnected with the general belief that age, tenure and level of education have attitudinal, behavioral and productivity consequences which are critical to organizations’ overall performance and sustainability. The current study examines the role of employee’s age, tenure (length of service) and educational levels on the three components of commitment – affective, normative and continuance commitment – in the service industry, Nigeria’s banking sector. The study, therefore, is expected to empirically examine the possible influence of employees’ demographic factors such as age, tenure and education level influence their affective, normative and continuance commitment. The paper is divided into the following sections: Introduction, Background, Methodology, Result and Discussion, Implications and Future Research.

Education as a fundamental right and human rights acquired through education

The right to education is an essential tool conditions for the development of an emancipated societies, to maintain and strengthen their cultural identities, ethnic and linguistic minorities. Education can promote (though not guarantee) understanding, tolerance, respect and friendship between peoples, ethnic or religious groups and can help create a universal culture of human rights. So education is an individual expression of freedom that it is an economic necessity from which depends the development of the country.Provision of education should be considered as a long term investment with high priority, because it develops human resources as an asset in the process of national development. So full realization of the right to education can be achieved by improving the economic, social and cultural rights through a political commitment and cooperation of the all. From historical point of view, the education in Europe, before the age of enlightenment, was primarily the responsibility of parents and the church. Education began to become public affair and state responsibility only with the constitution of the modern secular state. In the century XIX, the emergence of socialism and liberalism placed education, more strongly, in the field of human rights. Liberal and anti-clerical ideas of the XIX century influenced to the definition of the right to education which aimed to protect and advance the ideas of freedom, of science, of research and teaching against the every influencing forms from the church and the state. Principles of the right to education was included in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and national constitutions and various international and national instruments charge states with the obligation to respect, protect and fulfill all the rights to education because the fundamental right to education entitles all individuals to provide appropriate forms of behavior from their respective governments. Ensuring citizens with many civil and political rights, such as the right to information, freedom of expression, the right to vote and to be elected, and many others, depend on at least a minimum level of education. So thats why its so important the right to education as far as it provides to the citizens more control over the course of their life, in particular, control over the actions of the state against the citizens in general. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n19p155

Prevalence of Bronchial Asthma Among Secondary School Students in Dhaka City

Asthma is a substantial health problem among children and adults worldwide, many countries having increasing prevalence of bronchial asthma. Within our knowledge no epidemiological studies have addressed the burden of bronchial asthma among secondary school students in Bangladesh. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of bronchial asthma and its associated factors among secondary school students. A cross sectional study was conducted from January 2010 to June 2010. Two hundred and fifty secondary school students from class VI to class X were randomly selected from a purposively selected secondary school at Mirpur in Dhaka city. International Studies of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) core asthma questionnaire was self administered for diagnosis of asthma. Out of 250 students male was 128(51%) and female was 122(49%), mean age of the respondents was 12.9±1.2 years. Minimum education level of respondents' parents were primary, half of the respondents' father's education level was graduate and above (52.8%) and half of the respondents' mother's education level was high school (58.4%). The prevalence of bronchial asthma was 11.6% (95%CI: 7.64% to 15.56%). The proportion of bronchial asthma was higher in male than female (15.6% vs 7.4%, p<0.05). Bronchial asthma was found significantly higher among the students who had attacks of pneumonia during their childhood (under class VI) compared to children who did not (23.8% vs 9.1%, p<0.05). About 11% students were exposed to passive smoking. Passive smoking significantly associated with bronchial asthma (p<0.038). Risk indicators associated with bronchial asthma included history of pneumonia (OR=3.109, 95%CI: 1.32 to 7.29), maternal asthma (OR=2.73, 95% CI: 1.05 to 7.11) and male sex (OR=2.32, 95%CI: 1.01 to 5.33).This study showed that the prevalence of bronchial asthma was high among secondary school students than common people. Passive smoking, history of pneumonia, maternal asthma and male sex were found to be significant risk indicators for bronchial asthma. So that greater efforts are needed to prevent childhood pneumonia and passive smoking to reduce the chances of subsequent development of bronchial asthma. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmj.v41i1.18778 Bangladesh Medical Journal 2012 Vol. 41 No. 1; 28-31

Cops in College: Police Officers’ Perceptions on Formal Education

There is no consensus regarding the benefits of a minimum education level of a four-year college degree for law enforcement officers. No state requires this for entry into policing and Minnesota is the only state to require an associate’s degree. This study examines the unique perceptions of a random sample of 627 Minnesota police officers relative to higher education degree requirements and their level of support for increasing the requirement to a four-year degree. Approximately, 30% of officers think the four-year degree should be required and 70% of officers would have still entered the profession if this were the requirement. Multinomial logistic regression analysis reveals factors that shape one or both of these opinions which include age, position in the department, education level, and agency support. Implications and suggestions for future research are provided.

PROFESSIONALISM AND PERFORMANCE OF COUNSELOR AT SMP NEGERI KOTA METRO

Abstract: Teachers are professional educators with the primary task of educating, teaching, guiding, familiarize, train, assess, and evaluate students in Early Childhood Education, formal education, primary education and secondary education. Teachers addition must have adequate educational qualifications, basic capabilities, competence, must also have a sense of responsibility. Guidance counseling is one of the functions of guidance services in schools in addition to the function of administrative services and service learning or teaching. Professionalism has an idea of a person who pursue jobs based on skills, abilities, techniques, and procedures based on intellectual. Conceptually performance of teachers includes three aspects, namely, (1) professional ability, (2) social skills, (3) the ability of personal (private). Academic Qualifications: Academic qualification is the minimum educational level must be evidenced by a diploma or certificate of membership to the relevant statutory provisions in force. Factors affecting performance among the counselors is a factor Qualifications Education, teacher competence and responsibility implementation of the tasks of the profession. These three factors have to be studied so that the performance of counselors in running the service function will be seen from how to discipline, ability to work, and work performance counselor.Keyword: Professionalism, Performance, Counselor.

Influence of Paranormal beliefs on Psychopathology in a CrossCultural Society

The purpose of this study was to determine if there would be significant main and interaction influence of paranormal beliefs and culture on incidence of psychopathology among a non-psychotic population. A survey research was carried out using a purposive non-probability sampling method drawing the sample from two ethnic groups; Yoruba and Igbo. They consisted of two hundred and four respondents with 78 adolescent and 126 adults with the age range of 14 and 65 years, 103 male and 101 female, 132 Christians, 66 Muslims and 6 traditional religious adherents, 107 Yoruba and 98 Igbo; all of which attained the minimum educational level of Junior Secondary School Certificate, who responded to Revised Paranormal Belief Scale (Tobacyk, 1988) and the General Health Questionnaire (Goldberg, 1978).Using Factorial Design, 2 X 2 ANOVA and Independent t-test to analyse the data, results indicated that paranormal beliefs significantly influenced anxiety and depression dimensions of psychopathology. It was also revealed that there was a significant main influence of culture on anxiety and depression. Also observed was a significant difference between the two ethnic groups, Yoruba and Igbo, on paranormal belief and incidence of psychopathology. It was therefore concluded that paranormal beliefs and culture have significant main influence on incidence of psychopathological symptoms.

Poverty, education, gender and the Millennium Development Goals: Reflections on boundaries and intersectionality

The article considers the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) concerned with poverty, education and gender (MDG 1, MDG 2 and MDG 3). Despite considerable achievements associated with the MDG approach, which entails international and national target setting and monitoring, a sharp distinction between areas of social policy is entailed. In addition the approach suggests sufficiency, for example providing a minimum level of education or gender parity, rather than a fuller notion of equality, is good enough. These processes of classification, which entail horizontal and vertical boundaries, are examined, partly drawing on Bernsteinian ideas, and partly through reflections on the concept of intersectionality. Data collected from discussions in Kenya and South Africa with administrators in national and provincial government and teachers implementing the poverty, education and gender MDGs are explored. These show a tendency to work primarily with ideas based on lines, associated with the MDG targets rather than to think more complexly about structure, agency and context in addressing inequality. Thus professionals who confront problems of poverty, gender inequality and inadequate education in day-to-day work lack appropriate resources or processes for gathering information or reflexively engaging with it. The missing resources are partly financial, in that there are not budgets of time or money to attend to making connections. But in addition they are conceptual. Ideas which take a direction to social justice. In the place of a reasoned and reflexive professional language of practice, everyday ideas that connect poverty with gender and schooling are expressed. These tend to reproduce social distance and blame. Putting intersectional ideas to work in ways that consciously and creatively challenge existing sites of exclusionary power appeal key in success or frameworks to the MDGs.

The Efficacy of Using Self-Monitoring Diaries in a Weight Loss Program for Chronically Ill Obese Adults in a Rural Area

Self-monitoring is part of many weight-loss programs and is widely accepted as effective. However, there is a lack of research related to the efficacy of various self-monitoring instruments in meeting the needs of individuals with limited mobility or access to healthcare providers, especially those with limited education living in rural settings. This study examined the efficacy of using self-monitoring diaries in a weight loss program targeting chronically ill and obese rural-dwelling adults. A community-based intervention program using a pretest and posttest design examined the effect of using self-monitoring diaries on weight loss. Fifty participants were enrolled from the chronic disease clinic of a district health center with limited medical resources in a remote village in southwestern Taiwan. All participants were diagnosed with diabetes and/or hypertension, had body mass indices between 27 and 32 kg/m, and had a minimum educational level of junior high school. Mean participant age was 43.7 years. Participants were randomly assigned to the intervention or control group. All attended a mandatory 12-week weight loss program. The intervention group received instructions on how to record diet and exercise details in a structured, graphics-based diary provided by the researchers. Body weight and percentage of body fat were measured before and after the program, and data were analyzed by chi-square and ANCOVA. The intervention group significantly lost more weight than the control group (5.7 kg vs. 2.1 kg; p < .05). The participants of 88% in the intervention group lost 5% or more of their baseline weight greater than the 23% in the control group. Both groups achieved the mean of body fat reductions by comparing pretest and posttest. Self-monitoring diaries can have a significant impact on weight loss in individuals living in rural communities. Healthcare providers and health promotion agencies can use the suggested checklist method to improve weight loss promotion programs in isolated rural communities with limited medical resources.

Gender differences in trait emotional intelligence: A comparative study

The objective of present study is to determine the difference between male and female on the variable of trait emotional intelligence. After the detailed literature review the following hypothesis was formulated; There would be a difference between males and females on the variable of trait emotional intelligence. The sample consisted of 100 university students. The entire sample divided into two groups. The sample consisted of 100 university students, recruited from University of Karachi, including 51(51%) males and 49 (49 %) females. The age range of both groups were from 18 to 30 years (Mean age =23.78 years) with males (Mean Age = 24.18 years) and female (Mean Age = 23.37 years) and minimum educational level was intermediate (12th class) and highest education was Maters (16th Class). The measures used in the research included, Personal Information Form and Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire by (Petrides & Furnham, 2003) that was administered to measure the trait emotional intelligence. ‘t’ test for independent sample was calculated to determine the difference of trait emotional intelligence between males and females in statistical terminology. The results showed a significant difference between males and females on the variable of trait emotional intelligence t(98) = 2.773, p

Training of Spanish sterile preparations technicians working in hospital pharmacy: comparison with the requirements of the American pharmacopea (USP)

BackgroundThe Spanish law indicates that sterile preparations technicians must have a minimum level of education. However, the requirements demanded by the USP are stricter than Spanish law, and, in some...

Point/Counterpoint

Point/Counterpoint

Human right education and the Nigerian child: implications for counselling

This paper examines the concept of human right to education as listed in Article 26 of the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights of December 1948. Human right is viewed as natural or moral law which has the force of conscience. The declaration is directed at the right to formal Western education in Nigeria, rather than indigenous or Islamic. The efforts made by various regional/state and federal governments by providing universal free primary education for the Nigeria child are examined. The inability of the federal government to provide minimum and compulsory education as well as inadequate funding is seen as obstacles for the realization of the child’s right to education in Nigeria. Urgent actions in providing minimum and adequate funding for that minimum level of education are seriously solicited from the standpoint of the roles of Guidance and Counseling.

Contribuição para o estudo da leitura de folhetos informativos nas farmácias Portuguesas

Introduction Health and its promotion are closely related to the level of education or literacy of individuals. In community pharmacies, it is expected in patient education to make use of written information through patient leaflets. This tool gives autonomy to its users, based on the individual literacy skills. Health literacy is one's ability to obtain, process and interpret information about health and health services in order to make informed decisions. How to measure the level of difficulty in reading and understanding texts written in English has been studied since 1920, when the first formula to rank the minimum level of schooling that is required by a text to be read and understood were proposed and designated by readability formulas. Material and methods The main objective of this study was to experiment readability formulas, for analyzing the complexity of reading and interpreting information leaflets commonly used in Portuguese pharmacies. Two formulas, the SMOG and the Flesh-Kincaid Index, were applied to a sample of 4 patient leaflets, estimating the number of years of schooling required for the proper understanding of these texts. Two independent accredited translators translated the brochures into English, resulting in a consensus version for each leaflet. The Portuguese retroversions were evaluated to confirm the proximity of the translations with the original texts. The simultaneous use of two formulas informed the degree of concurrent validity and reliability of the results. Results The average value for the SMOG was 11.13 (SD = 0.81), while the average Flesch-Kincaid was equal to 8.32 (SD = 0.90). These results correspond to a minimum level of education in Portugal around 10 years. The correlation coefficient between scales was 0.948 ( p = 0.51), convergence that supports results validity. For this set of patient leaflets, the minimum formal education required to read and understand its content was 9 complete years of schooling. A significant proportion of the population using pharmacies as a credible and accessible source of health information, particularly the chronically ill and elderly, present levels of education usually lower than the 9th grade. This way, the current patient leaflets might not be fully understood by its recipients. The current leaflets, as a tool for health related decisions, may not have the utility that one would initially anticipate. Conclusions Readability formulas are important tools for the evaluation and adjustment of written information to the potential users, working as feasible alternatives to classical tests of literacy in the population, and contributing to the success of health education strategies. It would be desirable to develop and validate readability tools in our own language.

Socio-cultural determinants and impact of HIV infection in the Sudan

Background: Sudan, among the Subsaharan African countries has a low prevalence of HIV infection particularly in the North of the predominantly Muslim population. The peace agreement (2005) which stopped the civil war in the South opened the boarders with the HIV-high prevalence countries of Central and West Africa. This is expected to increase the transmission of HIV in the whole of Sudan. Methods and results: The present study interviewed 635 HIV positive individuals reporting for testing in three voluntary counseling and treatment (VCT) centres in Khartoum. Socio-cultural determinants of the infection showed that the young adults less than 50 years constitute 66.1% of all infected, with 60% males, 40% females and majority 64.9% are either illiterate or had minimum level of education. 61% of them were Muslims and 39% were Christians or non believers, 50.1% were married. The quality of life changed in 89% of individuals.Conclusion: It is concluded that the infection with HIV in Sudan may increase and health education messages need to be tailored according to the sociocultural determinants of the infection in a multicultural, multi-religious country like the Sudan. Muslims will not be protected against HIV infection unless they adhere to the code of Islam.Keywords: human immuno-deficiency virus, Muslims, Subsaharan

Nursing degree: threat or opportunity?

The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) has recently confirmed that, from 2013–14, students can only start pre-registration nursing programmes that meet the regulator's new approved standards. From the beginning of that academic year, the minimum level of education for new nurses will be degree level.