Minimum Transportation Cost Research Articles

Optimizing and Analyzing the Cost of Collection and Transportation of Solid Waste Using GIS

Abstract: This study aimed to analyze the cost of the waste collection and transportation system of zone 2 ward 95, Kanpur. Population growth, rapid economic development and urbanization have led to an increase in the generation of solid waste. For this purpose, the maps of collection routes and locations of waste storage were drawn using Arc & QGIS software. According to the GIS maps software, the main waste collection cost was supplying human resources and fuel charges. Transfer stations are an integral part of present-day municipal solid waste management systems. The main criteria used to decide on the location of a transfer station has traditionally been the minimization of transport costs since it is cheaper to transport great amounts of waste over long distances in large loads than in small ones.Municipal solid waste (MSW) has been produced since the establishment of mankind. Solid wastes are wastes generated due to human and animal activities and are unavoidable byproducts of human activities. Routing is one of the main components of solid wastemanagement to optimize of collection route and reduce travel distance which could reduce disposal costs. Waste collection and transport can generate up to 70% of the MSW system costs. Separate collection of recyclables or organic waste raises the costs of waste collection. The proper estimation and monitoring of waste collection costs are essential to define the most cost-effective waste collection system. This has become a critical issue for every MSW company aimed at providing their services in the best possible way.

MULTIMODAL INTEGRATION MODEL FOR REDUCING NATIONAL LOGISTICS COSTS

One way to minimize national logistics costs is to develop multimodal transportation. The steps for multimodal development are forming a linear model for each transportation mode, the simultaneous formation of a linear model, and forecasting and simulation of the minimum transportation costs. Area partition based on distance can be used as a solution for selecting transportation modes in multimodal with a certain distance. It can be useful in reducing transportation costs that only rely on unimodal, namely trucks. The estimation of reducing logistics costs is by forecasting goods that will pass through transportation modes in 2025 and making the simulation. Train or truck is used for short distances such as moving goods from factories or warehouses to transhipment points and from transhipment points to consumers or retailers. Trains, freighters and planes are used as the main routes as needed. The simulation results show that national logistics costs reduce by 17% when using the lowest-cost transportation mode in the area division.

Внедрение цифровых решений в систему интермодальных грузоперевозок

Purpose: To justify the use of a digital platform at organization of rail freight transportation, allowing to minimize transportation costs, delivery time, time loss at all stages of lifecycle and to simplify significantly the access to infrastructure facilities. The given study confirms that the introduction of advanced digital technologies into intermodal freight transportation system contributes to the effective interaction between railway companies, seaports and regulatory authorities. Methods: Analytical methods of reporting data of Asian and European railway companies — members of International Railway Union, Russian and foreign forwarding companies as well as data of Russia Federal Customs Service and foreign customs authorities are used. Results: The procedure for documentation electronic processing, using mobile workstations, is systematized, the effects from creation of pilot freight transportation are determined, the importance of the expansion of digital environment of trust between participants in intermodal freight transportation — railway companies, seaports and regulatory authorities — is substantiated. Practical importance: The obtained results have an applied character since they propose and justify a number of measures aimed at stirring up of electronic interaction of cargo transportation process participants.

Opportunities and considerations for the design of decentralized delivery of antiretroviral therapy for female sex workers living with HIV in South Africa

BackgroundIn South Africa, 60% of female sex workers (FSW) are living with HIV, many of whom experience structural and individual barriers to antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation and adherence. Community-based decentralized treatment provision (DTP) may mitigate these barriers. To characterize optimal implementation strategies, we explored preferences for DTP among FSW living with HIV in Durban, South Africa.MethodsThirty-nine semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with FSW living with HIV (n = 24), and key informants (n = 15) including HIV program implementers, security personnel, and brothel managers. Participants were recruited using maximum variation and snowball sampling. Interviews were conducted in English or isiZulu between September–November 2017 and analyzed using grounded theory in Atlas.ti 8.ResultsDTP was described as an intervention that could address barriers to ART adherence and retention, minimizing transport costs, time and wage loss from clinic visits, and act as a safety net to address FSW mobility and clinic access challenges. Respondents highlighted contextual considerations for DTP and suggested that DTP should be venue-based, scheduled during less busy times and days, and integrate comprehensive health services including psychological, reproductive, and non-communicable disease services. ART packaging and storage were important for community-based delivery, and participants suggested DTP should be implemented by sex work sensitized staff with discrete uniform and vehicle branding.ConclusionsIncorporating FSW preferences may support implementation optimization and requires balancing of tensions between preferences and feasibility. These data suggest the potential utility of DTP for FSW as a strategy to address those most marginalized from current ART programs in South Africa.

Evolutionary algorithm based approach for solving transportation problems in normal and pandemic scenario

In recent times, COVID-19 pandemic has posed certain challenges to transportation companies due to the restrictions imposed by different countries during the lockdown. These restrictions cause delay and/ or reduction in the number of trips of vehicles, especially, to the regions with higher restrictions. In a pandemic scenario, regions are categorized into different groups based on the levels of restrictions imposed on the movement of vehicles based on the number of active cases (i.e., number of people infected by COVID-19), number of deaths, population, number of COVID-19 hospitals, etc. The aim of this study is to formulate and solve a fixed-charge transportation problem (FCTP) during this pandemic scenario and to obtain transportation scheme with minimum transportation cost in minimum number of trips of vehicles moving between regions with higher levels of restrictions. For this, a penalty is imposed in the objective function based on the category of the region(s) where the origin and destination are situated. However, reduction in the number of trips of vehicles may increase the transportation cost to unrealistic bounds and so, to keep the transportation cost within limits, a constraint is imposed on the proposed model. To solve the problem, the Genetic Algorithm (GA) has been modified accordingly. For this purpose, we have designed a new crossover operator and a new mutation operator to handle multiple trips and capacity constraints of vehicles. For numerical illustration, in this study, we have solved five example problems considering three levels of restrictions, for which the datasets are generated artificially. To show the effectiveness of the constraint imposed for reducing the transportation cost, the same example problems are then solved without the constraint and the results are analyzed. A comparison of results with existing algorithms proves that our algorithm is effective. Finally, some future research directions are discussed.

Vehicle Assignment For Chemicals Transportation

Vehicle assignment is a significant challenge faced by chemical logistics companies. The chemical industry typically outsources the delivery of chemicals to professional logistics companies to meet customers' complex and demanding needs. In this regard, this research explores the case study of a logistics company that selects its delivery modes and formulates its vehicle assignment plans based on its personnel’s experience rather than any formal system and plans its vehicle routes on the day before the delivery. This study seeks to improve the efficiency and immediacy of logistics companies’ vehicle assignments, understand vehicle route planning, maximize space utilization, and minimize transportation costs. This paper presents both a mathematical programming model and a heuristic algorithm. The algorithm development process comprises four steps: constructing the initial condition, improving transportation cost, reducing customers, and splitting vehicles. The case study company’s transportation costs and vehicle distribution results indicate that the proposed heuristic algorithm can effectively save transportation costs and the time cost involved in delivery route planning.

CLUSTER STRUCTURES IN DEVELOPMENT EMPLOYMENT OF RURAL TERRITORY OF THE REGION

The article outlines the current state of socio-economic development of the region in the direction of the social sphere. It was established that the current state of the socio-economic infrastructure of the village confirms the presence of a deep crisis. The difficult situation of the village economy, long-term underfunding of the social sphere led to the threat of physical destruction of its material and technical potential. The existing material base of cultural and household facilities does not meet the standards. In rural areas, educational facilities in most cases do not have modern technical equipment for teaching, there is a shortage of teaching staff, and the level of their professional education is lower than in the city. The problems of employment in the rural areas of the region are analyzed. It was found that the employed population, which is released from agriculture for various reasons, can engage in non-agricultural activities, which will positively affect the growth of the income of the rural population. Therefore, it is possible to use not only agricultural land, but also natural and recreational resources, as well as a favorable habitat. However, local authorities do not pay due attention to the development of agricultural activities in the countryside, livestock farms and agricultural processing enterprises are shrinking. It is proposed to form an agricultural-tourist cluster to ensure uninterrupted supply of ecologically clean agricultural products and to solve the issue of employment of the region’s population. Thus, as an example of such formation, the agricultural and touristic potential of the Berezan district was used, within which there are 4 recreation areas: “Koblevo”, “Lugove”, “Morske”, “Rybakivka”. About 170 recreation centers offer their services to tourists from Ukraine and near abroad. About 180,000 people visit the Koblevo-Rybakiv recreation area every year. In order to provide 180,000 tourists with environmentally friendly food during the 5 months of the holiday season, it is necessary to allocate 6.4 hectares of arable land for the production of leafy vegetables, early cabbage, early potatoes, seasonal vegetables, melons and sweet corn; 28.6 hectares of perennial plantations for the production of berries and grapes; 856 hectares of agricultural land for the production of food products of animal origin. For the production of fresh baked goods, the peasants must purchase high-quality flour of industrial production. When forming the production zone, it is necessary to take into account the need to minimize transport costs. It was emphasized that the cluster should include rural areas located along the M14 highway and no further than 20-25 km from the Koblevo-Rybakiv recreation area. These are rural settlements that are under the jurisdiction of the Koblev Rural United Territorial Community. The number of able-bodied population within its borders is 5,514 people.

Corner Rules Method of Solving Transportation Problem

Several approaches have been advanced for solving transportation problems. The most prominent of them in various text being, North West Corner Rule(NWCR), Least Cost Method(LCM), and Vogel's Approximation Method(VAM). This paper considered three additional corner rules, which are North East Corner Rule(NECR), South West Corner Rule(SWCR) and South East Corner Rule(SECR). Algorithms ware provided for obtaining initial feasible solution to Transportation Problems. Three test examples were considered using the rules. The results revealed that the NECR and SWCR have equal result. While NWCR and SECR also produce the same result. NECR and SWCR however, better minimize transportation cost. The two methods are therefore recommended for use in any business organization requiring shipment of products.

Metode Lowest Supply Lowest Cost (LSLC) Pada Masalah Transportasi Tidak Seimbang (Studi Kasus Pada Ditribusi Air Minum PT. Anugerah Berkah Bersaudara)

Distribution of goods is very important for the company. In order to get a bigger profit, the company tries to deliver the goods in the most effective way possible. There are several warehouse locations and several destinations, with different shipping costs, so the distribution problem can be solved using transportation methods. There are many methods that can be used to determine the optimal solution to the transportation problem. In this study, the Lowest Supply Lowest Cost (LSLC) method was used to determine the initial solution and the Stepping Stone method was used to determine the optimal solution for the distribution of Bottled Drinking Water at PT. Anugerah Berkah Brothers, with the aim of minimizing transportation costs. Distribution problems at PT. Anugerah Berkah Brothers is an unbalanced transportation problem, because the amount of inventory is greater than the amount of demand. Based on the results of the discussion obtained that PT. Anugerah Berkah brothers can save transportation costs from before as much as 8% of the initial cost.

Logistics network configuration: The solution for quality-related problems in long-distance transportation of mango in Indonesia

Indonesia was ranked 46th out of 160 countries in the Logistic Performance Index 2018, below most ASEAN countries. Indonesia’s dependence on inter-island interconnections causes high container handling costs. Mango is one of Indonesia’s superior fruits. While almost every province in Indonesia produces mango, the major mango producers are mainly in Java Island and Eastern Indonesia. This production distribution leads to the demand to distribute mango from the production centers to other areas, which raises concerns about quality preservation. A well-designed logistics network configuration is imperative for a perishable food supply chain such as mango due to its influence on material flow balance, postharvest losses, costs, and response capacity. This study aims to review the problems of mango transportation in Indonesia and the thriving technology in transportation conditions monitoring and propose a formulation to develop a logistics network configuration. The presented paper discusses a multi-objective problem of customers maximization, postharvest losses rate minimization, and transportation cost minimization. We elaborate on the challenges with implementing multimodal transportation for perishable products, requirement analysis for the stakeholders, and transportation conditions monitoring. Ultimately, we develop a surplus model following the multi-objective problems considering the constraints of the harvest season, production volume, and distance from production centers to buyers’ locations. Field data and secondary information consist of material flow behaviour and market competition. The logistics network configuration models the material flow balance, postharvest losses, costs, and response capacity.

FUZZY LOGIC BASED CAPACITY OPTIMIZATION IN HEURISTIC VEHICLE ROUTING PROBLEMS: A CASE STUDY IN A FLOUR MILL

Araç Rotalama Problemi (ARP), müşteri gereksinimlerinin zamanında ve minimum maliyetle karşılanmasını sağlamak amacıyla kullanılmaktadır. ARP ile sabit bir depodan, sınırlı kapasiteli araç veya araçların farklı bölgelerde yer alan müşterilere en düşük maliyetle hareketlerini sağlayan rotalar oluşturulması hedeflenmektedir. O yüzden de, depo ile müşteriler arasında ürün dağıtımıyla ilgilenen Araç Rotalama Problemi’nin amacı, toplam seyahat maliyetlerini en aza indirerek tüm müşterilere hizmet verecek şekilde araç rotalarının belirlenmesidir. Bu çalışmada, Isparta il merkezinde faaliyet gösteren bir un fabrikasının merkez deposundan Isparta, Denizli, Burdur, Afyonkarahisar ve Antalya il ve ilçe merkezlerindeki müşterilere teslimat seferleri için kullanılan araçların kapasite kullanımları iyileştirilerek, ulaşım maliyetlerin en aza indirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında Kazançlar Algoritması ile dağıtım rotaları belirlendikten sonra, araçların doluluk oranlarının iyileştirilmesi amacıyla Bulanık Mantık yardımıyla talep verileri bulanıklaştırılarak alternatif çözümler elde edilmiştir.

Spatial and Economic Effects of Yangtze River-Huaihe River Water Transfer Project on the Transportation Accessibility of Bulk Cargo within Anhui Province, China

This study examined the influence of the Yangtze River-Huaihe River Water Transfer Project (YHWTP) on the transportation accessibility of bulk cargo in 16 cities of Anhui Province based on modern transportation infrastructure. We also discussed the change in the strength of economic linkages affected by the YHWTP for 16 cities within Anhui Province and the Yangtze River Delta using the gravity model. The results demonstrate that: (1) The YHWTP will significantly improve the transportation accessibility of bulk commodities among the 16 cities in Anhui Province, especially the cities along the project route. It will reduce the minimum average transport cost (MATC) and the weighted average transport cost (WATC). (2) The YHWTP has a different influence on the transportation accessibility of the 16 cities, making the location conditions more unequal. (3) The change of spatial distribution of transportation accessibility of the 16 cities caused by YHWTP will be mainly concentrated in the triangular region, formed by Huainan, Anqing, and Wuhu. (4) The YHWTP will improve the total strength of economic linkages (TSEL) of the 16 cities within Anhui Province and Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region, with an increase by 27.62% and 9.04%, respectively. (5) Overall, Hefei will benefit the most from the YHWTP.

A simheuristic algorithm for the stochastic one-commodity pickup and delivery travelling salesman problem

ABSTRACT The one-commodity pickup and delivery traveling salesman problem (1-PDTSP) concerns the transportation of single-type goods that are picked up from supply locations to be delivered to the demand points while minimizing transportation costs. 1-PDTSP finds several applications in practice including the food redistribution operations, where excess edible foods from restaurants and food vendors are collected and delivered to food banks or meal centers, which are then made available to those in need. This paper addresses the realistic case where the pickup and delivery quantities are rarely known in advance and studies the 1-PDTSP with stochastic demand and supply values. We propose a novel simheuristic algorithm, which combines VND metaheuristic with Monte Carlo simulation (SimVND) to solve the stochastic 1-PDTSP. The resulting algorithm takes into account both the transportation cost and the penalty cost, which is incurred due to the inability to satisfy the entire demand. The experimental results indicate that the SimVND solution performs well on deterministic data sets when compared with the existing solutions in the literature. On the stochastic problems, this algorithm leads to a significant decrease in the penalty costs compared to those observed under deterministic solutions. When the penalty costs of not being able to meet demand are high, simheuristic techniques provide a more reliable solution than deterministic heuristic solutions or limited scenario-based solutions.

Projection‐based techniques for high‐dimensional optimal transport problems

AbstractOptimal transport (OT) methods seek a transformation map (or plan) between two probability measures, such that the transformation has the minimum transportation cost. Such a minimum transport cost, with a certain power transform, is called the Wasserstein distance. Recently, OT methods have drawn great attention in statistics, machine learning, and computer science, especially in deep generative neural networks. Despite its broad applications, the estimation of high‐dimensional Wasserstein distances is a well‐known challenging problem owing to the curse‐of‐dimensionality. There are some cutting‐edge projection‐based techniques that tackle high‐dimensional OT problems. Three major approaches of such techniques are introduced, respectively, the slicing approach, the iterative projection approach, and the projection robust OT approach. Open challenges are discussed at the end of the review.This article is categorized under: Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Dimension Reduction Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Manifold Learning

Intermittent propulsion in largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, increases power production at low swimming speeds.

Locomotion dominates animal energy budgets, and selection should favour behaviours that minimize transportation costs. Recent fieldwork has altered our understanding of the preferred modes of locomotion in fishes. For instance, bluegill employ a sustainable intermittent swimming form with 2-3 tail beats alternating with short glides. Volitional swimming studies in the laboratory with bluegill suggest that the propulsive phase reflects a fixed-gear constraint on body-caudal-fin activity. Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) also reportedly display intermittent swimming in the field. We examined swimming by bass in a static tank to quantify the parameters of volitional locomotion, including tailbeat frequency and glide duration, across a range of swimming speeds. We found that tailbeat frequency was not related to speed at low swimming speeds. Instead, speed was a function of glide duration between propulsive events, with glide duration decreasing as speed increased. The propulsive Strouhal number remained within the range that maximizes propulsive efficiency. We used muscle mechanics experiments to simulate power production by muscle operating under intermittent versus steady conditions. Workloop data suggest that intermittent activity allows fish to swim efficiently and avoid the drag-induced greater energetic cost of continuous swimming. The results offer support for a new perspective on fish locomotion: intermittent swimming is crucial to aerobic swimming energetics.

PENERAPAN METODE SHORTEST ROUTE PROBLEM UNTUK MENENTUKAN RUTE DISTRIBUSI PRODUK GAS LPG 3 KG DENGAN KRITERIA MINIMASI BIAYA TRANSPORTASI DI PT.WWW

PT. WWW strives to deliver products in a timely and cost efficient manner. The determination of the LPG distribution route that has been carried out so far is the result of an estimate without calculation so that transportation costs always increase unexpectedly, so PT. WWW cannot determine fixed costs for transportation and time of goods to arrive so that it has an impact on customer satisfaction. The purpose of this study is to determine the path that provides the shortest route so as to minimize transportation costs and as a reference for product distribution and at the same time can answer the problem of the right delivery time and have an impact on customer satisfaction. The results of the study resulted in a better and optimal proposed route where the shortest route for fleet one was through the PAS – ND – LH – BD – PT. WWW with the calculation of the distance: 3.1 + 1.4 + 0.60 + 0.03 totaling 5.13 km / day. And for the fleet two through the PAS – ED – SN – WR – PT. WWW with the calculation of the distance: 3.9 + 2.9 + 1.4 + 4.0 totaling 12.2 km/day. The transportation cost for the six bases is Rp. 1,323,520,-/month

Analysis on ASM Method Perfomance in Solving Fuzzy Transportation Problems

This study aims to show the performance of the ASM method on transportation problem. The transportation problem relates to the distribution of a product from several sources, with limited supply, to several destinations, with a certain demand, in order to obtain the minimum transportation costs. However, the amount of supply and demand cannot always be known with certainty and may change from time to time. In this paper, the coefficient of supply and demand uses fuzzy numbers and uses the ASM method to determine the optimal solution both to minimize costs and maximize profits. The result is that with the ASM method, the balanced transportation problem is always optimal, while the unbalanced transportation problem is not always optimal.

Measuring phase-amplitude coupling between neural oscillations of different frequencies via the Wasserstein distance

BackgroundPhase-amplitude coupling (PAC) is a key neuronal mechanism. Here, a novel method for quantifying PAC via the Wasserstein distance is presented. New methodThe Wasserstein distance is an optimization algorithm for minimizing transportation cost and distance. For the first time, the author has applied this distance function to quantify PAC and named the Wasserstein Modulation Index (wMI). As the wMI accommodates the product of the amplitude value in each phase position and the coupling phase position, it allows for extraction of more detailed PAC features from the data. ResultsThe validity of the wMI calculations was examined using various simulation data, including sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal waves and empirical data sets. The current findings showed that the wMI is a more robust and stable index for quantifying PAC under various measuring conditions. Specifically, it can better reflect the timing of coupling and distinguish the shape of the coupling distribution than other measurements, both of which are the most significant parameters related to the functionality of PAC. Furthermore, the wMI is also suitable for many applications, such as more data-driven approaches and direct comparisons. Comparison with existing method(s)Compared with Euler-based PAC methods and the Modulation Index (MI), the wMI is not easily affected by the non-sinusoidal nature of neural oscillation and the short data length and enables better reflection of the natures of PAC, such as the timing of coupling and the amplitude distribution in the phase plane, than the MI. ConclusionThe wMI is expected to extract more detailed PAC characteristics, which could considerably contribute to the neuroscience field.

Not all sites are created equal – Exploring the impact of constraints to suitable biogas plant locations in Sweden

Biogas production from manure is attractive to support plans towards a circular economy as it allows for renewable energy production and nutrient recycling in agriculture. Finding optimal locations for biogas plants, which minimize transport distances to and from farms, while accounting for multiple feasibility constraints, remains a challenge. We developed 1 km2 spatially-explicit datasets for known feasibility constraints such as distance to housing, compatible land-use zoning, and the presence of roads with sufficient weight bearing capacity. These datasets were used to improve the realism of an optimization model designed to minimize transportation costs in Sweden. At a national level, the presence of durable enough roads most limited the number of suitable locations for a plant. We further focused our analysis on a case study region where a company wanted to invest in a new manure-based biogas plant. In contrast to the national level, the constraint for remaining at least 500 m from housing/buildings had the greatest limiting impact, excluding 71% of grids in the Sjöbo or Tomelilla municipalities of Southern Sweden. Still, we identified 105 suitable locations for a new biogas plant. The most suitable location, accounting for feasibility and minimized transportation costs, changed when simultaneously accounting for another proposed plant in a neighboring municipality. Our results indicate that utilizing both local and national datasets can help narrow down potential biogas development sites and that long-term planning is necessary for actors with ambitions to build several plants to minimize costs and maximize energy and nutrient recycling benefits.

A Bounded Formulation for The School Bus Scheduling Problem

This paper proposes a new formulation for the school bus scheduling problem (SBSP), which optimizes school start times and bus operation times to minimize transportation cost. The goal is to minimize the number of buses to serve all bus routes such that each route arrives in a time window before school starts. We show that introducing context-specific features, common in many school districts, can lead to a new time-indexed integer linear programming (ILP) formulation. Based on a strengthened version of the linear relaxation of the ILP, we develop a dependent randomized rounding algorithm that yields near-optimal solutions for large-scale problem instances. The efficient formulation and solution approach enable quick generation of multiple solutions to facilitate strategic planning, which we demonstrate with data from two public school districts in the United States. We also generalize our methodologies to solve a robust version of the SBSP.