Minimum Amount Of Water Research Articles

Low signs of territorial behavior in the Eurasian otter during low-water conditions in a Mediterranean river

The Eurasian otter Lutra lutra is a territorial semi-aquatic carnivore usually found at low densities in rivers, coastal areas, and wetlands. Its diet is based on prey associated with aquatic environments. Mediterranean rivers are highly seasonal, and suffer reduced flow during the summer, resulting in isolated river sections (pools) that sometimes can be left with a minimal amount of water, leading to concentrations of food for otters. To our knowledge, this process, which was known to field naturalists, has not been accurately described, nor have otter densities been estimated under these conditions. In this study, we describe the population size and movements of an aggregation of otters in an isolated pool in the Guadiana River in the Tablas de Daimiel National Park (central Spain), which progressively dried out during the spring–summer of 2022, in a context of low connectivity due to the absence of circulating water in the Guadiana and Gigüela rivers. Using non-invasive genetic sampling of 120 spraints collected along 79.4 km of sampling transects and spatial capture-recapture methods, we estimated the otter density at 1.71 individuals/km of river channel length (4.21 individuals/km2) in a progressively drying river pool, up to five times higher than previously described in the Iberian Peninsula. The movement patterns obtained with the spatial capture-recapture model are not quite different from those described in low density, which seems to indicate a wide home range overlap, with low signs of territoriality.

Effects of in-cylinder water injection on knocking and combustion stability generated by expanding the lean burn limit

The integration of direct water injection (DWI) with the lean burn (LB) process can significantly enhance engine performance. This study reveals that an increase in the water-fuel (W/F) ratio suppressed knocking by extending the ignition delay time. Specifically, the knocking of stoichiometric combustion was suppressed, while that of deeper LB (excess air ratio (λ)˃1.5) was sensitive to a larger W/F ratio. The intensity of knocks during stoichiometric combustion decreased significantly (more than twofold) when the W/F ratio increased from 0.1 to 0.2. Under identical W/F conditions, a shorter ignition delay (CA0–10) and combustion duration (CA10–90) of the main combustion flame were identified as important factors for knocking when λ increased from 1 to 1.5. However, for λ values exceeding 1.5, CA10–90 emerged as the primary knocking determinant. Faster flame propagation and higher oxygen concentration caused by LB and an early spark promoted autoignition of the end-gas and increased the autoignition heat release rate, thus strengthening knock intensity (KI). Furthermore, a minimal amount of water (W/F ≤ 0.3) exerted negligible influence on the stoichiometric combustion stability. As the LB approached its limit, the average KI remained relatively consistent, with combustion stability emerging as the key factor in elevating the LB performance. A 0.3 W/F ratio and precise spark timing ensured that a balance exists between combustion stability and knocking, while simultaneously elevating λ to 2.0.

Clustered Wireless Sensor Network in Precision Agriculture via Graph Theory

Food security and sustainable development is making a mandatory move in the entire human race. The attainment of this goal requires man to strive for a highly advanced state in the field of agriculture so that he can produce crops with a minimum amount of water and fertilizer. Even though our agricultural methodologies have undergone a series of metamorphoses in the process of a present smart-agricultural system, a long way is ahead to attain a system that is precise and accurate for the optimum yield and profitability. Towards such a futuristic method of cultivation, this paper proposes a novel method for monitoring the efficient flow of a small quantity of water through the conventional irrigation system in cultivation using Clustered Wireless Sensor Networks (CWSN). The performance measure is simulated the creation of edge-fixed geodetic clusters using Mat lab’s Cup-carbon tool in order to evaluate the suggested irrigation process model’s performance. The findings of blocks 1 and 2 are assessed. Each signal takes just a little amount of energy to communicate, according to the performance. It is feasible to save energy while maintaining uninterrupted communication between nodes and cluster chiefs. However, the need for proper placement of a dynamic control station in WSN still exists for maintaining connectivity and for improving the lifetime fault tolerance of WSN. Based on the minimum edge fixed geodetic sets of the connected graph, this paper offers an innovative method for optimizing the placement of control stations. The edge-fixed geodetic cluster makes the network fast, efficient and reliable. Moreover, it also solves routing and congestion problems.

Microbial Growth in Martian Soil Simulants Under Terrestrial Conditions: Guiding the Search for Life on Mars.

The search for life elsewhere in the Universe goes together with the search for liquid water. Life as we know it requires water; however, it is possible for microbial life to exist under hyperarid conditions with a minimal amount of water. We report on the ability of two typical terrestrial bacteria (Escherichia coli B and Eucapsis sp) and two extremophiles (Gloeocapsa-20201027-1 sp and Planococcus halocryophilus) to grow and survive in three martian soil (regolith) simulants (Mohave Mars Simulant-1 [MMS-1] F, Mars Global Simulant-1 [MGS-1], and JSC Mars-1A [JSC]). Survival and growth were assessed over a 21-day period under terrestrial conditions and with water:soil (vol:wt) ratios that varied from 0.25:1 to 5:1. We found that Eucapsis and Gloeocapsa sp grew best in the simulants MMS and JSC, respectively, while P. halocryophilus growth rates were better in the JSC simulant. As expected, E. coli did not show significant growth. Our results indicate that these martian simulants and thus martian regolith, with minimal or no added nutrients or water, can support the growth of extremophiles such as P. halocryphilus and Gloeocapsa. Similar extremophiles on early Mars may have survived to the present in near-surface ecological niches analogous to those where these organisms exist on Earth.

Water conservation in garment bleaching using aerosol technology

Bleaching is one of the most highly polluting textile wet processes. High water and chemical consumption, and high volume of the resulting effluent, have huge implications for the environment. In this study, an aerosol process has been compared with the conventional process for bleaching of textile socks. In the conventional bleaching process, socks are immersed into a rotating drum filled with water to ensure uniform application of chemicals, while in the aerosol bleaching process, compressed air was mixed with the chemical solution to generate a cloud of bleaching reagents inside the rotating drum of the exhaust processing machine, using the minimum amount of water. The results show comparable whiteness results of the bleached socks, with up to 75% water saved in the aerosol beaching process as compared to the conventional bleaching process. Due to lower water consumption, the overall chemical consumption is also significantly reduced. Citric acid and silicone softener consumption of the process were reduced by 28% and 60%, respectively. The aerosol technology can be retrofitted on existing conventional machines with minimal initial investment and shows immense potential for reduction in water and chemical consumption and harmful impacts on the environment. This study aimed to align developments in the textile and apparel industry with sustainable development goals #6, 12, and 14, which are clean water and sanitation, responsible consumption and production, and life below water, respectively.

Minimizing freshwater usage for quality improvement of saline soils in semi‐arid regions

AbstractWater supply and its proper management play a significant role in establishing an optimal water policy in semi‐arid regions. Also, soil plays a key role in earth as an environmental interface. However, soil salinity is usually a large‐scale problem, which adversely affects the environment resulting in many environmental difficulties. The practice of leaching is the inevitable method for improving saline soils. However, due to the diminishing trend of available freshwater resources, as well as the necessity of allocating good quality water for many ecological and environmental demands, leaching must be optimized towards using a minimum amount of water. This study aimed to (i) quantify the optimal water required for efficient salt leaching and (ii) derive a simple practical model for estimating leaching requirements. A large area of 33 000 ha with extreme salinity was selected and two field plot‐scale leaching experiments were conducted. Different mathematical schemes were derived. The derived logarithmic model provided better performance. Results indicated that one pore volume of water is sufficient to leach out 85% of salts from the soil profile of the studied areas. Applying this quantity of water will sustain and secure the environment from the main environmental problems resulting from soil salinization.

Effect of Locally Made Riser Type and Operating Pressures of the Fixed Sprinkler Irrigation System on Some Soil Characteristics and Maize Yields

A field experiment was conducted during growing season of 2021, to evaluate the effect of the types of locally made riser and the operating pressures of the fixed sprinkler irrigation system on some soil characteristics and the production of maize crop at Al-Raed Research Station located in the Akkarouf area on the Abu Ghraib-Shoala Road, one km north of the highway (Baghdad - Anbar). The soil texture was silty clay loam. Two factors were used in the experiment, namely the type of risers, which included three levels: a normal riser, automatic inner tube, and automatic external tube, and the operating pressures have three levels included: 1, 1.5 and 2 bar. The following characters were studied, which are the amount of water used during the season, moisture uniformity coefficient, soil penetration resistance, and maize yield. Nested design under randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used with three replications, and the least significant difference under probability (0.05) was used to compare the averages of the treatments. The results indicates that the automatic inner and external tube outperformed the normal riser in the amount of water used during the season, which amounted to 90 m3, and also the automatic external tube outperformed in obtaining the highest moisture uniformity coefficient of 82.8% and the lowest soil penetration resistance stood 2.63 kg. cm-2, and the highest grain yield stood 6.38 tons. ha-1. As well as, the superiority of the operational pressure of 1 bar in the amount of water used during the season stood 81 m3. Season-1, and the superiority of the operational pressure of 2 bar with the highest value of the moisture uniformity coefficient amounted of 82.15%, and the lowest soil penetration resistance stood 2.67 kg. cm-2 and the highest crop yield stood 6.46 tons. ha-1. The two-way interaction between the self-propelled reed with inner tube and the operating pressure of 1 bar exceeded the minimum amount of water used during the season, which amounted to 79 m3. The two-way interaction between the automatic inner tube with the operating pressure of 1 bar outperformed with minimum amount of water used during the season, which was 79 m3 season-1. While the two-way interaction between automatic external tube and the operating pressure of 2 bars exceeded the highest value of the moisture uniformity coefficient stood 85.35%, and the lowest value of soil penetration resistance stood 2.54 kg.cm-2, and the highest crop yield stood 6.89 tons. ha-1. The results also indicate the success of using the locally designed and made "self-rising" riser according to the plant's height and used in the fixed sprinkler irrigation system to irrigate the maize crop.

Ecological balance emerges in implementing the water-energy-food security nexus in well-developed countries in Africa

Although many African countries have made significant progress towards universal access to water, energy, and food resources (WEF), assessing the ecological response to the increasing productivity of these resources is not well researched, which carries the risk of ecological deficit, resource degradation, and inefficient policy responses to resource management. This study seeks to assess the ecological sustainability response to the high increase demand for WEF resources in well-developed African countries. The study developed new measurement metrics for the WEF production system, including three indicators of ecological footprint (EF), ecological biocapacity (EBC), and eco-balance. The overall analysis considers data from four distinct types of water and energy use activities, and eight distinct types of food consumption, in nine African countries with the highest WEF nexus performance. An evaluation tool for the Water, Energy, Food and Ecological Balance (WEFEB) nexus index is proposed as one of the study's outcomes. Despite having 100% access to WEF resources related to the SDG targets. The results reveal the significant levels of imbalance and large ecological deficits existing in many of the concerned countries, especially North Africa, Mauritius, and South Africa, which need to rethink their economic models. Projecting a sustained increase in resource demand so that each country achieves at least 1700 m3/capita/year as the minimum amount of water needed, most countries would suffer from a steady increase in ecological imbalance. According to the results, managing the ecological imbalances with increasing demand for WEF resources in well-developed African countries may require well-designed policies to effectively reduce certain types of human demand that have a large ecological footprint.

Effect of Drip Irrigation and Inter Cropping Systems on Growth Characters of Maize

Aims: The main aim of the study is to reduce the irrigation quantity for maize and intercrop adds extra value to the sole crop by generating additional income to the farmers.
 Study Design: Factorial Randomised Block Design (FRBD).
 Place and Duration of Study: Eastern block farm, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during summer and Kharif 2021.
 Methodology: Maize as a sole crop and inter crop was grown under drip and flooded conditions. To quantify the irrigation with different set of irrigation as treatments (75% PE, 100% PE and 125% PE) was followed. Irrigation under flooded conditions was quantified using parshall flume. Different inter crops like Lab Lab, Green gram, Black Gram and Cow pea was raised within the rows of maize. The duration of inter crops was less than 60 days than that of maize.
 Results: During its peak cob formation stage (61-90 days), the quantity of water applied to the plant was higher with 125 % PE (205858.8 l/day) followed by 100% PE (123515.3 l/day) and 75 % PE (164687.1 l/day). The higher plant height was observed with 280.5 cm in Maize + Lab Lab followed by black gram, green gram and cowpea. Irrigation level varied significantly with 100% open pan evaporation on plant growth (254.8 cm) followed by 75% open pan evaporation. Interaction effect was significant in Maize + Lab Lab cropping system alone, irrespective of the irrigation treatments (75, 100, 125 % PE and flooding).
 Conclusion: Water requirement with the month and stage wise during the crop growth clearly indicates that the minimum amount of water is required for the crop growth and development.

Significance to the Horticulture Industry

Significance to the Horticulture Industry

An ontology model to support the automated design of aquaponic grow beds

Aquaponics is a promising sustainable farming method that combines aquaculture and hydroponics. It allows the growth of crops without soil, pesticides, or fertilizers, and with a minimum amount of water. In aquaponic systems, the design of the growing area is directly linked to the type of crop about to be planted. The type of crop directly determines, for example, the spacing between plants and between channels, which is critical to determine the footprint required and estimate the system productivity. This paper proposes a knowledge modeling approach to support the design of aquaponic systems by automatically determining the required characteristics of the aquaponic system based on crop selection. The knowledge modeling is outlined as an ontology model that formally describes the existent links between the aquaponic grow bed characteristics and its design parameters. This study gives practitioners the capacity to visualize the impact of the desired crop selection on the aquaponic system design, as well as supporting clearer decision-making regarding production facility layout and system design in aquaponic farms.

Sustentabilidade da carcinicultura de pequena escala em áreas de baixa demanda hídrica

A diminuição da disponibilidade de recursos hídricos tem tornado muitas atividades inviáveis. Quando se consegue desenvolver uma atividade que possa suprir as necessidades sociais e gerar renda, com pouca tecnologia e utilizando o mínimo de água, podemos dizer que essa atividade se torna viável sustentável. A carcinicultura pode ser uma dessas atividades, se implementada de forma responsável. Esta atividade tem se mostrado uma forte alternativa na produção de alimentos, auxiliando a suprir a crescente demanda mundial. Dada esta importância o estudo teve por objetivo analisar e avaliar o nível da sustentabilidade da carcinicultura sob os aspectos sociais, tecnológicos, ambientais e econômicos, na comunidade de Cajueiro – Aracati- CE. Utilizando como metodologia para obtenção de dados e informações características da comunidade, a aplicação de questionários, visitas ao local e análise dos relatórios técnicos, para produtores familiares, no período de janeiro a abril de 2017. A sustentabilidade foi avaliada em etapas, utilizando indicadores para cada caso. Onde podemos concluir que: as famílias apresentaram nível crítico social, conseguiram produzir com pouco tecnologia, utilizando poucos recursos naturais e de forma correta, e conseguiram com que a atividade fosse economicamente viável.

Eco-Friendly garment processing using aerosol technology

Textile processing industry is considered as one of the largest consumers and worst polluters of fresh water resources. Since ages, water has been used as a major processing medium for the pretreatment, dyeing and finishing of textiles. Aim of this study was to compare the traditional aqueous textile processing with water-air mixture as the processing medium using aerosol technology. The concept originally developed by Jeanologia for denim processing, has been adapted with appropriate equipment modifications and parameter optimization for the pretreatment, dyeing and finishing of socks at commercial scale at Interloop Industries Pakistan, which is one of the largest socks manufactures in the world. In the new process, a blend of pressurized air with minimal amount of water is used to transfer the dyes and chemicals to the garment surface for subsequent absorption. The results show 75% savings in water consumption, 47% savings in energy, 80% savings in salt and up to 50% savings in other chemicals used in socks processing at commercial scale. The new process has huge potential to reshape the garment processing industry by minimizing its water, chemical and carbon foot print.

Rational Design of Mixed Solvent Systems for Acid-Catalyzed Biomass Conversion Processes Using a Combined Experimental, Molecular Dynamics and Machine Learning Approach

Mixtures of water and organic cosolvents (mixed solvent systems) play an important role in mediating acid-catalyzed biomass conversion reactions. A minimum amount of water is typically required to dissolve biomass-derived materials, while adding an organic cosolvent can enhance the rates and selectivities of the desirable, catalytic reaction steps. Understanding the molecular-level bases underlying these solvent effects would provide a powerful measure of control over the reaction environment for biomass conversion processes, whereby the rates of desired reaction steps could be preferentially enhanced over the undesirable ones by modulating the composition of the solvent system. However, a quantitative basis to anticipate these solvent effects is currently lacking, and optimizing the composition of the liquid phase for new biomass conversion reactions typically requires laborious screening of the continuous space of possible mixed solvent systems. Herein, we summarize our efforts to estimate solvent effects on the rates and selectivities of liquid-phase, acid-catalyzed biomass conversions reactions using experiments, classical molecular dynamics simulations, and machine learning tools. We then synthesize these insights into a workflow that allows for the rational design of mixed solvent systems for acid-catalyzed biomass conversion processes using computationally efficient methods and minimal experiments. We demonstrate this design framework by analyzing two case studies: the acid-catalyzed dehydration of cyclohexanol to cyclohexene, and the partial dehydration of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural.

The Important Role of the Designer

This was the sound advice given by British designer Vivienne Westwood, when she was asked in 2018 about ethical and environmental issues in the fashion industry. It remains equally valid in 2020 and will continue to be the ethical code by which we should shop in the future. People in the textile and apparel industry are well aware of their responsibility to create a more sustainable supply chain, to reduce waste in production processes, and to recycle materials whenever possible. And much of the responsibility for these activities starts with the design team—groups of unsung heroes who have to juggle budgets, logistics, strategic plans, technology, aesthetics, functionality, and so much more. Designing goods for sustainability can mean many things—including: • designing high quality, durable products; • designing products that can be disassembled easily at their end-of-life, so that the materials and components can be easily recycled; • designing products which are made from organic, biodegradable, reclaimed or recycled materials and components; • designing products which generate a minimal amount of waste and pollution during their manufacture; • designing products which can be manufactured using machinery that can run on renewable energy, and consume a minimal amount of water; and • choosing manufacturing locations and distribution methods to minimize carbon emissions.

Application of Transaminases in a Disperse System for the Bioamination of Hydrophobic Substrates

AbstractThe challenging bioamination of hydrophobic substrates has been attained through the employment of a disperse system consisting of a combination of a low polarity solvent (e. g. isooctane or methyl‐tert‐butylether), a non‐ionic surfactant and a minimal amount of water. In these conditions, amine transaminases (ATA) were shown to efficiently carry out the reductive amination of variously substituted cyclohexanones, providing good conversions often coupled with a superior stereoselectivity if compared with the corresponding chemical reductive amination. An array of synthetically useful 4‐substituted aminocyclohexanes was consequentially synthesized through biocatalysis, analyzed and stereochemically characterized.magnified image

Experimental investigation of photovoltaic module system coupled with solar panel cleaning system

Solar energy is a non-conventional source of energy. Solar panels generate electrical output by absorbing solar radiation. The performance of photovoltaic (PV) module often depends on environmental factors like dust, humidity, hail and temperature. Installation elements like altitude, installation site, tilt angle also affects the efficiency of solar energy output. The objective of this research work is to clean the dust deposited on PV panels using the minimum amount of water and energy. To regularly clean the dust, a semi-automatic self-cleaning mechanism has been designed and fabricated, which cleans the deposited dust on the solar panel automatically. Therefore, the process turns out to be reliable and faster and it leads to increased power output of the solar panels. An experimental investigation has been done at Bennett University, Greater Noida dated 15 October to 21st October 2019. An increase in efficiency by 1.2 % to 3 % was reported in this experimental study.

Observation of root behavior in a controlled soil water retention zone

This study aimed to observe root behavior at a dry and wet soil boundary by applying a precisely controlled water supply method. In this method, a soil water retention zone (SWRZ) is formed in the plant root zone, and the volume of the SWRZ is controlled during growth of the plant in order to realize a system using a minimal amount of water for irrigation. In this study, a point water source was designed and positioned at the center of the assumed spherical shape of the SWRZ. In order to control the shape of the SWRZ easily, soil was oven dried and sieved to obtain uniform physical properties. Several soil moisture sensors were placed at 3-cm intervals from the water source in vertical and horizontal directions to confirm the existence of the SWRZ. Distilled water (10 mL at a time) was manually supplied to the plant root zone through the water source. Water supply was conducted several times a day by observing the appearance of the plant. Two tomato samples were used from seeding to fruiting stage. This experiment was conducted in an environmentally controlled growth chamber from September 2016 to January 2017. During this period, observations were conducted according to plant growth status by digging up a small amount of dry soil. As a result, root tip distribution was observed at the wet-dry boundary. At the end of the experiment, the SWRZ was taken out to analyze the root distribution on the dry and moist sides. We observed that several roots had elongated into the dry soil, accounting for 6% of the total weight of the root biomass. We also observed roots bend towards the water source, and a shape of vertex architecture was observed at the cross-section of the spherical SWRZ.

ANALYSIS OF INSECTICIDE GELS CONTAINING FIPRONIL BY RP HPLC

The article considers fipronil determination by the method of RP HPLC in isocratic mode with ultraviolet detection at 280 nm. The analysis of insecticidal gels containing fipronil and fipronil mixture with chlorpyriphos was carried out. The possibility and expediency of determining the isomeric composition of fipronil were considered. The conditions for carrying out extraction of insecticides from gel matrices containing food attractive, including additional processing by ultrasound, were determined. The developed mode of extraction of active ingredients (fipronil and chlorpyriphos) is based on the preferred homogenization of the gel sample with a minimum amount of water followed by extraction with isopropanol acidified with acetic acid. The proposed scheme differs from the previously realized chloroform extraction by the stage of sample preparation. However, under these conditions in case of the gel matrix it is possible to achieve a high degree of homogeneity of the sample and to prevent possible hydrolysis of the target components. At the same time, the selected conditions are well combined with the polarity of the mobile phase upon direct separation. Selected chromatography modes allow identifying the title compound in real insecticides without overlapping signals from other extractable components using the trivial stationary phases. The possibility and expediency of carrying out chromatographic analysis to determine the optical isomers of the title compounds with different insecticidal activity have been considered. The optimal concentration range of fipronil determination in the working solution is from 0.005 to 0.15 mg/ml (chlorpyriphos, from 0.002 to 0.15 mg/ml). The limit of determination of substance in the working solution/swabs is 0.0005 mg/ml.

Study of base influence on the active pharmaceutical ingredients releasing from combined ointments with antimycotic action

Questions of mycotic diseases therapy keep staying in focus of clinical dermatology interest that is caused first of all by their considerable prevalence for international population. At the same time the dominating pathologies in this area are foot mycosis including skin, foot web space and nail plate affections. Etiotropic pharmacotherapy of foot skin and web spaces is carried out using topical antifungal medications effective against dermatomycetes. Also taking into account the frequent mixt infections, medicines with antibacterial action are desirable. Also topical antifungal medicines for therapy of foot skin mycosis have to satisfy the next requirements as rapid absorbance, safety and usability besides efficacy. Domestic dermatology for these aims has a great pharmacotherapeutical arsenal proposed by 34 semisolid dosage forms, 15 from them are made in Ukraine and the remainder are imported in our country. At the heart of practically all antimycotic medicines for topical therapy of smooth foot skin (as imported so domestic) imidazole and triazole derivatives are used and because of their high value they limit the therapeutical potential of population with low profit. 2-mercaptobenzothiazole is interesting as biologically active component of ointments not only because of broad spectrum of antifungal and antibacterial action but also exceptional hydrophobic characteristics which provide long adhesion even after washing during hygienic procedures. In this connection creating of semisolid dosage forms for the topical treatment of skin integument and interdigital folds with biologically active substances from the group of nonspecific antifungal matters (2-mercaptobenzothiazole, chinosolum) on the base of domestic technologies is actual for modern pharmaceutical and medical science. During creating of semisolid dosage forms for the external use one of the main experimental fragments is a selection of base which provides high consumer characteristics of medicine and its efficacy. The aim of this work is biopharmaceutical validation of rational composition of semisolid dosage form for external use containing the combination of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole and chinosolum. Materials and methods. As a delivery vehicle for developing pharmacotherapeutical medicine the bases widely used in manufacturing of semisolid dosage forms, providing easy “wipe-off effect after application, non-allergic and non-sensibilic after tracing, available for national producer and described in literature were studied. As the active pharmaceutical ingredients for antimycotic ointment 2-mercaptobenzothiazole and chinosolum in concentration 1% and 1% accordingly providing with suitable level of antifungal activity were used. Taking into account the advisability of high dispersion degree of medical substances in semisolid dosage forms for external use and physical-chemical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients 2-mercaptobenzothiazole was added in all bases after preliminary dissolution in polyethylenoxyde 400 with heating and chinosolum was added after dissolution in prescribed or minimal amount of water. 2-mercaptobenzothiazole and chinosolum releasing from ointment compositions was studied with equilibrium dialysis method by Kruvchinsky at the temperature 32±0,5˚С through the semipermeable film “Kuprofan” in the Franz cell apparatus (producer PermeGear, Inc., USA). As a dialysis medium taking into account 2-mercaptobenzothiazole solubility we used solution containing methanol and water 1:1 and chinosolum releasing was carried out into water. Concentration of active pharmaceutical substances released from experimental ointments after 30 min was determined by spectrophotometric method. Results . The obtained results indicate significant advantage of the hydrophilic ointment bases, which provide an optimal level of release of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole and chinosolum from the experimental composite soft dosage forms for external use. Based on the obtained data, ointment compositions with 2-mercaptobenzothiazole and chinosolum on the basis of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (prescription №1) and methylcellulose (prescription №2) glycerogel were selected for further research. Conclusions. It was established that the sort of base significantly influences on 2-mercaptobenzothiazole and chinosolum releasing from the antimycotic formulations of semisolid dosage forms for external use. Variance analysis of results revealed that delivery vehicles on the base of sodium carboxymethylcellulose and methylcellulose glycerogel provide optimal 2-mercaptobenzothiazole and chinosolum releasing.