Minimize Heat Loss Research Articles

Actor-critic reinforcement learning leads decision-making in energy systems optimization—steam injection optimization

Steam injection is a popular technique to enhance oil recovery in mature oil fields. However, the conventional approach of using a constant steam rate over an extended period can lead to sub-optimal performance due to the complex nature of the problem and reservoir heterogeneity. To address this issue, the Markov decision process can be employed to formulate the problem for reinforcement learning (RL) applications. The RL agent is trained to optimize the steam injection rate by interacting with a reservoir simulation model and receives rewards for each action. The agent’s policy and value functions are updated through continuous interaction with the environment until convergence is achieved, leading to a more efficient steam injection strategy for enhancing oil recovery. In this study, an actor-critic RL architecture was employed to train the agent to find the optimal strategy (i.e., policy). The environment was represented by a reservoir simulation model, and the agent’s actions were based on the observed state. The policy function gave a probability distribution of the actions that the agent could take, while the value function determined the expected yield for an agent starting from a given state. The agent interacted with the environment for several episodes until convergence was achieved. The improvement in net present value (NPV) achieved by the agent was a significant indication of the effectiveness of the RL-based approach. The NPV reflects the economic benefits of the optimized steam injection strategy. The agent was able to achieve this improvement by finding the optimal policies. One of the key advantages of the optimal policy was the decrease in total field heat losses. This is a critical factor in the efficiency of the steam injection process. Heat loss can reduce the efficiency of the process and lead to lower oil recovery rates. By minimizing heat loss, the agent was able to optimize the steam injection process and increase oil recovery rates. The optimal policy had four regions characterized by slight changes in a stable injection rate to increase the average reservoir pressure, increasing the injection rate to a maximum value, steeply decreasing the injection rate, and slightly changing the injection rate to maintain the average reservoir temperature. These regions reflect the different phases of the steam injection process and demonstrate the complexity of the problem. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate the effectiveness of RL in optimizing steam injection in mature oil fields. The use of RL can help address the complexity of the problem and improve the efficiency of the oil recovery process. This study provides a framework for future research in this area and highlights the potential of RL for addressing other complex problems in the energy industry.

On the Use of Waste Materials for Thermal Improvement of 3D-Printed Block—An Experimental Comparison

Over the years, the building envelope has evolved from a protective barrier element to a complex filter system capable of optimizing the interactions between the external and internal environments. An efficient envelope reacts flexibly to variable external conditions, minimizing heat losses in the winter season. Therefore, insulating materials play a fundamental role in building’s thermal performance. In this scenario, Additive Manufacturing represents an emerging and promising solution for the construction sector. Three-dimensional printing allows the creation of custom geometries, reduces material waste, and automates the construction process. This work aims to compare the thermal performance of a PLA (polylactic acid) 3D-printed block with an internal honeycomb structure whose air cavities are filled with natural and recyclable waste-insulating materials. The selected air cavity filling materials are (i) wood sawdust, (ii) sheep’s wool, and (iii) hemp. The thermal behavior of the block with the different filling materials was experimentally tested via Heat Flow Meter (HFM) method in a controlled environment (Hot Box). The results showed that the introduction of waste material significantly improved the thermal performance of the 3D-printed block compared to the case of air cavities. A thermal transmittance (U-value) reduction of up to 57% was obtained. Moreover, the sheep’s wool showed the best performance, with a U-value equal to 0.53 ± 0.02 W/m2K, i.e., 18.5% less than the wood sawdust and 19.7% less than hemp.

Experimental study in a compound parabolic solar concentrator with different configurations of thermal energy storage system

ABSTRACT This study explores the integration of thermal energy storage (TES) systems with solar water heating systems to increase their utilization time. While solar water heating systems are effective for low-temperature applications, they become less efficient at higher heat transfer fluid (HTF) temperatures. To solve this problem, the study suggests combining a compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) solar collector with a TES system to improve heat transfer rates and minimize heat loss. The study examines the effect of different mass flow rates and HTF inlet temperatures on the integrated system's performance, evaluating energy efficiency, exergy efficiency, and overall loss coefficient. The results reveal that the six-phase change materials (PCMs) configuration achieves the highest intercept line efficiency of 72%, with a heat transfer rate 1.7 times higher than that of the single PCM configuration. Moreover, the exergy analysis shows superior performance compared to commonly used flat collectors. Overall, the proposed CPC solar collector integrated with a TES system is suitable for low-temperature applications with an inlet HTF temperature not exceeding 65°C.

Information Processing Algorithms in the Steel-Teeming Ladles Tracking System in Steelmaking

Purpose of research. The purpose of research is to increase the efficiency of control over the movement of steel ladles in steelmaking, through the development of mathematical and software.Methods. The control of the movement of steel-pouring ladles can be divided into 2 parts: the first is the object detection in the image from a camera located on a certain section of the route, followed by determining the position of the object in the frame, and the second part is identification based on an array of data from different systems. Methods used in research are: mathematical modeling, neural networks, the basics of the theory of algorithms construction, as well as software and hardware of modern computer technologies. The article describes a model for the routes generation for the movement of steel ladles, on the basis of which the control of the movement of steel ladles is carried out. Algorithmic support is a combination of such algorithms as: an algorithm for generating possible routes for moving steel ladles, an algorithm for determining the position of a steel ladle on a route for moving steel ladles, an algorithm for identifying a steel ladle and a generalized algorithm for processing information. The structuralfunctional organization of the tracking system for steel-pouring ladles in steel-smelting production is given.Results. Experimental verification of algorithmic support was carried out on a test data set, which was formed from real technological data. Adaptation and tuning of the algorithms and software will make it possible to apply this software system in steelmaking plants with a different composition of plant units.Conclusion. Control over the movement of steel ladles allows build the process so that the movement of liquid steel will cause minimal heat loss. The need to heat steel in secondary processing units is correlates with energy costs. Thus, reducing heat loss and downtime of steel ladles will reduce energy costs for the entire process.

Ammonia-air combustion and explosion characteristics at elevated temperature and elevated pressure

Experimental and numerical study on ammonia-air combustion and explosion characteristics at elevated temperature and pressure was conducted. The results revealed that the ammonia-air flame of different equivalence ratios is quite smooth at elevated temperature and pressure. The laminar burning velocity (LBV) reaches the peak of 0.073 m/s at Ф = 1.1 and increases as increasing initial premix temperature and decreasing initial premix pressure. Maximum explosion overpressure (MEO) and maximum pressure rise rate (MPRR) reach the peak of 0.43 MPa and 0.13 MPa/ms respectively at Ф = 1.1. The theoretical MEO is significantly higher than the experimental results due to heat loss, and the minimum heat loss occurs at Ф = 1.1. MEO, MPRR and heat loss increase with increasing initial premix pressure, and MEO and heat loss decrease with increasing initial premix temperature, while MPRR increases. Okafor mechanism has the best LBV prediction performance among seven mechanisms. And the main elementary reactions affecting LBV are H + O2=O + OH and HNO + HH2+NO.

A Fan-Controlled Sodium-to-Air Heat Exchanger Configuration for Failsafe Decay Heat Removal in Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors

Passive safety systems help to improve overall plant safety, reliability, and resilience. However, the real gain in the use of passive systems depends on the robustness of the design utilizing the passive process and the role of active elements, if any. In this paper, we propose a fan-controlled sodium-to-air heat exchanger (AHX) system design for a failsafe and passive decay heat removal (DHR) function in a pool-type sodium-cooled fast reactor. The proposed system uses a fan to control air flow and minimize heat loss during normal operation, and when the fan trips due to loss of power or a trip signal, DHR gets enabled in a failsafe mode. The system is analyzed with the help of a simplified one-dimensional model as well as with detailed computational fluid dynamics software. It is found from analysis that it is possible to control and maintain the air flow to about 4% to 5% of full flow, as in the case of conventional dampers, to minimize heat loss during normal reactor operation. The reliability of the proposed system is also analyzed and shows that the fan-controlled AHX-based decay heat removal system (DHRS) has a much better reliability compared to the conventional passive DHRS with active damper-dependent operation.

Experimental Evaluation of Thermoelectric Generator Performance under Different Heat Conduction Boundary Conditions

Heat conduction boundary conditions play a crucial role in the performance of thermoelectric generators (TEG). The TEG output voltage and power were measured under constant temperature boundary and heat flux conditions to evaluate the TEG performance under different heat conduction boundary conditions. External loading pressure and thermal interface material (TIM) were applied to reduce the interfacial thermal contact resistance. In our measurement setup, a fast-response electronic load was used for the rapid current-voltage scan, which can eliminate the thermal drift caused by the Peltier effect. A guard heater arrangement is used to minimize heat loss. In constant temperature boundary conditions, reducing the thermal contact resistance can increase the effective temperature drop across the TEG module and significantly improve the output voltage and power. But in the constant heat flux conditions, since the heat flux flow through the TEG is unchanged, the temperature drop across the TEG was unaffected by the thermal contact resistance. As a result, the TEG performance was lightly influenced by the thermal contact resistance.

Noise from ventilation systems in dwellings - Regulations and field test procedures in selected countries in Europe

In most countries in Europe, regulatory noise limits apply for service equipment in housing. During the last few decades, mechanical ventilation with heat recovery (MVHR) has become increasingly prevalent in new and retrofitted housing in Europe. The MVHR systems supply fresh air to obtain good indoor air quality, with minimal heat losses. However, the systems may operate continuously 24 hours/day and transmit noise into and between rooms by many possible paths. In practice, many people get annoyed or disturbed by the noise, especially during nighttime or when having quiet activities. Some countries have lower service equipment noise limits for continuous sources than for non-continuous sources, and lower limits also apply for the upper quality classes in acoustic classification schemes. Thus, both design and measurements become challenging. The aim of this paper is to investigate the noise limit values and descriptors applied to ventilation systems in housing in selected countries in Europe and compare limit values, field test and rating procedures as well as operating conditions and enforcement related to the limit values. Indications of typical design methods will also be included.

Reducing operating costs in district heating systems by optimizing functional parameters. Comparative studies

In district heating networks, the influence of conditions: thermohydraulic, reliability, availability and cost of materials, heat demand and energy consumption for pumping, on the operation of the system must be considered in terms of optimizing the design so that the costs of production, transport and maintenance to be reduced as much as possible. These system problems are unavoidable during operation and therefore the paper proposes an analysis based on simulating the operation of the system in two possible situations: reducing the diameters of the heat transmission pipes with the compromise of increasing the energy consumption required for pumping and respectively reducing the maximum pressure losses with the advantage of obtaining an energy saving at pumping. The comparison of the results obtained by the simulation allowed the choice of the optimal solution established on the basis of the minimum total costs (capital and operational) and the minimum heat losses on the pipeline network, taking into account the variation of investment costs of the pipeline and pumping energy depending on the diameter of the pipe.

Adaptive cold and permafrost home

Severe natural and climatic conditions, remoteness from industrial centres, and poorly developed infrastructure in the northern (Arctic) regions strongly affect the life and comfort of the population. In such conditions, the construction of a maximally habitable, available for construction, energy-efficient and climate-adaptive dwelling house is in particular demand. The main criteria for creating an adaptive house were: 1) cost-effective construction; 2) minimum heat loss during exploitation; 3) maximum use of available and local materials; and; 4) adaptability to climate change. The adaptive individual house was created taking into account many years of experience in the design, construction and operation of residential buildings in the Far North and the peculiarities of the arrangement and way of life of the northern peoples. In the process of work on the project, the main principles of choosing building materials and constructions, design and construction of an individual house in the conditions of the cold climate and permafrost were generalized and specified. It is necessary to note, that projects of adaptive houses should be developed taking into account climatic conditions of the area of construction and logistics as well as modern requirements of resource and energy saving, ecological and fire safety. Such designs should be tested in Central Yakutia, and then replicated for northern and arctic areas.

Enhancing the Efficiency of the Double-Tube Heat Exchanger by Using a Twisted Inner Tube

This study utilized two double tube-type heat exchangers. The first exchanger employed a smooth inner tube, while the second one utilized a twisted inner tube. The shell was constructed of plastic (PVC), while the tube was made of copper with a length of 1000 mm, an outer diameter of 62.24 mm, a smooth tube inner diameter of 14.2 mm, and an equivalent diameter of 11.8 mm for the twisted tube. To minimize heat loss, the shell was insulated externally with a thermal insulator. A flow rate of 3 liters per minute of hot water was passed through a ring-shaped tunnel, with an inlet temperature of 63 °C, to enhance the heat exchanger's performance. The experimental results of the two heat exchangers (smooth and twisted inner tubes) were compared, and the use of water as the primary fluid led to improved performance. The twisted inner tube-type heat exchanger achieved a maximum efficiency of 0.33 at a volumetric flow rate of 5 liters per minute, while the maximum improvement in effectiveness was 65.71% at a volume flow rate of 3 liters per minute in the twisted inner tube-type heat exchanger.

Early detection of cold stress to prevent hypothermia: A narrative review.

Temperature monitoring is essential for assessing neonates and providing appropriate neonatal thermal care. Thermoneutrality is defined as the environmental temperature range within which the oxygen and metabolic consumptions are minimum to maintain normal body temperature. When neonates are in an environment below thermoneutral temperature, they respond by vasoconstriction to minimise heat losses, followed by a rise in metabolic rate to increase heat production. This condition, physiologically termed cold stress, usually occurs before hypothermia. In addition to standard axillary or rectal temperature monitoring by a thermometer, cold stress can be detected by monitoring peripheral hand or foot temperature, even by hand-touch. However, this simple method remains undervalued and generally recommended only as a second and lesser choice in clinical practice. This review presents the concepts of thermoneutrality and cold stress and highlights the importance of early detection of cold stress before hypothermia occurs. The authors suggest systematic clinical determination of hand and foot temperatures by hand-touch for early detection of physiological cold stress, in addition to monitoring core temperature for detection of established hypothermia, particularly in low-resource settings.

Control exhaust emissions of insulated diesel engine fuelled with biogas and cottonseed biodiesel

Gaseous fuels have many advantages than liquid fuels, as their calorific values of fuels are high, pollutants emitted by gaseous fuels are low and less dangerous when compared with liquid fuels. The drawbacks associated with use of vegetable oils in diesel engines such as high viscosity and low volatility can be reduced to some extent by converting them into biodiesel. However, they (biodiesel) cause combustion problems in diesel engine, due to their moderate viscosity, and hence call for low heat rejection (LHR) engine, which can burn low calorific value fuel, give high heat release rate and faster rate of combustion. The concept of LHR engine is to minimize heat loss to the coolant, thereby increasing thermal efficiency. LHR engine in this investigation consisted of ceramic coated diesel engine. They are many methods toinduct gaseous fuels such as port injection, carburetion technique, injection of gaseous fuel at the near endof compression stroke etc,. Investigations were carried out with biogas gas as primary fuel inducted by port injection and cottonseed biodiesel was injected into the engine in conventional manner, as India is second large producer of cottonseed oil in the world. Particulate matter (PM), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon mono oxide (CO) levels and un-burnt hydro carbons (UBHC) are the exhaust emissions from a diesel engine. They cause health hazards, once they are inhaled in. They also cause environmental effects like Green-house effect and Global Warming. Hence control of these emissions is an immediate effect and an urgent step. The pollutants of PM, NOx ,CO and UBHC were determined at full load operation of the engine with varied injection timing such as recommended injection timing and optimum injection timing. NOx levels were reduced with provision of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) at optimum flow rate of 10%. The maximum induction of biogas with conventional engine (CE) was 35% of total mass of biodiesel as full load operation, while it was 45% with LHR engine. Particulate emissions were determined by AVL Smoke meter, while other emissions were measured by Netel Chromatograph multi-gas analyzer at full load operation. These pollutants were drastically reduced with induction of biogas and further reduced with advanced injection timing. NOx levels drastically reduced with EGR.

Heat Exchange and Aerodynamics of the Vertical Conical Funnel at the Thermal Power Plant Site

The funnel is the most important element of the thermal power station. An appropriate arrangement of the system for the removal of the gaseous products of fuel combustion inside the funnel results in no moisture condensation and proper maintenance of the operation conditions of the funnel. To measure the temperature of combustion products along the funnel height we need to define the boundary conditions of the third kind for the external surface of the funnel. The studies showed that in the case of the uniform velocity profile, the heat exchange and aerodynamics on the surface of the single vertically arranged funnel have specific features conditioned by the funnel configuration and the contact of its base with the ground surface. In particular, the rear part of the funnel is characterized by a periodic change in the static pressure, velocity and the height heat loss coefficient. The purpose of this research was to define the average heat loss along the height of the conical funnel situated at the industrial site of the thermal power station for different wind vectors and velocities. To simulate the heat exchange and aerodynamics near the funnel situated at the thermal power plant site we used the infrastructure that includes the following elements: mechanical compartment, substation, administrative building, warehouse and two cooling towers. The network model of the hydropower plant includes 1137782 units and 4741859 elements. A minimum orthogonal quality is 0.1 and a maximum biasing is 0.89. The ĝ RNG k- turbulence model, the Enhanced Wall Function and the Simplex algorithm were used for the velocity-pressure interrelation problem in steady flows. The air density is independent of the temperature at the computational volume inlet (the gravitation is neglected). The funnel surface temperature was specified as constant and equal to 100 C. The heat exchange near the funnel was studied at different wind directions in the wind velocity range of 5 to 25 m/s. Hence, the wind direction, the environmental infrastructure and the industrial thermal power plant site have an essential effect on the funnel height heat exchange distribution pattern. Evidently, it is defined to a great extent by the funnel aerodynamics. A maximum heat loss level is observed when the flow is rushed to the backside of the building at the south- to-north wind direction and a minimum heat loss level is observed for the east- to -west and west -to -east wind directions for the parallel flow. А minimum heat loss is observed at a longitudinal wind motion along the mechanical compartment building in west-to-east and east-to- west directions. These specific features should be taken into account when designing tall funnels with an optimal change in the combustion product temperature along the funnel height. We can draw a conclusion that the specific features of the heat exchange in question should be obligatory taken into account when designing tall funnels. Keywords: heat exchange, funnel, thermal power plant infrastructure, mechanical compartment, wind direction and 3D model.

Optical properties and thermal stability of Gd1-xNdxBaCo2O5+δ ceramics for high temperature air-stable solar thermal conversion

The efficiency of the concentrated solar power (CSP) framework is significantly influenced by the operating temperature. The solar thermal conversion material with high efficiency and good stability at high temperature in air environment is of importance to obtain the high operating temperature. Here, the optical properties and thermal stability of Gd1-xNdxBaCo2O5+δ (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.4, GNBCOx) ceramics were studied to assess their possibility to be applied as high temperature solar absorbers. Results presented that GNBCOx exhibited high absorptance in the solar spectrum and minimal radiation heat loss at infrared wavelengths. In addition, the GNBCOx ceramics demonstrated excellent stability at 800 ℃ in air, indicating that the GNBCOx ceramics could be applied as solar thermal conversion material for upcoming concentrated solar power systems.

Modification of heat storage system involving Trombe wall in existence of paraffin enhanced with nanoparticles

Unsteady flow within a solar system with the Trombe wall technique has been scrutinized in current paper. To enhance the productivity of the classic Trombe wall, the paraffin layer has been combined with other layers (insulation, absorber, and concrete layers). The type of paraffin is RT18, and the conditions of the surrounding in the simulation have been selected according to a sunny day in autumn. Adding alumina nanoparticles into RT18 makes the conduction mode of paraffin enhance. The regime for the air zone is turbulent, and circulation via buoyancy force makes the domain warmer, therefore, the k-ε RNG technique was utilized for this region. The heat loss from glass due to radiation and convection has been involved in modeling. A verification test has been done not only in view of modeling of classic Trombe wall but also for modeling of melting of paraffin in ventilation application. The time step and grid size were optimized to reduce the cost of computing. A comparison of results for 3D simulation and 2D modeling indicates that there is no sensible change, therefore, considering the 2D model is logical. Among various scrutinized positions of the PCM layer, the first case (PCM near the absorber) has a greater liquid fraction. Moreover, if the PCM layer has been utilized in the middle, the minimum heat loss from the walls can be obtained.

Engineering Materials to Enhance Light-to-Heat Conversion for Efficient Solar Water Purification

Water scarcity has become one of the most prevalent problems afflicting people throughout the world and is expected to grow worse in the future due limited resources and increasing demand. This problem calls out for an urgent need to develop inexpensive, stand-alone desalination and water purification technologies that can adopt water resource distribution, water quality conditions, economic status, and developing levels of communities. Solar energy is abundantly available and has become one of the most promising emerging strategies in sustainable water treatment technologies. In this review paper, we highlight the recent progress of solar-driven desalination and water purification technologies for clean water production. We begin by introducing the fundamental concepts of solar radiation, solar thermal conversion, and heat localization. Then, we review the key components of solar steam generation including solar-thermal conversion materials, water pathways, and heat insulators and the strategies to promote efficient solar-to-vapor conversion in terms of chemical regulation, structural engineering, and heat management to maximize solar absorption and to minimize heat loss. Next, we discuss an efficient design of a solar steam generation device using an integrated approach that accounts for the performance of photothermal materials, heat losses, and water supply with respect to the hot evaporation region. Last, existing challenges and future opportunities in both fundamental studies and practical implementations of solar steam generation for water purification are discussed.

Varieties and technical characteristics of solar collectors

Background. Energy resource is one of the main components of a successful country. The possibility of using environmentally clean and affordable renewable energy and creating systems for taking solar radiation is a priority in ensuring the economic energyindependence of the state. At present, there are a variety of solar systems according to the technical solution and their use: thermo- and photovoltaic, systems with metal absorbers, solar stations for industrial or private electricity generation, for hot water supply, heating, air conditioning, and other technological needs. But questions about effective insolation and the choice of materials for these systems remainopen. Therefore, the development of efficient solar collectors (SC) with a rational choice of their geometric and thermophysical parametersis absolutely relevant.Objective.The purpose if the paper is to explore and develop efficient devices with maximum absorber throughput and minimization of heat loss.Methods. Analysis of developments of solar collectors by their shape and technical characteristics.Results. According to the review, new developments of solar collectors are marked by the originality and novelty of the technical solution. Corrugated pipe, cellular polycarbonate, activated carbon, a tangle of heat-conducting wire are usedas the absorber material,and the additional heat-accumulating coating – a solution of Glauber’s salt is applied. The inventions can be used in heating and hot water supply systems, indoor air heating, and in equipment that converts electromagnetic radiation from the sun into thermal energy for heating liquid coolants, as well as into electrical energy. For the maximum power of the collector, a receiving surface with a coating of high solarenergy capacity is used and thermal insulation is additionally installed to minimize heat loss. The authors of the article developed and patented a fundamentally new geometric spherical SC.Conclusions. The creation of new and improvement of existing SC ensures energy independence both in the private sector and nationwide, as well as to take care of the environment.The spherical shape allows you to use it effectively during the day.

Finite Element and Temperature Distribution Analysis over the Heat Pipe Boundary

Abstract: Researcher undergoes with various research activities to minimize the energy wastage and a researchers drawn their attention towards the recovery or storage of wasted energy but still there is a need of proper application and execution of the done research. The heat depletion through heat pipe heat exchanger is an excellent device to recover waste energy. The heat pipe heat exchanger not only is the effective way of storing the waste thermal energy but also it also prevents global warming. Heat pipes are inert, extremely consistent and provides with high heat transfer rates with minimal heat loss. These heat pipes are finding their way into sensitive applications such as notebook computers. A heat pipe is designed for cooling application in a computer has been evaluated through thermal analysis. The developed model of heat pipes used to draw a comparison with various parameters

Conductor Design for Toroidal Field Coils of a High Magnetic Field Tokamak TRT20

Recently, the developmentof the concept project of the high magnetic field (HMF) tokamak continues in the Russian Federation. The value of the magnetic field on the plasma axis in the device is about 8 T. The maximum field on the winding of the toroidal field coils is about 15 T. The creation of a high magnetic field in a limited space of tokamak-type device with a given aspect ratio-R/a≈3.77 (R = 2.15 m-the big radius of the tokamak, and a = 0.57-the “radius” of the plasma) leads to a significant increase in the engineering current density in the toroidal field coils. The mechanical stresses in the magnet increase accordingly. Acceptable from a technical point of view for protective energy output are the values of the maximum electrical voltage relative to the ground-U <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">max</sub> ≤+/−5 kV and the temperature in the “hot spot” - T <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">max</sub> ∼200 K. In addition, it is necessary to minimize heat losses in the stationary mode of operation of the tokamak, which significantly depend on the number of current leads used in the toroidal magnet. In this paper, we propose original possible solutions of the problems listed above. A “cable-in-conduit” type of conductor (CICC) is used in the TRT toroidal magnetic system. The cable portion of the conductor is manufactured from parallel non-transposed tapes of HTS REBCO coated conductor, which are oriented mainly parallel to the vector of the toroidal magnetic field. We call this design PaST (Parallel Stacked Tapes) conductors. The design of the conductor is developed to the requirements for a real device and differs from the previously proposed by more compact dimensions.