Minimalist Form Research Articles

Perancangan Sistem Kontrol dan Monitoring pada Robot Sadetec Berbasis IoT

In the era of advanced technology, technology helps various fields of industrial work, agriculture, education, and other fields. Work such as supervising the queue of visitors or counters by utilizing technology can minimize the spread of the Covid-19 virus. Robot Line Follower technology monitors the distance of the visitor queue or counter can minimize the spread of the Covid-19 virus, and its minimalist form is easy for use and storage. Sadistic Robot (Smart Detection Distance for Queue) uses Line Follower technology plus the use Internet and smartphones that can be used by anyone and anywhere, thus monitoring or supervising the queue to maintain a safe distance so as not to be infected with the Covid-19 virus. This research is to create a control and monitoring system to monitor the distance of the queue of visitors or counters using the Internet of Things system or wifi internet network. Utilization in this study using a blynk application found on smartphones. Based on the test results, NodeMCU can connect to the Internet within 10 meters of the internet source. Then, the control system can receive commands from applications with a delay of less than 1 second, and the Blynk application monitoring system can receive sensor data in real-time in conditions of 10 meters.

Civil War Outcomes and Egalitarian Democracy in Post-Civil War States: A Cross-National Analysis, 1946-2018

ABSTRACT While a growing body of research has highlighted a significant and positive relationship between negotiated peace agreements and postwar democratization, they have focused almost exclusively on a minimalist form of electoral democracy. We extend this analysis to consideration of how civil war outcomes affect egalitarian democracy, which measures the extent to which the regime incorporates (1) equal protection of rights and freedoms, (2) equal distribution of resources, and (3) equal access to power. We add V-Dem egalitarian democracy measures to the UCDP Conflict Termination dataset to determine whether civil war outcomes account for just the emergence of electoral democracy or whether they also affect the prospects for a more just and equitable society for citizens at the grassroots level. Our findings highlight the need to qualify the effect of modes of war termination on postwar democratization. Peace agreements are followed by higher levels of democratization than is the case with other civil war outcomes, but the effect on egalitarian democracy is more durable than the effect on electoral democracy.

Hrvatski bećarac kao distopijski narativ

When analyzing different forms of correlation between utopian and dystopian narratives, several questions should be considered. One of the questions can be whether it is possible to look for utopian or especially dystopian elements within the framework of the minimalist form. Furthermore, another question that arises is whether this kind of analysis can be applied to the ten-verse couplet, which has a specific structure and content. Namely, it is, among other things, conditioned by an artifact and an accurate representation of everyday social events, both those on a macro level and a micro level. Considering this, the paper aims to analyze whether it is possible to read assumptions about the future directions of dehumanization as well as those about the preservation of human freedom and dignity in the minimalist form such as bećarac. For this purpose, the paper will analyze bećarac folk songs with thematic frameworks related to the current pandemic caused by the coronavirus.

The Generalization and Proof of “Square Root of 2 Is Not a Rational Number” on the Integral Domain

In this paper, the traditional proof of “square root of 2 is not a rational number” has been reviewed, and then the theory has been generalized to “if n is not a square, square root of n is not a rational number”. And then some conceptions of ring, integral domain, ideal, quotient ring in Advanced algebra, have been introduced. Integers can be regarded as an integral domain, the rational numbers can be regard as a fractional domain. Evens and odds are principal ideals in integral domain. The operations on evens and odds are operations on quotient ring. After introducing “the minimalist form” in fraction ring. The paper proves the main conclusion: in a integral domain, multiplicative subset S produces a fraction ring S−1R, and n is not a square element in R, then to every element a∈R, a2≠n.

Thermal-Hydraulic and Engineering Evaluations of New LOCA Testing Methods in TREAT

Design evaluations and thermal-hydraulic predictions were undertaken to compare three candidate options for loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA)–testing capabilities at the Transient Reactor Test facility (TREAT). These options included a small water capsule, a large natural circulation capsule, and a forced-convection water loop. All options were found to create reasonable approximations of radial temperature gradients in fuel specimens prior to blowdown to a secondary tank. Given its minimalist form factor, the small water capsule was predicted to perform remarkably well in mimicking the thermal response of a 20-pellet fuel rodlet during a postulated LOCA event, while sensitivity studies showed versatility in adjusting conditions for specific test phenomena priorities. The large natural circulation capsule predictions showed representative capsule pressure evolution but indicated it would likely struggle to capture the desired fuel temperature response in the blowdown transition, primarily due to nonrepresentative cooling as its tall water column was discharged. These results were compared to previous water loop evaluations that had shown a capability for representing ideal test conditions, especially for longer rodlet test specimens in small bundles, while being achievable in a self-contained form factor to facilitate test logistics. Considering the broader cost and capability spectrum needed to support fuel safety research, these efforts resulted in a recommendation to pursue the small water capsule for near-term data needs specific to high-burnup fuel fragmentation, while continuing detailed development of the water loop to address ultimate data needs.

The domestic origins of no-war communities

This article is concerned with groups of states that do not fight each other and, moreover, hold stable expectations that war between them is unlikely to occur in the future. Such no-war communities can be seen as a particular, minimalist form of the concept of international security communities as coined by Karl Deutsch and further developed by Emanuel Adler and Michael Barnett. The security community literature has identified several potential communities across the globe but failed to offer a conclusive explanation for how these emerged because, as I shall argue, insufficient attention has been paid to the domestic conditions of state capacity. This article proposes an alternative path to community in which a lack of state capacity forms the common knowledge foundation between states. Under certain conditions, a low level of capacity to fight can assure states of their common desire to avoid war and gives rise to mutual recognition and toleration. I demonstrate the argument based on two cases that have commonly been seen as the most likely candidates for security communities beyond Europe, the regions of South America and Southeast Asia.

Emotional Induction Through Music: Measuring Cardiac and Electrodermal Responses of Emotional States and Their Persistence.

Emotional inductions through music (EIM) procedures have proved to evoke genuine emotions according to neuroimaging studies. However, the persistence of the emotional states after being exposed to musical excerpts remains mostly unexplored. This study aimed to investigate the curve of emotional state generated by an EIM paradigm over a 6-min recovery phase, monitored with valence and arousal self-report measures, and physiological parameters. Stimuli consisted of a neutral and two valenced musical excerpts previously reported to generate such states. The neutral excerpt was composed in a minimalist form characterized by simple sonorities, rhythms, and patterns; the positive excerpt had fast tempo and major tones, and the negative one was slower in tempo and had minor tone. Results of 24 participants revealed that positive and negative EIM effectively induced self-reported happy and sad emotions and elicited higher skin conductance levels (SCL). Although self-reported adjectives describing evoked-emotions states changed to neutral after 2 min in the recovery phase, the SCL data suggest longer lasting arousal for both positive and negative emotional states. The implications of these outcomes for musical research are discussed.

What Goes with Red and Blue? Mapping Partisan and Ideological Associations in the Minds of Voters

To what extent do voters grasp “what goes with what” among key political objects as they attempt to understand the choices they face at the ballot box? Is recognition of these associations limited to only the most informed citizens? We design a novel conjoint classification experiment that minimizes partisan boosting and allows for the relative comparison of attribute effect when mapping voter associative networks, the cluster of attributes linked to parties and ideological labels. We ask respondents to ‘guess’ the party or ideology of hypothetical candidates with fully randomized issue priorities and biographical details. There is remarkable agreement among both high- and low-knowledge voters in linking issues to each party and ideology, suggesting this minimalist form of associative competence is more widely held in the mass public than perhaps previously thought. We find less agreement about biographical traits, which appear to pose greater informational challenges for voters. Notably, nearly identical issue priorities and traits are associated with party and ideology, indicating these two dimensions are largely fused in the minds of today’s American voters.

Minimalism in Literature - Musine Kokalari

Musine Kokalari is first Albanian prose writer, who in 1941 was awarded the “Doctor of Literature” by the University of Rome. She started her literary creation with poetry and literary outlines published in newspapers and magazines of the time, also publishing within a few years the books “Siç më thotë nenua plakë” (1939), “...sa u tunt jeta” (1944) and “Rreth vatrës” (1944). In the summer of 1939, Musine wrote the prose “Siç më thotë nenua plakë”, published in September of that year in the printing house “Gutenberg” in Tirana. Kokalari’s work is dedicated to the world and spirit of women. Through her stories she builds the identity, discourse, psychology, fate and misfortune of women. Characters and the narrator are women. These ten texts are closely related to each other, thematically, structurally and formally. In this paper we strive to determine the minimalist form of these proses that emerge through a sui generis artistic narrative. Keywords: Albanian literature, prose, minimalism, Kokalari, small worlds

Genuine participation in participant-centred research initiatives: the rhetoric and the potential reality

The introduction of Web 2.0 technology, along with a population increasingly proficient in Information and Communications Technology (ICT), coupled with the rapid advancements in genetic testing methods, has seen an increase in the presence of participant-centred research initiatives. Such initiatives, aided by the centrality of ICT interconnections, and the ethos they propound seem to further embody the ideal of increasing the participatory nature of research, beyond what might be possible in non-ICT contexts alone. However, the majority of such research seems to actualise a much narrower definition of ‘participation’—where it is merely the case that such research initiatives have increased contact with participants through ICT but are otherwise non-participatory in any important normative sense. Furthermore, the rhetoric of participant-centred initiatives tends to inflate this minimalist form of participation into something that it is not, i.e. something genuinely participatory, with greater connections with both the ICT-facilitated political contexts and the largely non-ICT participatory initiatives that have expanded in contemporary health and research contexts. In this paper, we highlight that genuine (ICT-based) ‘participation’ should enable a reasonable minimum threshold of participatory engagement through, at least, three central participatory elements: educative, sense of being involved and degree of control. While we agree with criticisms that, at present, genuine participation seems more rhetoric than reality, we believe that there is clear potential for a greater ICT-facilitated participatory engagement on all three participatory elements. We outline some practical steps such initiatives could take to further develop these elements and thereby their level of ICT-facilitated participatory engagement.

MORAL PHILOSOPHY AND SOCIETY

IntroductionA philosophical understanding focuses on the most general issues about reality, human knowledge, human conduct, community affairs and aesthetics. All these would need to be laid out and shown to be right. Yet whatever amounts to being right will have to be established first because that issue is in the greatest of disputes. It is not my goal to convince sophisticated skeptics who want a final proof of a claim such that no imaginable objection could be raised against it. It is sufficient for knowledge, as I have argued in numerous works, that what one takes as something one knows be correct beyond any reasonable doubt. In line with this aim, knowledge is not understood to be the final word on any topic that may be known but the best or most comprehensive, up to date apprehension of it.One can appreciate this position by considering, for example, raising children. What is the truth about it? Not some final view since none of us is in the position to provide that. Knowledge cannot amount to the impossible - not human knowledge, at any rate. One can know how to raise a child without giving the final word on the topic. (Here no big difference exists between knowing how and knowing that!) This holds true of physics, geometry, politics and ethics as well. Knowledge is not ever a finished product. Moreover, what one knows when one knows an apple or the nature of the big bang is not the same as being the apple or the Big Bang. It is knowledge of it, which is something else. If one applies the criteria of being something to knowing it, one will end in skepticism because the being of it is fundamentally different from knowing it. (Here is where I believe Kant went wrong, expecting that our knowledge of a thing amount to what it is to being that thing. That is what seems to be meant by asking whether one knows something absolutely.)In this discussion metaphysics will be laid out in what I call its minimalist form. Only the most general, universal facts of reality count as metaphysical facts. An example is the law of identity, as Aristotle understood it. That law is about what it takes for something, anything, simply to be, not about what the thing is which is the purview of the special sciences. Epistemology, too, will deal here only with the most basic elements of human knowledge, what it is for someone to know something, anything. Yes, there can be many details about knowing one or another thing but only what amounts to knowing anything at all will be my focus of attention. Despite this limitation of the scope of my exploration, one of the points that I will be defending is that the nature of human knowledge is very much under the influence of the type of being that is known; so knowing something in mathematics will differ from knowing something in biology or musicology. Context is vital for understanding the nature of knowledge.Both the issue of free choice and that of differentiating right from wrong conduct are highly controversial and in nearly every age subject to much disputation. Most recently it is neuroscience that poses challenges to the first, while multiculturalism to the second. In earlier eras reductive materialism challenged the first and varieties of subjectivism and relativism the second. Yet it is also rather plain to most of us when we are not being artificially theoretical about it that one can freely decide to act a certain way or another and that some of the ways one might act are wrong, others are right. Even the choice between the two ideas, determinism and free will, is a choice that unless it is free carries no meaning at all. A robot does not choose how to think about these sorts of issues but human beings do. They evidently have a capacity to do so. And whether they should choose determinism over free will, or vice versa, is itself a matter of doing the right or the wrong thing (albeit only in this limited sphere of what kind of view of human nature one ought to embrace). …

Aplikasi Penyimpan Koordinat Lokasi Beserta Rute dan Tracking Map Berbasis Mobile Android

The quickly and accurately access to information has become the society necessary in the 21st century. The information in this period not only presented in the form of verbal communication, technological developments have enabled some information at once can be wrapped in a visual minimalist form. One popular technology is Google Map. Despite the existence of Google Map has helped many people to facilitate access to the full location, but in term of usage, society tends to only require information related to everyday life. Therefore, the ability of more suitable minimalist information to facilitate the public in performing daily activities. We create an application that can provide location information that specifically aims to facilitate the public in performing daily activities. The application work using GPS technology-based Google APIs and runs on the Android platform. The information presented depends on the activities of daily users, either in the form of the most frequently visited locations, routes of travel, location tracking, and navigation. All locations will be stored in the database of SaveLoc application, sso that the information that has been stored can be accessed anytime and anywhere.

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE SUPERNOVA LEGACY SURVEY SAMPLE WITH ΛCDM AND THERh=ctUNIVERSE

The use of Type~Ia SNe has thus far produced the most reliable measurement of the expansion history of the Universe, suggesting that $\Lambda$CDM offers the best explanation for the redshift--luminosity distribution observed in these events. But the analysis of other kinds of source, such as cosmic chronometers, gamma ray bursts, and high-$z$ quasars, conflicts with this conclusion, indicating instead that the constant expansion rate implied by the $R_{\rm h}=ct$ Universe is a better fit to the data. The central difficulty with the use of Type~Ia SNe as standard candles is that one must optimize three or four nuisance parameters characterizing supernova luminosities simultaneously with the parameters of an expansion model. Hence in comparing competing models, one must reduce the data independently for each. We carry~out such a comparison of $\Lambda$CDM and the $R_{\rm h}=ct$ Universe, using the Supernova Legacy Survey (SNLS) sample of 252 SN~events, and show that each model fits its individually reduced data very well. But since $R_{\rm h}=ct$ has only one free parameter (the Hubble constant), it follows from a standard model selection technique that it is to be preferred over $\Lambda$CDM, the minimalist version of which has three (the Hubble constant, the scaled matter density and either the spatial curvature constant or the dark-energy equation-of-state parameter). We estimate by the Bayes Information Criterion that in a pairwise comparison, the likelihood of $R_{\rm h}=ct$ is $\sim 90\%$, compared with only $\sim 10\%$ for a minimalist form of $\Lambda$CDM, in which dark energy is simply a cosmological constant. Compared to $R_{\rm h}=ct$, versions of the standard model with more elaborate parametrizations of dark energy are judged to be even less likely.

Toukokuusta kohti nollapistettä

From May Towards the Zero Point. The Crisis of Narrative as a Political Space: Marguerite Duras’s Destroy, She Said and Monique Wittig’s Les guerilleres The May 1968 student revolts in Paris distinctively mobilized intellectuals and artists like writers and filmmakers. The article examines the connection between the radicalization of the narrative form and political activism. Both Marguerite Duras and Monique Wittig took part in the riots and extended the politics into their own writing – not only as a subject matter, but as a profound questioning of narrative as a form of communication and expression. Duras’s Destroy, she said (Detruire, dit-elle, 1969) is a plain story about two men and two women and their symbiotic communion in an isolated sanatorium. The crisis of narrative escalates in the laconic, minimalist form which marks an overture to a series of her even more apocalyptic and stripped-down writings. Wittig’s collage-like Les guerilleres (1969) abandons conventional narrative order and invites the reader to participate in its collective celebration of women’s triumph over patriarchal discourse. These texts can be read as forms of the ”communism of writing”, as formulated by Maurice Blanchot during the riots. Their movement towards fragmentarity, anonymity, collectivity and disclosure is aiming beyond institutionalized culture.

Low Cost, High Reliability WLCSP for Higher Pin Counts

The proliferation of Wafer Level Chip Scale Packages (WLCSPs) in portable handheld products has occurred due to the minimalist form factor, high reliability and low cost packaging that they afford. As the demand for WLCSPs has grown exponentially in recent years, the industry has also been coping concurrently with the technical challenges associated with increasing array sizes and more demanding end user reliability requirements. Since handsets are inherently prone to being dropped, they are particularly susceptible to this type of component failure though striking a proper balance of mechanical robustness and thermal cycling performance has remained an ongoing industry goal. Similar to other packages, WLCSPs have transitioned over the past decade from lead-based solder alloys to Lead Free (LF) solders. LF solder connections are especially susceptible to brittle fracture and can result in variations in drop test performance from one bump structure to the next. This paper will provide an overview of process and material add-on strategies that have been shown to considerably improve mechanical robustness for bump structures or bumping applications that are inherently less robust than others. Such supplemental improvements can result in passing Board Level Reliability qualification requirements which may otherwise be elusive or have limited levels of reliability reproducibility.

A Minimalist Charter of Rights for Australia: The U.K. Or Canada as a Model?

A lively debate is currently occurring in Australia as to whether to adopt a comprehensive charter of rights at the national level, and if so, what form it should take. Two principal options are also under consideration, namely a charter modeled on the Human Rights Act 1998 (UK), or the Canadian Bill of Rights, SC 1960 c. 44 ('CBOR'). This article argues for the latter, Canadian-style model of statutory rights charter on the basis that, in substance, it involves the more minimalist form of constitutional change. Contrary to the current orthodoxy in Australia, the article suggests that a British-style charter directly undermines the likelihood that the Court will interpret statutes in a way that leaves scope for legislative response to court decisions, and therefore also the chances of maintaining the current balance between the High Court and Australian Parliament when it comes to the protection of individual rights. In Australia, this danger of statutory distortion will also be even more acute, it suggests given the doubts surrounding the constitutionality of the High Court's issuing, or hearing appeals against the grant of, certain UK-style weak-form remedies. By contrast, whether modeled on either the CBOR or the later more entrenched Canadian Charter, a Canadian-style rights model of strong judicial remedies is both more likely in the first place to deliver the 'true value' of statutes and also to be unaffected by the difficulties and doubts created by Ch III of the Constitution. Accordingly, it is also substantially less likely than a UK-style rights charter to lead to a form of de facto strong rather than weak or dialogic judicial review. On purely minimalist criteria, the article argues, a Canadian-style rights charter modeled on the CBOR therefore clearly dominates a British-style charter, so that if a British-style charter is to be defended as a preferred charter model in Australia, it cannot be on minimalist grounds alone.

The End(s) of the Intellectual: Ethics, Politics, Terror

Has the era in which intellectuals had sufficient respect and moral authority to intervene effectively in politics and influence public opinion finally come to an end? Is it possible to imagine today an Emile Zola who would publicly accuse the highest political and military authorities of injustices and crimes and be followed by large numbers of writers, artists, and academics and important segments of the general public, as was the case during the Dreyfus Affair in France over a century ago? Have the ends pursued by intellectuals of the past become totally irrelevant in an increasingly trans-national world dominated by technology? These are the kinds of questions this essay addresses as it discusses why in the last decades the decline in the status and influence of intellectuals and even their demise have so often been proclaimed, not just by conservative anti-intellectuals who equate intellectuals with subversive political ideas and movements, but also more surprisingly by intellectuals on the political left themselves. Even if the figure and status of the intellectual have radically changed in recent decades, the essay also argues that the voices of intellectuals, even if today expressed in different forms and in different media than in the past, still have a crucial critical role to play. Through analyses of essays by Foucault, Lyotard, and Albert Camus, the essay argues for what could be called a minimalist form of ethics as the basis for the struggle against injustice, an ethics that is not rooted in an idea of universal humanity or derived from a religious or political ideal but which nevertheless demands, especially in “an age of terror” such as our own, that the obligation to “save bodies” (Camus) must come before politics, or in the words of Emmanuel Levinas, that politics must always come “after.”

"Victim. Perpetrator. Bystander": Melancholic Witnessing of Sarah Kane's 4.48 Psychosis

This essay argues that critical emphasis on the autobiographical connections in Sarah Kane’s 4.48 Psychosis threatens to oversimplify the play’s wider significance. The essay re-addresses the play, utilizing Freud’s essay “Mourning and Melancholia,” to propose that 4.48’s minimalist form and initial productions encourage melancholic identifications. In conjunction with melancholia, this essay explores recent trauma theory, including the audience’s potential positionings as witnesses. The essay concludes by exposing 4.48’s political critiques, thereby broadening the ramifications of the piece.

Mutual recognition ‘on trial’: the long road to services liberalization

In his 1986 White Paper on completing the single market, Lord Cockfield hailed mutual recognition as the miracle formula for the much needed liberalization of services markets. Twenty years later, the European Union is passing a services directive where the principle of mutual recognition is conspicuously absent, at a time when effective liberalization seems ever more necessary. How do we explain this puzzle? Why has mutual recognition been put ‘on trial’? We make three interrelated arguments. First, the initial draft directive overlooked the EU's prior experience in this area, which is one of ‘managed’ mutual recognition. Second, the political context had changed significantly, with enlargement exacerbating the distributional consequences of the adoption of mutual recognition. Third, the final compromise succeeded precisely because it recovers the spirit of managed mutual recognition, albeit in a minimalist form. Nevertheless, final agreement has come at a price: the symbolic sacrifice of the principle of mutual recognition itself.

Improving the tutoring of software design using case-based reasoning

Judging by results, the methods undertaken to teach software development to large classes of students are flawed; too many students are failing to grasp any real understanding of programming and software design. To address this problem the University of Wales, Aberystwyth has developed VorteX, an interactive collaborative design tool that captures the design processes of novice students, provides a diagnosis system capable of interpreting the students’ work, and advises on their design process. This paper provides an overview of VorteX, its capabilities and use, and explains how the case-based system identifies redundancies in the storage of student designs and reduces data volume. The paper describes how equivalence maps merge similar classes to reduce the design structure possibilities, how snippets eliminate the replication of components and how abstract snippets represent the design intent of students in a minimalist form. Finally it concludes with comments on the student experience of the VorteX case-based reasoning assistant.