Abstract
Emotional inductions through music (EIM) procedures have proved to evoke genuine emotions according to neuroimaging studies. However, the persistence of the emotional states after being exposed to musical excerpts remains mostly unexplored. This study aimed to investigate the curve of emotional state generated by an EIM paradigm over a 6-min recovery phase, monitored with valence and arousal self-report measures, and physiological parameters. Stimuli consisted of a neutral and two valenced musical excerpts previously reported to generate such states. The neutral excerpt was composed in a minimalist form characterized by simple sonorities, rhythms, and patterns; the positive excerpt had fast tempo and major tones, and the negative one was slower in tempo and had minor tone. Results of 24 participants revealed that positive and negative EIM effectively induced self-reported happy and sad emotions and elicited higher skin conductance levels (SCL). Although self-reported adjectives describing evoked-emotions states changed to neutral after 2 min in the recovery phase, the SCL data suggest longer lasting arousal for both positive and negative emotional states. The implications of these outcomes for musical research are discussed.
Highlights
The present study aimed to investigate the persistence of sad and happy emotions evoked by an Emotional Induction through Music (EIM) procedure originally designed for the current study comprised by erudite instrumental music, and analysis of the progress of the emotions until a return to baseline after the Emotional inductions through music (EIM)
We will first report an analysis of the valence–arousal selfreports for all the EIM conditions, including the number of participants congruently induced by the EIM procedure, to observe its effectiveness
According to the valence–arousal self-report measurement, it was possible to detect that positive and negative EIM conditions were effective since they achieved more than 79% of congruent emotional responses
Summary
Emotional responses have been reported as one of the primary motivations to listen to music (Schäfer et al, 2013; Shifriss et al, 2015; Reybrouck and Eerola, 2017), and several studies have shown that music can evoke genuine basic emotions, such as happiness, sadness, and fear (Västfjäll, 2002; Fritz et al, 2009; Egermann et al, 2015) In this context, emotion is a set of homeostasis-related body alterations that involve changes in the brain activations (Damasio, 2004). This dimension is usually assessed by self-report measures, while arousal refers to the degree of excitation
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