Minimize Waste Generation Research Articles

Development and validation of capillary zone electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography methods for the determination of oral anticoagulant edoxaban in pharmaceutical tablets.

The incidence of thrombotic complications in SARS-CoV-2 infections has become a global concern; thus, anticoagulants are an integral part of the treatment. Edoxaban (EDX) is an oral anticoagulant suitable for pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis. Herein, two novel analytical methods for EDX determination in tablets are developed and validated using capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Operating conditions such as the electrolyte's concentration and pH value, injection time, volume, and the capillary temperature, were optimized. The methods were successfully validated by establishing the linearity, intra- and inter-day precisions (relative standard deviation [%]), accuracy, and robustness. Adequate separation of excipients and degradation products of EDX generated by stress degradation conditions demonstrated the stability-indicating capability of the methods. The analytical procedures were linear in the range of 25-125µg/ml (r>0.999), with the limits of detection and quantification of 3.26 and 10.87µg/ml for CZE and 0.740 and 2.78µg/ml for HPLC. Although both methodologies are suitable for determining EDX in tablets, CZE provides a greener alternative due to low-cost analysis using less organic solvents and minimizing waste generation.

Study of the Solid Waste Generation and Composition in Traditional Markets in the New Normal Era in Malang Regency, Indonesia

The traditional market waste includes household waste. Handling of waste helps reduce the burden of Temporary Disposal Site (TPS). This study aimed to analyze the generation and composition of market waste as well as traders’ perceptions of health protocols in various market classes in Malang Regency. Calculation of the number of samples with the Slovin method. The method of measuring solid waste generation and composition is using SNI 19-3964-1994 for 8 consecutive days. Measurement of generation in weight/volume based on the source of solid waste. Waste sorting is based on the composition of the waste. The maximum market waste generation is in class 1 of 17.402 kg/m2/day in the vegetable stall, while the minimum waste generation is in class 3 of 0.01 kg/m2/day in the plastic stall. The composition of the existing waste is divided into 11 groups, namely compostable solid waste, paper, plastic, diapers, cloth, glass, wood, cans, metal, hazardous waste, and styrofoam. The results of the questionnaire showed that 75% of market traders have implemented the health protocol well.

Recent Advances in Greener and Energy Efficient Alkene Epoxidation Processes

The chemical industry is considered to be one of the largest consumers of energy in the manufacturing sector. As the cost of energy is rising rapidly, coupled with the increasingly stringent standards for the release of harmful chemicals and gases into the environment, more attention is now focused on developing energy efficient chemical processes that could significantly reduce both operational costs and greenhouse gas emissions. Alkene epoxidation is an important chemical process as the resultant epoxides are highly reactive compounds that are used as platform chemicals for the production of commercially important products for flavours, fragrances, paints and pharmaceuticals. A number of epoxidation methods have been developed over the past decade with the ultimate aim of minimising waste generation and energy consumption. In this review paper, some of the recent advances in epoxides synthesis using energy efficient processes are discussed. The epoxidation methods may provide sustainability in terms of environmental impact and energy consumption.

Enhanced biodiesel and β-carotene production in Rhodotorula pacifica INDKK using sugarcane bagasse and molasses by an integrated biorefinery framework

Dependency on fossil fuels raises an economic and ecological concern that has urged to look for alternative sources of energy. Bio-refinery concept is one of the alternate frameworks for the biomass conversion into biofuel and other value-added by-products. The present work illustrates importance of an oleaginous yeast Rhodotorula pacifica INDKK in an integrated bio-refinery field by utilizing renewable sugars generated from lignocellulosic biomass. The maximum 11.8 g/L lipid titer, 210.4 mg/L β-carotene and 7.1 g animal feed were produced by R. pacifica INDKK in bioreactor containing 5% (v/v) molasses supplemented with enzymatically hydrolyzed and alkali-pretreated sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate (35% v/v). Furthermore, xylooligosaccharides (20.6 g/L), a beneficial prebiotics were also produced from the hemicellulosic fraction separated after alkali pretreatment of bagasse. This novel concept of integrated yeast bio-refinery for concomitant production of biodiesel and multiple value-added products with minimum waste generation is proposed as a sustainable and profitable process.

Effect of sonication pretreatment on hydrogen and acetone-butanol-ethanol coproduction from Chlamydomonas mexicana biomass using Clostridium acetobutylicum

Acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation produces acetone, butanol, and ethanol, which are clean and sustainable energy sources with high energy densities. The ABE fermentation encounters butanol toxicity, by-products formation, and generation of lignin-derived inhibitors. The implementation of the low-lignin substrate, effective pretreatment, and biofuel coproduction would enhance the fermentation efficiency. Thus, this study investigated the use of sonication pretreated Chlamydomonas mexicana biomass as a cost-effective substrate to produce biohydrogen (bioH2) and ABE using Clostridium acetobutylicum to demonstrate effective production of biofuels through ABE fermentation. Sonication enhanced the recovery and bioaccessibility of carbohydrates (74%) and proteins (52.4%), and their efficient utilization for bioH2 and volatile fatty acid (VFA) production. The bioH2 yield from sonicated C. mexicana biomass (2.9 mL/g-carbohydrate), was ~1.5 times higher than that attained from non-sonicated biomass (1.97 mL/g-carbohydrate). Subsequently, VFAs generated in the acidogenic phase (1.5 g/L acetate, and 6.05 g/L butyrate) were used to produce 0.54 g-ABE/g-carbohydrate through ABE fermentation. Thus, this study demonstrates that both soluble carbohydrates (28 g/L) and proteins (14 g/L) from pretreated microalgal biomass were efficiently converted to 110.2 mL bioH2 and 20.84 g/L ABE. These soluble carbohydrates and proteins could be used for high-energy biofuel production through ABE fermentation with minimum waste generation.

Haematococcus pluvialis: A potential feedstock for multiple-product biorefining

The microalga Haematococcus pluvialis synthesizes high quantities of the antioxidant astaxanthin under adverse growth conditions. In addition to astaxanthin, the species accumulates other metabolites with commercial value including lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins. These compounds can be utilized to produce biodiesel, bioethanol, biogas, biofertilizer and animal feed among others. Despite the high biotechnological potential of H. pluvialis, the high costs associated with the production process make the commercial realization of microalgae-based bioproducts challenging. As a solution, biorefining of H. pluvialis can be carried out through the integration of diverse production processes within a single production facility, aiming to produce numerous compounds from the same feedstock which in turn reduces the consumption of raw materials, energy, and freshwater. In addition, biorefining allows the maximum utilization of the feedstock, minimizing waste generation and improving the sustainability of the process while promoting the concept of a circular bioeconomy. Thus, the present review aims to discuss the biorefining potential of H. pluvialis in view of implementing more sustainable and cleaner production technologies. In contrast to existing reviews, the present review analyzes the potential of utilizing the particular microalgae species to generate multiple products without being constricted to astaxanthin. Moreover, the current status of related research, potential challenges, and solutions are provided along with future perspectives in the research domain.

Dual Role of MoS2 Quantum Dots in a Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling Reaction.

Modern day research focuses on the development of greener and eco-friendlier protocols to fabricate biologically relevant targets with minimal waste generation. C-C bond formation reactions are of prime importance in this regard. In a typical photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction, three components are used, viz, catalyst, photosensitizer, and sacrificial amine donor. Among these, the photosensitizer and sacrificial amine donors are wasted at the end of the reaction. Considering these drawbacks, in this work, we have developed a methodology targeted at the utilization of sacrificial amine donors for C-H functionalization with MoS2 quantum dots (QDs) as the catalyst as well as the photosensitizer. QDs indeed emerged to be an active participant in the heterogeneous electron transfer process. This concept opens up new possibilities in the field of nanomaterial-based photomediated organic transformations without the aid of any external photosensitizers via a clean and sustainable protocol with no side product.

A numerical analysis of particulate matter control technology integrated with HVAC system inlet design and implications on energy consumption

This paper examines and outlines the development of a novel inlet for an air handling unit (AHU) which controls PM concentration entering mechanically ventilated buildings. The aspiration efficiency reducer (AER), can reduce the ambient PM concentrations drawn into a building ventilation system. The AER device incorporates an array of cylindrical tubed orifices, which create conditions for potential improved indoor air quality (IAQ) and energy savings. Prototypes were designed by reverse-engineering the aspiration efficiency (AE) concept, creating new inlets for AHUs using Computational Fluid Dynamics. This approach helps achieve low AE values and reduce PM concentrations entering the AHU and filter loading rates. 3D k-ω SST models were used to simulate particle laden fluid flow around an AHU with AER attachments. The investigation found that the engineering of wind flow around the AHU and its inlet resulted in lower levels of particles with diameters ≤10 μm entering the AHU. The difference in AE for particles within the PM10 range for the passive AER prototypes in comparison to a commercial rainhood ranged from 5 to 35% for various inlet designs. This translated into increased energy savings of 15.2–20.6% and extended fabric filter lifespan of up to an additional 100 hundred days until saturation. The AER has the potential to reduce energy consumption, minimise waste generation and present cost savings whilst improving IAQ, through a reduction in maintenance activities and the number of filter replacements. This novel technology requires low-capital investment to deliver environmental, energy and economic savings in this sector.

ОСНОВНЫЕ ЭТАПЫ СТАНОВЛЕНИЯ И РАЗВИТИЯ АСПЕКТОВ ЦИРКУЛЯРНОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ

Circular economy is a change of views on how human society is interconnected with nature, and is aimed at preventing the depletion of primary resources, reducing the negative impact on the environment, minimizing waste generation. The purpose of this article is to consider and trace the prerequisites for the formation and development of the concept of circular economy, having studied and systematized the approaches of representatives of different economic schools since 1800, in order to identify the circular economy as a new paradigm or not? To analyze ecological and environmental consciousness in the context of philosophical reflections, neoclassical and classical approaches, well-known economists of different times who made a significant contribution to the development and formation of economic science. This article examines and examines the views of such famous economists as A.K. Storch, T. Malthus, J. Mill, T. Veblen, J. Galbraith, A. Pigou, R. Coase, J. Stigler, L.V. Kantrovich, C. Koopmans, K. Boulding, N.P. Fedorenko, Opshur. Differences in their views and judgments on the problems they study. As a result of this study, using the historical method and systematizing various approaches of the authors, it was found that the prerequisites for the formation of a circular economy were laid more than 250 years ago, and theoretical and methodological approaches are not new and combine the results of research by scientists in various fields: philosophy, agriculture, environment, mathematics, economics, environmental management, etc. By the method of comparison and scientific modeling, the role of the circular economy in resource conservation is revealed while simultaneously achieving economic and social, as well as environmental results in order to preserve the environment and reduce the burden on the ecosystem by harmful emissions. This study is a continuation and supplemention of the author's research in the field of circular economy.

Should we look for Fibonacci's «golden ratio» in the processes of waste formation

We are making an attempt to introduce the regularity of the appearance of waste in technological processes with the regularities of the well-known «golden ratio» of Leonardo Fibonacci. In this case, they are represented by a system of optimal energy distribution between the material components of the production system. The relationship between equal terms in the basic Formula of Fibonacci and components with optimal comparison of energy, as the basis for applying the number F = 1,618 or related to it in semantic expansion. Other variants of analog Fibonacci series are ordered in order to compare them with the proportions of the main material flows in a typical technological process. Various correlations between the numerical values of the main material and other components: raw materials, energy, information, products and waste, depending on their attitude to the change in their mutual entropy in a variety of technological processes, are shown. We have shown that the absence of such proportions, including indicators of minimal waste generation, has its roots in the principle of thermodynamic duality between the components of raw materials and the energy that is used in the system. We have shown that the basis for the appearance in the material flows of the technological process of relations close to the number of Fibonacci or its analogues can only be the overcoming of the existence of the principle of thermodynamic duality

Removal of Cu and Sb from Waste Acid Process of Copper Smelters for Minimizing Waste Generation

Removal of Cu and Sb from Waste Acid Process of Copper Smelters for Minimizing Waste Generation

Existing and promising deep processing technologies for refractory potassium-containing aluminosilicate raw materials

The paper outlines the specific concentration and processing features of refractory high-potassium aluminosilicate raw materials using the example of synnyrites and potassium feldspars. Synnyrite is an ultrapotassic rock (18–21 wt. % K2O), mainly composed of potassium feldspars (70–80 wt. %) and kalsilite (20–30 wt. %). The paper considers various deep processing scenarios for potassium aluminosilicate rocks based on alkaline and acidic methods with preliminary thermochemical or hydrochemical activation. It is shown that the nepheline method is ineffective for the processing of synnyrites due to an increase in limestone consumption, higher silica values in the raw material (over 50 wt. %) and, consequently, excessive solid waste generation. A combined technology based on sulfuric acid leaching with preliminary thermochemical activation of the original ore in the presence of magnesite or dolomite may be recommended as a promising technology for the complex processing of synnyrite. This approach reduces the sintering costs, recovers the magnesium additives consumed in the form of an additional finished product (magnesium sulfate hexahydrate MgSO4·6H2O), and minimizes waste generation. Two options have been proposed for processing synnyrite into final products: the traditional approach with the output of alumina Al2O3 and potassium sulfate K2SO4, and a new approach, allowing, for the first time, to produce the more scarce aluminium magnesium spinel MgAl2O4 and potassium magnesium sulfate K2Mg(SO4)2. The new processing method for the aluminium potassium sulphates KAl(SO4)2 obtained envisages their solid-phase interaction with potash K2CO3 and brucite Mg(OH)2 (or MgO) to form MgAl2O4 and K2Mg(SO4)2.

A molecularly imprinted electrochemical biosensor based on hierarchical Ti2Nb10O29 (TNO) for glucose detection.

Anovel molecularly imprinted electrochemical biosensor for glucose detection is reportedbased on a hierarchical N-rich carbon conductive-coated TNO structure (TNO@NC). Firstly, TNO@NC was fabricated by a novel polypyrrole-chemical vapor deposition (PPy-CVD) method with minimal waste generation. Afterward, the electrode modification with TNO@NC was performed by dropping TNO@NC particles on glassy carbon electrode surfaces by infrared heat lamp. Finally, the glucose-imprinted electrochemical biosensor was developed in presence of 75.0mM pyrrole and 25.0mM glucose in a potential range from + 0.20 to + 1.20V versus Ag/AgCl via cyclic voltammetry (CV). The physicochemical and electrochemical characterizations of the fabricated molecularly imprinted biosensor was conducted by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) method, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and CV techniques. The findings demonstrated that selective, sensitive, and stable electrochemical signals were proportional to different glucose concentrations, and the sensitivity of molecularly imprinted electrochemical biosensor for glucose detection was estimated to be 18.93 μA μM-1cm-2 (R2 = 0.99) at + 0.30V with the limit of detection (LOD) of 1.0 × 10-6M. Hence, it can be speculated that the fabricated glucose-imprinted biosensor may be used in a multitude of areas, including public health and food quality.

Screen-Printed Technologies Combined with Flow Analysis Techniques: Moving from Benchtop to Everywhere.

Screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) coupled with flow systems have been reported in recent decades for an ever-growing number of applications in modern electroanalysis, aiming for portable methodologies. The information acquired through this combination can be attractive for future users with basic knowledge, especially due to the increased measurement throughput, reduction in reagent consumption and minimal waste generation. The trends and possibilities of this set rely on the synergistic behavior that maximizes both SPE and flow analyses characteristics, allowing mass production and automation. This overview addresses an in-depth update about the scope of samples, target analytes, and analytical throughput (injections per hour, limits of detection, linear range, etc.) obtained by coupling injection techniques (FIA, SIA, and BIA) with SPE-based electrochemical detection.

Selective Benzylic CH‐Borylations by Tandem Cobalt Catalysis

AbstractMetal‐catalyzed C−H activations are environmentally and economically attractive synthetic strategies for the construction of functional molecules as they obviate the need for pre‐functionalized substrates and minimize waste generation. Great challenges reside in the control of selectivities, the utilization of unbiased hydrocarbons, and the operation of atom‐economical dehydrocoupling mechanisms. An especially mild borylation of benzylic CH bonds was developed with the ligand‐free pre‐catalyst Co[N(SiMe3)2]2 and the bench‐stable and inexpensive borylation reagent B2pin2 that produces H2 as the only by‐product. A full set of kinetic, spectroscopic, and preparative mechanistic studies are indicative of a tandem catalysis mechanism of CH‐borylation and dehydrocoupling via molecular CoI catalysts.

Optimization of protease production by Bacillus cereus HMRSC30 for simultaneous extraction of chitin from shrimp shell with value-added recovered products.

Chitin extraction from shrimp shell powder (SSP) using protease-producing microbes is an attractive approach for valorizing shrimp shell waste because it is simple and environmentally friendly. In this study, the protease production and chitin extraction from SSP by Bacillus cereus HMRSC30 were simultaneously optimized using statistical approaches. As a result, fermentation in medium composed of 30g/L SSP, 0.2g/L MgSO4 · 7H2O, 3g/L (NH4)2SO4, 0.5g/L K2HPO4, and 1.5g/L KH2PO4 (pH 6.5) for 7days maximized protease production (197.75 ± 0.33 U/mL) to approximately 1.64-fold compared to unoptimized condition (126.8 ± 0.047 U/mL). This level of enzyme production was enough to achieve 97.42 ± 0.28% deproteinization (DP) but low demineralization (DM) of 53.76 ± 0.21%. The high DM of 90% could be easily accomplished with the post-treatment using 0.4M HCl and acetic acid. In addition, the study evaluated the possible roadmap to maximize the value of generated products and obtain additional profits from this microbial process. The observation showed the possibility of serving crude chitin as a bio-adsorbent with the highest removal capacity against Coomassie brilliant blue (97.99%), followed by methylene blue (74.42%). The recovered protease exhibited the function to remove egg yolk stain, indicating its potential for use as a detergent in de-staining. The results corroborated the benefits of microbial fermentation by B. cereus HMRSC30 as green process for comprehensive utilization of shrimp shell waste as well as minimizing waste generation along the established process.

Intrinsic-Unsaturation-Enriched Biporous and Chemorobust Cu(II) Framework for Efficient Catalytic CO2 Fixation and Pore-Fitting Actuated Size-Exclusive Hantzsch Condensation with Mechanistic Validation.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) utilization and one-pot Hantzsch condensation denote two important protocols pertinent to sustainable agenda because of the obvious advantages like reduction in chemical usage, short reaction time, and minimum waste generation. To this end, the astute combination of optimum-sized pore structure with built-in Lewis acid center in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can bring about such reactions under energetically favorable conditions and offer a step forward to size-exclusive catalysis. The chemoresistant and twofold interpenetrated Cu(II) framework CSMCRI-13 (CSMCRI = Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute) is built from a C3-symmetric tricarboxylate ligand and an N,N'-donor linker that undergo incisive amalgamation of the paddle-wheel [Cu2(COO)4] secondary building unit (SBU) and the intrinsically unsaturated Cu(II) node with four coordination. The microporous structure features a dual-pore containing cage-like network with free oxygen-atom-enriched cavities and exhibits appreciable CO2 adsorption with moderate MOF-CO2 interaction in activated form (13a). Benefitting from both, the coordinatively frustrated metal center containing MOF acts as a highly synergistic and solvent-free catalyst in CO2 cycloaddition reaction under an 8 bar CO2 pressure at 70 °C in 6 h. The catalyst furnished admirable reactivity and fair recyclability with a wide range of substrates, wherein sterically encumbered and long-chain epoxides produced poor conversion. This MOF further executes highly regenerable Hantzsch condensation reaction under mild condition with superior activity to contemporary materials, where most of the 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives are additionally characterized through the single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Importantly, mechanistic proof of the tricomponent condensation involving built-in Lewis acid sites is validated from several control experiments and in-depth analytical studies. To the best of the single-step multicomponent reaction, substrate molecules having incompatible molecular dimension to that of pore size of the framework resulted insignificant conversion and demonstrated the first-ever pore-fitting-induced size selectivity in Hantzsch condensation.

Effect of Repeated Plant Debris Reutilization as Organic Amendment on Greenhouse Soil Fertility.

Greenhouse agriculture typically generates large amounts of waste with plant residue (agricultural biomass) being the most abundant. This residue is generated on a seasonal basis, which complicates the external management of the material. Recently, the European Union (EU) has been implementing a policy based on sustainability through the circular economy that seeks to minimize waste generation. The effect of reusing 3.5 kg·m−2 tomato plants from the previous season as the only fertilizer versus no fertilization and inorganic fertilization in 215-day tomato cycles after transplanting was studied in this trial. The study was carried out during three seasons in greenhouse agriculture in Almeria (Spain) with the repeated use of the solarization technique. The plant debris had similar production results during two of the three seasons and fruit quality parameters were similar to inorganic fertilization. In addition, some physicochemical variables improved and the biological depressive effect of solarization was mitigated. The results suggest that the reuse of the tomato plant debris as the only fertilizer could be an alternative to conventional fertilization under the conditions tested.

An overview of the waste management system in Tembalang District, Semarang City

It is necessary to observe and evaluate the performance of the authorized institutions, in particular, related to the sub-unit of the Environmental Agency, which manages the technical aspects (UPTD) and the five aspects of waste management to achieve better service to the people of Tembalang District. The UPTD is responsible for technical operations, including transporting domestic waste using arm roll and dump trucks, managing the cost budget plan, and supervising waste collection at waste collection site. Tembalang District has a minimum waste generation of 156 m3/day with a generation rate of 0.814 l/person/day and a maximum of 216 m3/day with a generation rate of 1.217 l/person/day. The implementation of the five management aspects in Tembalang District still needs to be evaluated from the operational, technical, and community participation aspects. This situation is related to the segregation and sorting of waste that has not been carried out, independent processing that has not gone well, and activities at the landfill that are not suitable. The community participation, public awareness, and concern for waste problems are still low where the independent waste management through waste treatment facility partnerships and waste banks are possible to do.

Preparation of Smart Materials by Additive Manufacturing Technologies: A Review.

Over the last few decades, advanced manufacturing and additive printing technologies have made incredible inroads into the fields of engineering, transportation, and healthcare. Among additive manufacturing technologies, 3D printing is gradually emerging as a powerful technique owing to a combination of attractive features, such as fast prototyping, fabrication of complex designs/structures, minimization of waste generation, and easy mass customization. Of late, 4D printing has also been initiated, which is the sophisticated version of the 3D printing. It has an extra advantageous feature: retaining shape memory and being able to provide instructions to the printed parts on how to move or adapt under some environmental conditions, such as, water, wind, light, temperature, or other environmental stimuli. This advanced printing utilizes the response of smart manufactured materials, which offer the capability of changing shapes postproduction over application of any forms of energy. The potential application of 4D printing in the biomedical field is huge. Here, the technology could be applied to tissue engineering, medicine, and configuration of smart biomedical devices. Various characteristics of next generation additive printings, namely 3D and 4D printings, and their use in enhancing the manufacturing domain, their development, and some of the applications have been discussed. Special materials with piezoelectric properties and shape-changing characteristics have also been discussed in comparison with conventional material options for additive printing.