Minimal Material Consumption Research Articles

Impact of Self-Assembled Monolayer Structural Design on Perovskite Phase Regulation, Hole-Selective Contact, and Energy Loss in Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells

Recent studies have shown that self-assembled molecule (SAM)-based hole-selective contacts (HSCs) offer a promising solution to the challenges faced by perovskite solar cells (PVSCs), including minimal material consumption, scalable production, high interface stability, and the use of environmentally friendly solvents. In this study, the efficacy of two designs of SAMs (Cz and PA) as HSCs in inverted PVSCs was investigated by comparing them with the conventional MeO-2PACz (MeO) SAM. Surface analyses showed that the surface of PA is smoother than that of Cz, which helps to reduce interfacial defects. Subsequent perovskite deposition exhibited a reduced formation of the PbI2 phase, incidiating that its phase modulation ability is superior to that of MeO. Further analyses demonstrate the superior charge extraction ability of PA as a result of reduced interfacial defects and non-radiative recombination at the HSC/perovskite interface. By further coupling with phenethylammonium iodide (PEAI) surface passivation, both interfaces of the perovskite film were optimized and the inverted ((FAPbI3)0.85(MAPbBr3)0.15)0.95(CsPbI3)0.05 (bandgap = 1.62eV) PVSC achieves a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 23.3% and a very high open-circuit voltage of 1.227V due to the largely reduced energy loss. In addition, the PA PVSC exhibits enhanced long-term thermal stability at 85°C in a nitrogen atmosphere.

Water flow boiling heat transfer and pressure drop in smooth, etched, and herringbone aluminum tubes

Designing next generation heat exchangers for efficient heat transfer and minimal material consumption is required for sustainable development of society. While several heat transfer augmentation techniques are available, extended surfaces have been the most widely adopted due to their relative ease of integration and high heat transfer enhancement. However, since extended surfaces are mainly applicable for soft metals, and require significant capital investment for manufacturing, we propose scalably fabricated microstructures as an alternative and scalable heat transfer augmentation technique. Our etching-based structures are cost-effective, scalable, and applicable to a wide array of metallic tubing. The conformal microstructures, which have length scales ranging between ∼ 1 to 12 μm, are introduced through chemical etching of internal tube walls using hydrochloric acid. To test the water flow boiling performance of our etched surfaces, experiments were conducted on 0.25-inch diameter aluminum tubes over a range of mass and heat fluxes spanning 200 kg/(m2·s) <G < 380 kg/(m2·s) and 60 kW/m2 <q″ < 125 kW/m2, respectively. Using deionized water as the working fluid, an enhancement of up to 104 % in the tube-averaged heat transfer coefficient with a concurrent increase of up to 65 % in pressure drop was observed. The increase in the heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop is attributed to the microstructures increasing the surface roughness and creating additional nucleation sites for bubble entrapment. When compared to commercially available finned herringbone tubes, we observed that for certain operating conditions, the enhancement in heat transfer due to use of microstructures in smooth tubes can exceed that of the enhancement observed using un-structured herringbone tubes. However, the pressure drop due to the increased surface area and fluid flow disruption of the chevron shaped herringbone fins always exceeded the etched aluminum round tube. This work provides insights and understanding related to how chemical etching and surface structuring can be utilized as an alternative passive heat transfer enhancement technique in flow boiling applications.

The importance of adjusting the processing parameters for the resulting material density of PBF-LB AISI 316L lattice structures

Lattice structures are becoming more commonly used in the design of components for additive manufacturing. This is due to their ability to reduce the weight of manufactured parts, minimize material consumption, and achieve specific properties by modifying their geometry. As the applications of lattice structures continue to evolve, it is essential to determine whether the process parameters used in the PBF-LB (Laser Beam Powder Bed Fusion) process for manufacturing these structures should be the same as or different from those used for larger cross-sectional components. An analysis of the existing literature revealed insufficient data on this subject, which inspired this study. Experiments conducted using AISI 316L stainless steel showed that lattice structures can be produced with significantly lower volumetric energy density, while maintaining a high relative material density. In the experiment on lattice structures made of BCCZ and gyroid unit cells, a relative material density of over 99.5% was achieved with a volumetric energy density of approximately 33 J/mm3. These findings are significant for the fabrication of lattice structures. The lower volumetric energy density typically allows for greater geometric accuracy and reduced internal stresses. Furthermore, it has been proven that the nodes of the structure are critical places exposed to porosity formation.

A Parametric Design Method for Engraving Patterns on Thin Shells.

Designing thin-shell structures that are diverse, lightweight, and physically viable is a challenging task for traditional heuristic methods. To address this challenge, we present a novel parametric design framework for engraving regular, irregular, and customized patterns on thin-shell structures. Our method optimizes pattern parameters such as size and orientation, to ensure structural stiffness while minimizing material consumption. Our method is unique in that it works directly with shapes and patterns represented by functions, and can engrave patterns through simple function operations. By eliminating the need for remeshing in traditional FEM methods, our method is more computationally efficient in optimizing mechanical properties and can significantly increase the diversity of shell structure design. Quantitative evaluation confirms the convergence of the proposed method. We conduct experiments on regular, irregular, and customized patterns and present 3D printed results to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.

Comparison of Conventional and Digital Workflows in the Fabrication of Fixed Prostheses: A Systematic Review.

When considering dental restorations, the use of fixed partial dentures is one of the most widely accepted treatment options. In the past, fabrication was done using traditional techniques and the conventional workflow was by far the popular method; however, nowadays digital workflows are being used as a means to produce the prosthesis. This systematic review aims to compare the workflows by considering their respective qualities, such as precision, efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and clinical performance. A complete search has been carried out to incorporate any relevant studies published between the years2012 and 2023 indatabases such as Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Cochrane Library. Two independent reviewers screened articles for inclusion and assessed the studies' methodological quality rating via the NIH Tool. A total of 22 relevant articles were reviewed after a systematic search strategy. The main outcomeof the review was digital workflows were found to reduce working time, eliminate the selection of trays, minimize material consumption, and enhance patient comfort and acceptance. The studies also showed that digital workflows resulted in greater patient satisfaction and higher success rates than conventional workflows. Workflows for digital dentistry demonstrated to be better than traditional ones due to the cost-effectiveness, accuracy, and time optimization for the fabrication of fixed prostheses.

Structural Optimization of Trusses in Building Information Modeling (BIM) Projects Using Visual Programming, Evolutionary Algorithms, and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Tools

The optimal structural design is imperative in order to minimize material consumption and reduce the environmental impacts of construction. Given the complexity in the formulation of structural design problems, the process of optimization is commonly performed using artificial intelligence (AI) global optimization, such as the genetic algorithm (GA). However, the integration of AI-based optimization, together with visual programming (VP), in building information modeling (BIM) projects warrants further investigation. This study proposes a workflow by combining structure analysis, VP, BIM, and GA to optimize trusses. The methodology encompasses several steps, including the following: (i) generation of parametric trusses in Dynamo VP; (ii) performing finite element modeling (FEM) using Robot Structural Analysis (RSA); (iii) retrieving and evaluating the FEM results interchangeably between Dynamo and RSA; (iv) finding the best solution using GA; and (v) importing the optimized model into Revit, enabling the user to perform simulations and engineering analysis, such as life cycle assessment (LCA) and quantity surveying. This methodology provides a new interoperable framework with minimal interference with existing supply-chain processes, and it will be flexible to technology literacy and allow architectural, engineering and construction (AEC) professionals to employ VP, global optimization, and FEM in BIM-based projects by leveraging open-sourced software and tools, together with commonly used design software. The feasibility of the proposed workflow was tested on benchmark problems and compared with the open literature. The outcomes of this study offer insight into the opportunities and limitations of combining VP, GA, FEA, and BIM for structural optimization applications, particularly to enhance structural efficiency and sustainability in construction. Despite the success of this study in developing a workable, user-friendly, and interoperable framework for the utilization of VP, GA, FEM, and BIM for structural optimization, the results obtained could be improved by (i) increasing the callback function speed between Dynamo and RSA through specialized application programming interface (API); and (ii) fine-tuning the GA parameters or utilizing other advanced global optimization and supervised learning techniques for the optimization.

Optical design and bandgap engineering in ultrathin multiple quantum well solar cell featuring photonic nanocavity

AbstractUltrathin solar cells are efficient and captivating devices with unique technological and scientific features in terms of minimal material consumption, fast fabrication processes, and good compatibility with semi‐transparent applications. Such photovoltaic (PV) technologies can enable effective synergy between optical and electronic confinements with large tuning capabilities of all the optoelectronic characteristics. In this work, the implications of the optical design and the bandgap engineering in ultrathin hydrogenated amorphous Si/Ge multiple quantum well (MQW) solar cells featuring photonic nanocavity are analyzed based on experimental measurements and optoelectronic modelling. By changing the period thicknesses and the positions of QWs inside the deep‐subwavelength nanophotonic resonator, the spatial and spectral distributions of the optical field and the local absorption are strongly affected. This leads to a modulation of the absorption resonance condition, the absorption edge and the resulting photocurrent outputs. Because of quantum confinement effect, the change of MQW configurations with different individual QW periods while keeping similar total thickness of about 20 nm alters both the bandgap energy and the band offset at the QW/barrier heterojunctions. This in turn controls the photovoltage as well as the carrier collection efficiency in solar cells. The highest open circuit voltage and fill factor values are achieved by employing MQW device configuration with 2.5 nm‐thin QWs. A record efficiency above 5.5% is reached for such emerging ultrathin Si/Ge MQW solar cell technology using thinner QWs with sufficient number, because of the optimum trade‐off between all the optoelectronic characteristic outputs. The presented design rules for opaque ultrathin solar cells with quantum‐confined nanostructures integrated in a photonic nanocavity can be generalized for the engineering of relevant multifunctional semitransparent PV devices.

Increasing of the effectiveness of guillotine cutting of sheet metal based on pattern cutting optimization

Options for pattern cutting of rolled products of different sizes and from different suppliers are considered, with an analysis of the main pattern cutting parameters. The selection of the optimal cutting option is shown, ensuring a reduction in the cost of the technological process, increasing productivity, minimizing material consumption and the number of operations. Keywords:guillotine cutting, pattern cutting, optimization, material consumption, productivity, labor intensity ev.zakharova@sollers-auto.com, i.dyakov@ulstu.ru, krupennikov_oleg@mail.ru

A Hole-Selective Self-Assembled Monolayer for Both Efficient Perovskite and Organic Solar Cells.

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) emerging as promising hole-selective layers (HSLs) are advantageous for facile processability, low cost, and minimal material consumption in the fabrication of both perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and organic solar cells (OSCs). However, owing to the different nature between perovskites and organic semiconductors, few SAMs were reported to effectively accommodate both PSCs and OSCs at the same time. In this regard, a universally applicable SAM that can accommodate both perovskites and organic semiconductors could be desirable for simplifying cell manufacturing, especially from an industrial perspective. In this work, we designed a SAM, TDPA-Cl by introducing chlorinated phenothiazine as the headgroup and linking with anchor phosphonic acid through a butyl chain. The resulting dense SAM was carefully characterized in terms of molecular bonding, surface morphology, and packing density, and its functions in OSCs and PSCs were discussed from the aspects of interactions with the absorber layer, energy level alignment, and charge-selective dipoles. The PM6:Y6-based OSCs with TDPA-Cl SAM as the HSL showed a superior performance to those with PEDOT:PSS. Furthermore, the universality was proved with an efficiency of 17.4% in the D18:Y6 system. In PSCs, the TDPA-Cl-based devices delivered a better performance of 22.4% than the PTAA-based devices (20.8%) with improved processability and reproducibility. This work represents a SAM with reasonably good compromise between the differing requirements of OSCs and PSCs.

Application of Hole‐Selective Self‐Assembled Monolayers in Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells

Hole‐transport layer (HTL) is of paramount importance to construct high‐performance inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) because it not only determines the hole extraction and transport but also influences the quality of perovskite layer. Recently, self‐assembled monolayers are adopted as very effective hole‐selective layer to construct high‐performance inverted PSCs. Compared with conventional HTL, hole‐selective self‐assembled monolayers (HSSAMs) offer the benefits of minimal material consumption and parasitic absorption, simple and scalable processing, and the versatility in the interface modification. Through molecule design and coating process optimization, the high‐quality HSSAMs are obtained, which enable the HSSAM‐based inverted PSCs to achieve greatly promoted photovoltaic performance. Herein, the progress of HSSAMs used in inverted PSCs is summarized. First, the structure characteristics of HSSAM molecules are described. Then, the effect of the structure of HSSAM molecules on their function in boosting the device performance and stability is discussed. Furthermore, the deposition strategies to form high‐quality HSSAMs for inverted PSCs are analyzed. Finally, the advantages and challenges associated with application of HSSAMs in inverted PSCs are discussed, and the perspectives of the future research trends on HSSAMs for further promoting the performance of inverted PSCs are suggested.

From Academia to Industry: Criteria for Upscaling Ionic Liquid-Based Thermo-Electrochemical Cells for Large-Scale Applications

Thermo-electrochemical cells (or thermocells) represent a promising technology to convert waste heat energy into electrical energy, generating power with minimal material consumption and a limited carbon footprint. Recently, the adoption of ionic liquids has pushed both the operational temperature range and the power output of thermocells. This research discusses the design challenges and the key performance limitations that need to be addressed to deploy the thermocells in real-world applications. For this purpose, a unique up-scaled design of a thermocell is proposed, in which the materials are selected according to the techno-economic standpoint. Specifically, the electrolyte is composed of EMI-TFSI ionic liquid supplemented by [Co(ppy)]3+/2+ redox couples characterized by a positive Seebeck coefficient (1.5 mV/K), while the electrodes consist of carbon-based materials characterized by a high surface area. Such electrodes, adopted to increase the rate of the electrode reactions, lead to a thermoelectric performance one order of magnitude greater than the Pt electrode-based counterpart. However, the practical applications of thermocells are still limited by the low power density and low voltage that can be generated.

CO2 reduction of resolved wall structures: A load-bearing capacity-based modularization and assembly approach

The demand for new housing is constantly growing and cannot be met by artisanal, in-situ construction methods. At the same time, CO2 emissions generated from the construction of new buildings need to be significantly reduced. Precast concrete elements offer the potential for an optimized design with minimal material consumption using high-performance materials. However, this only makes sense when the precast modules can be fabricated in a serial manner. Therefore, a modularization approach is developed that resolves structures into a small number of similar modules to enable an efficient and rapid mass production. Walls and wall-like beams are divided into hexagonal honeycomb structures mainly consisting of Y-modules and columns. The load-bearing capacity of these modules is described holistically for bending, shear and stability. By means of clustering, modules with low CO2 emissions with respect to their load-bearing capacity are grouped into construction kits. These kits are then used to assemble the final honeycomb structures. This combinatorial optimization problem is solved with two metaheuristics, Tabu Search and Simulated Annealing. Three case studies show that this modular approach reduces CO2 emissions by up to 80% compared to monolithic structures. The optimized positioning saves a further 23% with the same load-bearing capacity.

CREATING LIVABLE CITIES THROUGH SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS IN THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY

Elena Simina Lakatos &#x0D; E-mail: simina.lakatos@ircem.ro&#x0D; Doctor, Institute for Research in Circular Economy and Environment "Ernest Lupan" &#x0D; Cluj-Napoca, Romania&#x0D; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0096-4494&#x0D; &#x0D; Sorin Dan Clinci &#x0D; E-mail: dan.clinci@ircem.ro&#x0D; Architect, Institute for Research in Circular Economy and Environment "Ernest Lupan" &#x0D; Cluj-Napoca, Romania&#x0D; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5310-6376&#x0D; &#x0D; Viktor Koval &#x0D; E-mail: victor-koval@ukr.net&#x0D; Professor, Southern Scientific Center of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and Ministry of Education a nd Science of Ukraine, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine &#x0D; Kyiv, Ukraine&#x0D; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2562-4373&#x0D; &#x0D; Gheorghe Daniel Lakatos &#x0D; E-mail: daniel.lakatos@ircem.ro&#x0D; Doctor, Institute for Research in Circular E conomy and Environment "Ernest Lupan" &#x0D; Cluj-Napoca, Romania&#x0D; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3280-9061&#x0D; &#x0D; Abstract: Urban landscapes are undergoing a transformative phase as they navigate the transition to resilient, circular cities. Cities, inherently complex systems, necessitate sustainable and resilient strategies to address multifaceted challenges. A prominent solution emerges in the form of the Circular Economy (CE), which emphasizes prolonging the life cycle of products through sharing, recycling, reusing, and repairing. Historically rooted in industrial ecology, CE's diverse implementations span across countries, from Germany's innovative waste management initiatives to China's developmental paradigms. The potential of CE is profound: it promises GDP growth, significant reductions in carbon dioxide emissions, and a decrease in raw material consumption. As the global population increasingly gravitates towards urban hubs, cities become the epicenters of sustainable change, with places like Amsterdam and Barcelona leading the charge. These "circular cities" epitomize sustainability, resilience, innovation, and growth, offering holistic benefits from minimal raw material consumption to cross-disciplinary innovation. However, the path to achieving circular urban systems isn't devoid of challenges. Striking a delicate balance between rigorous environmental mandates and urban comfort remains a primary concern. For the seamless integration of CE, a collective approach is crucial, involving policymakers, researchers, and the general public. This paper delves into the intricacies of the CE, its implications, challenges, and the potential roadmap towards resilient urban futures.

Inverse design of mechanical springs with tailored nonlinear elastic response utilizing internal contact

This work employs a contact-aware topology optimization approach for the design of nonlinear springs with a broad range of prescribed load–displacement responses in both tension and compression. By leveraging the third medium contact approach to model internal contact, this method enables the utilization of collision between parts to achieve the desired load–displacement response while minimizing material consumption. The effectiveness of the proposed computational design approach is demonstrated using axially loaded springs as a benchmark, but the proposed method is also applicable to more general cases, including the design of periodic nonlinear material microstructures and metamaterials.

Study on The Mechanical and Economic Performance of Super Long-Span Cable-Stayed Bridges with UHPC-Girder

This paper introduces the mechanical and economic performance of cable-stayed bridges with ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) girders. Based on the determined general layout and structure system, aiming at minimizing material consumption and considering multiple constraints, the parametric analysis and optimization process of the UHPC girder were discussed. Subsequently, full-scale models of a 1,200 m cable-stayed bridge with UHPC girders and those with steel girders were established and analyzed under load combinations to evaluate their static mechanical performance. Additionally, the material consumption estimation equation was established to evaluate the economic performance of cable-stayed bridges. The economic performance of cable-stayed bridges with UHPC-girder scheme and that of steel-girder scheme were investigated and compared by theoretical calculation and finite element modelling. The results indicated that UHPC-girder cable-stayed bridges are highly competitive for super long-span cable-stayed bridges and represent a promising alternative for the design of large-span bridges in the future. This study provides valuable insights into the feasibility and potential of UHPC-girder cable-stayed bridges.

Optimal Design of Bubble Deck Concrete Slabs: Serviceability Limit State.

In engineering practice, one can often encounter issues related to optimization, where the goal is to minimize material consumption and minimize stresses or deflections of the structure. In most cases, these issues are addressed with finite element analysis software and simple optimization algorithms. However, in the case of optimization of certain structures, it is not so straightforward. An example of such constructions are bubble deck ceilings, where, in order to reduce the dead weight, air cavities are used, which are regularly arranged over the entire surface of the ceiling. In the case of these slabs, the flexural stiffness is not constant in all its cross-sections, which means that the use of structural finite elements (plate or shell) for static calculations is not possible, and therefore, the optimization process becomes more difficult. This paper presents a minimization procedure of the weight of bubble deck slabs using numerical homogenization and sequential quadratic programming with constraints. Homogenization allows for determining the effective stiffnesses of the floor, which in the next step are sequentially corrected by changing the geometrical parameters of the floor and voids in order to achieve the assumed deflection. The presented procedure allows for minimizing the use of material in a quick and effective way by automatically determining the optimal parameters describing the geometry of the bubble deck floor cross-section. For the optimal solution, the concrete weight of the bubble deck slab was reduced by about 23% in reference to the initial design, and the serviceability limit state was met.

Predictive modeling of single pass tangential flow filtration for continuous biomanufacturing.

Opportunities for process intensification have made continuous biomanufacturing an area of active research. While tangential flow filtration (TFF) is typically employed within the biologics purification train to increase drug substance concentration, single-pass TFF (SPTFF) modifies its format by enabling continuity of this process and achieving a multifold concentration factor through a single-pass over the filtration membranes. In continuous processes feed concentration and flow rate are determined by the preceding unit operations. Therefore, tight control of SPTFF output concentration must be achieved through precise design of the membrane configuration, unlike TFF. However, predictive modeling can be utilized to identify configurations that achieve a desired target concentration across ranges of possible feed conditions with minimal experimental data, hence enabling accelerated process development and design flexibility. We hereby describe the development of a mechanistic model predicting SPTFF performance across a wide design space using the well-established stagnant film model, which we demonstrate is more accurate at higher feed flow rates. The flux excursion dataset was generated within time constraints and with minimal material consumption, showing the method's ability to be quickly adapted. While this approach eliminates characterizing complex physicochemical model variables or the need for users with specialized training, the model and its assumptions become inaccurate at low flow rates, below 25 L/m2 /h, and high conversions, above 0.9. As this low flow rate, high conversion operating regime is relevant for continuous biomanufacturing, we explore the assumptions and challenges involved in predicting and modeling SPTFF processes, while suggesting added characterization to gain further process insight.

Condensation heat removal due to the combined impact of natural convection and radiative cooling

The work examines the heat exchange characteristics of a condenser in which heat removal of the refrigerant condensation occurs due to natural convection and radiation cooling. The heat exchanger is designed to reduce energy costs for the removal of condensation heat. Unlike traditional air cooling condensers, it uses radiation cooling, a method of heat removal based on its transmission in the form of infrared radiation through the planet’s atmosphere into the surrounding outer space. A method for calculating the thickness of the radiating plate has been developed. To minimize material consumption and cost, the distance between the tubes is reduced to 40 mm, and the thickness of the aluminum radiating plate is reduced to 0.32 mm. The inner diameter of the coolant channels is 1 mm. For the experimental study of the condenser, an experimental stand working on R134a refrigerant was developed. Theoretical and experimental studies of heat transfer have been carried out. The heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger, reduced to the area of the radiating surface, was from 10.3±1.36 to 18.7±2.47 W·m–2·°C–1, when the condensation temperature was 12.8...21.9 °С higher than the temperature of atmospheric air. The operability of the condenser is shown both during the day and at night, in the presence of precipitation in the form of rain and snow, and a high level of cloudiness. The material capacity and filling of the refrigerant in the condenser are comparable to the characteristics of air-cooled condensers with forced air circulation. At the same time, it does not consume electricity. It can be used in stationary refrigeration systems (in data processing centers, commercial refrigeration equipment, air conditioners) to increase their energy efficiency

Determining patterns of vertical load on the prototype of a removable module for long-size cargoes

The object of this study is the processes of occurrence, exposure to, and redistribution of loads in the supporting structure of a removable module for the transportation of long cargoes. To adapt platform cars to the transportation of long loads, it is proposed to introduce a removable module with elastic-friction connections in the structure. In order to select the optimal profiles for the removable module, in terms of minimal material consumption, the calculation was carried out in the Lira software package. Based on the calculation results, a spatial model of the concept of the removable module was built. To determine the dynamic loads that act on the platform car loaded with a removable module, a mathematical simulation was carried out. It was established that the use of elastic-friction links in the structure of the removable module helps reduce its dynamic load, as well as the platform car, by 4.6 %. The resulting acceleration was taken into account when calculating the strength of the removable module. The calculation results showed that the strength of the removable module under operational loads is ensured. A feature of the reported results is that the proposed design of a removable module makes it possible not only to adapt the platform car to the transportation of long loads but also to reduce its load in operation. The scope of practical application of the results includes the engineering industry, in particular, railroad transport. Worth noting is that the conditions for the practical use of the results imply the introduction of elastic-friction links in the structure of the removable module. The reported research will contribute to compiling recommendations for the design of modern vehicle structures, in particular removable type, as well as for improving the efficiency of rail transportation.

Minimizing Material Consumption in Flow Process Research and Development: A Novel Approach Toward Robust and Controlled Mixing of Reactants

Minimizing Material Consumption in Flow Process Research and Development: A Novel Approach Toward Robust and Controlled Mixing of Reactants