Minimal Environmental Pollution Research Articles

Theoretical Modeling and Experimental Verification of Mechanical Properties of Natural Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastics

Development of biocomposites has a wide interest as inexpensive and minimum environmental pollution. The present research work focused on study the mechanical properties of biocomposite using available theoretical models and experimental verification of mechanical properties. The theoretical model used are parallel & series, Halpin-Tsai, modified Halpin-Tsai and Hirsch model for evaluation of mechanical tensile properties (Tensile strength & Tensile modulus). Compression molding machine (hot press type) technique was used for preparation of sample specimens. Experimental mechanical characterization carried out as per ASTM D638 -01 using universal testing machine. Evaluated tensile modulus and tensile strength results of theoretical models are compared with experimental results of mechanical characteristics.

ChemInform Abstract: Three‐Component Uncatalyzed Eco‐Friendly Reactions for One‐Pot Synthesis of 4,7‐Dihydro[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine Derivatives.

A three-component system of one-pot synthesis of [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives using condensation of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds, aldehydes, and 5-amino[1,2,4]triazole in ethanol without any catalyst was reported in high yields via simple, efficient, and environmentally friendly process. The method reported herein considered a green process; this method has significant advantages of simple workup procedure, excellent yield, minimal environmental pollution, and short reaction time over classical reported methods.

Nitrate leaching from intensive organic farms to groundwater

Abstract. It is commonly presumed that organic agriculture causes only minimal environmental pollution. In this study, we measured the quality of percolating water in the vadose zone, underlying both organic and conventional intensive greenhouses. Our study was conducted in newly established farms where the subsurface underlying the greenhouses has been monitored continuously from their establishment. Surprisingly, intensive organic agriculture relying on solid organic matter, such as composted manure that is implemented in the soil prior to planting as the sole fertilizer, resulted in significant down-leaching of nitrate through the vadose zone to the groundwater. On the other hand, similar intensive agriculture that implemented liquid fertilizer through drip irrigation, as commonly practiced in conventional agriculture, resulted in much lower rates of pollution of the vadose zone and groundwater. It has been shown that accurate fertilization methods that distribute the fertilizers through the irrigation system, according to plant demand, during the growing season dramatically reduce the potential for groundwater contamination from both organic and conventional greenhouses.

Three‐Component Uncatalyzed Eco‐Friendly Reactions for One‐Pot Synthesis of 4,7‐Dihydro[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine Derivatives

A three‐component system of one‐pot synthesis of [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine derivatives using condensation of 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds, aldehydes, and 5‐amino[1,2,4]triazole in ethanol without any catalyst was reported in high yields via simple, efficient, and environmentally friendly process. The method reported herein considered a green process; this method has significant advantages of simple workup procedure, excellent yield, minimal environmental pollution, and short reaction time over classical reported methods.

Using modified grey forecasting models to forecast the growth trends of green materials

The use of green materials reflects the notion that production materials should generate minimal environmental pollution through various efforts, including the design and development of low-pollution materials, innovation and improvement of low-pollution manufacturing processes, and recycling and reuse of materials. The development of green materials is an important part of corporate social responsibility. Companies need to use resources legitimately and have environmental protection responsibility. Forecasting the growth trends of green copper clad laminate material is crucial for manufacturers of printed circuit boards and green copper clad laminates. The main purpose of this study was to forecast the growth trends of green electronic materials. The industry sample investigated in this study only numbered 14. Because of the limited sample of historical data, the data distribution did not exhibit a normal distribution. Prediction methods for large data sets were not suitable for this study. Thus, three grey forecasting models (i.e. the grey model(1,1), non-linear grey Bernoulli model(1,1), and grey Verhulst model) were adopted for theoretical derivation and scientific verification. The results yielded by these methods were compared with the results of regression analysis to verify the forecasting accuracy and suitability of the three methods. The results indicated that for small data sets, the forecasting accuracy of the non-linear grey Bernoulli model(1,1) and grey Verhulst model was superior to that of the original grey model(1,1) as well as the regression analysis method.

Control of the Clearwing Moth,Monopetalotaxis candescens(Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), on Cultivated ‘Rooibos’,Aspalathus linearis(Fabaceae), in South Africa

The clearwing moth, Monopetalotaxis candescens, is a major root-boring pest of cultivated ‘rooibos’, Aspalathus linearis, in South Africa. Neonates penetrate the tap root at the base of the stem within a few hours of hatching, presenting a brief window for control of an otherwise highly cryptic pest. Several systemic and contact/stomach insecticides as well as the entomopathogenic fungus, Nomuraea rileyi, were evaluated from 2005–2012 on 6–8-month-old plantations of A. linearis. A strategy based on prophylactic applications of a contact/stomach insecticide (active ingredient: Esfenvalerate) during early to midNovember resulted in > 97 % control. This level of control was realized following delivery of 10 ml aliquots of a 0.4 % concentration of the chemical to the stem-base of individual plants. Attempts at biological suppression of M. candescens with N. rileyi proved unsuccessful. Commercial-scale application of the chemical was possible through the development of an automated measured-dose applicator (vehicle-mounted) consisting of multiple nozzle-lines carried/directed individually by operators. The stem-directed application strategy developed here implies reduced chances of the chemical coming into contact with leaves (and twigs) to be harvested early in the following year, minimum environmental pollution and/or little to no impact on beneficial insects residing on the plant.

How Should Developing Countries Cope with Pollution-Migration? An Extended Model of North-South Trade and its Numerical Simulation

In recent years, with rapidly growing world trade and increasingly stricter environmental controls in developed countries, some enterprises have transferred heavily polluting plants to developing countries where environmental controls are more relaxed. This kind of pollution-“migration” is therefore threatening the environment of some developing or rather “emerging” countries. How to achieve a balance between economic development and environmental protection has already become an important issue that needs to be handled appropriately by developing countries when actively engaging in industrial migration. This paper extends the North-South trade model by introducing environmental pollution taxation to make an in-depth analysis. The calculation of the model leads to the conclusion that motivation of polluting companies in developed countries decreases when transferring to developing countries with a rising environmental pollution tax. Through numerical simulation, this paper finds the minimum environmental pollution tax rate that is likely to prevent industrial migration. When the tax is lower than this, pollution migration would not be stop; and if the tax is too high, it will hurt the economic development of developing countries. Hence, the minimum environmental pollution tax is the optimal tax rate for balanced development.

Contributions of Flow Analysis for Quality Control of Automotive Fuels: A Review

Automotive fuels require strict quality control to assure best energy use with minimal environmental pollution. Fuels can be modified before consumption by inadequate transport, storage, and handling, as well as illegal adulteration. Continuous monitoring is of paramount importance to reduce such irregularities, thus requiring reliable analytical methods, which should be simple, fast, and minimize both reagent consumption and waste generation. The potential for in-situ monitoring is also highly desirable. Flow analysis plays an important role in this sense, by means of automated sample processing in closed systems, under highly reproducible conditions. In spite of this potential, application for routine fuel analysis is yet limited and wide dissemination is desirable. This review focuses on analytical approaches for in-line sample pretreatment and determination of organic and inorganic contaminants in automotive fuels by flow analysis. Applications in gasoline, diesel oil, biodiesel, and ethanol fuels are critically discussed.

Remanufacturing Research on Recycling Products of Machinery and Equipment Base on ERM

In the product design process，according to the environmentally responsible manufacturing principle to carry out remanufacturing engineering design，to achieve the purpose of reducing the amount of raw materials, energy conservation and protect the environment, remanufacture is a systemic engineering to consider the product life cycle, which can prolong the life of the product, optimize product design, achieve minimum cost of product life-cycle and maximum efficiency and minimum environmental pollution ultimately.

An investigation on wear mechanism of high-speed turning of free-cutting steel AISI 1215 using uncoated and multi-layer coated tools

AISI 1215 is a new kind of green and non-toxic free-cutting steel with minimum environmental pollution and excellent machinability, which receives wide promotion, investigation, and application in manufacturing industries. In machining of AISI 1215 steel, tool wear has a close relation with the presence of manganese sulfide lubricant zone formed on the tool surface. In this work, with the aid of cutting temperature and tool Von Mises stress simulations, tool wear analysis on the uncoated and multi-layer (Al2O3/TiCN) coated carbide tools was performed in high-speed turning operation. Wear pattern and wear mechanisms were studied through the experimental results. The main findings showed that the uncoated tool suffered high cutting temperature and severe tool wear and was not conducive to form a manganese sulfide lubricant zone in the turning operation. In contrast, the multi-layer coated tool could form a manganese sulfide lubricant zone on the chip–tool contact area. The beneficial roles of the manganese sulfide lubricant zone formed on the coated tool surface can be summarized as lubrication and diffusion blocking. The main wear mechanisms of the uncoated tool were crater wear, oxidation wear, adhesive wear, and abrasive wear, whereas for the multi-layer coated tool, they were crater wear, adhesive wear, and abrasive wear.

Foliar nutrition in apple production

In order to create conditions conducive to sustainable fruit production, involving optimum utilization of all sources of plant nutrients with minimum environmental pollution, it is necessary to reorient agricultural producers to use those types of fertilization that are environmentally safe and appropriate which can also satisfy all fruit tree nutrient requirements. This gives particular importance to foliar nutrition as this model poses the lowest risk of soil and groundwater contamination with undesirable mineral elements. The objective of this study was to provide a comprehensive review of research papers dealing with the effect of foliar feeding on development parameters in apple trees in an attempt to obtain a more thorough insight into the advantages and disadvantages of this fertilization type and facilitate the potential use of this practice for apple producers. Keywords: Malus x domestica , foliar fertilization, nutrient, leaves

Investigating Effective Factors on Development of Tourism Industry in Iran

Since long times ago, depending on petroleum and its products has been the most important challenge in Iran's economy. Therefore reducing the role of that and substituting it with other industries is one of the principal purposes of Iran's economic projects. Among these substituting industries, tourism is the most important one. Because of creating many job opportunities ,entering lots of foreign exchange and has the minimum environmental pollution .However in Iran does not given priority to tourism industry as it deserves, so Iran which is the 5th attractive country in the world, in 2009 was place 137th ranking of the countries in terms of attracting tourists. Therefore, it seems absolutely necessary to take tourism industry into consideration more seriously.The goal of this study is investigating the effective factors on tourism industry in Iran, the mentioned goal will be accomplished by variable factors such as advertisement and informing people, tourist's safety and security, reducing tourism expense, increasing welfare services and its quality, increasing foreign investment and expanding foreign relation as research hypothesis. The type of article is descriptive-cognitive and the related information for this scope has been collected by using library resources and moreover for collecting necessary data in order to accept or reject the research hypothesis a questionnaire made by researchers has been used. Statistical society for this research includes the managers of tourism agencies in Isfahan city and the method being used has been random sampling. All the variables have positive effect on tourism industry in Iran.

Uncatalyzed synthesis of thiomorpholide using polyethylene glycol as green reaction media

Polyethylene glycol-600 was used as an efficient and recyclable solvent for the one-pot three component condensation reactions of aryl alkyl ketones, sulfur, and morpholine to produce the corresponding thiomorpholide. This protocol has advantages of high yields, short reaction times, mild reaction conditions, minimal environmental pollution, and simple work up procedure.

Waste handling model and practices used at red meat abattoirs in the Free State province, South Africa

Despite legislation governing the handling of red meat abattoirs waste in South Africa, irregularities still occur. Economic conditions in South Africa force under-privileged communities to scavenge on landfill sites, dumping grounds and abattoir disposal sites. Condemned products/carcasses are eaten by scavengers which could lead to significant health problems, disease and death. The waste products generated and the waste disposal strategies used was determined. A condemned product waste handling model was developed, causing minimum environmental pollution, reducing health risks and adding value to these products. Waste handling practices of 78 red meat abattoirs were determined by administering questionnaires and site visits. Most condemned products were buried/burned whereas most blood was disposed of into municipal drainage systems with the waste water. Limited by-product processing, denaturing and incineration took place. Minimal amounts of stomach contents and manure were utilized as compost but were mostly dumped on municipal landfill sites or farm land.

High-performance flow control for site-specific application of liquid manure

In order to obtain maximal crop productivity with minimal environmental pollution, the amount of nutrients applied to the soil should be matched to the site-specific crop needs. In the case of liquid manure application, this means that manure flow must be controlled according to the local soil fertility, the crop needs, the manure composition and the driving speed. Since each of these parameters varies during injection, a fast and accurate flow control system is needed. In vacuum manure tankers, the flow is controlled by opening and closing a manure valve, which is actuated hydraulically. While magneto-rheological flow sensors are the best choice for manure flow measurement, their time delay and lag inhibit fast and stable feedback control with conventional equipment. Therefore, a new control strategy with fast and accurate control of the manure valve in combination with on-line flow gain estimation is presented. Two estimation algorithms have been developed in simulation and validated in practice: recursive least squares and sliding observer. Although the recursive least-squares algorithm performed well, the sliding-mode observer had less overshoot, which resulted in a settling time of about 5 s. Since the desired flow is expected to vary smoothly in practice, it is expected that the performance of this combination of a valve position controller and a sliding-mode observer will be sufficient for precise manure application purposes.

Fabrication and properties of peroxide cellulose from coniferous and deciduous wood for chemical processing

Acid prehydrolysis does not impede subsequent peroxide delignification, increases the mass fraction of α-cellulose, and improves the reactivity of cellulose but does not ensure a high degree of modification. Aqueous prehydrolysis is less effective. Cold alkaline modification of coniferous (spruce) prehydrolysis peroxide cellulose is highly effective and increases the mass fraction of α-cellulose to 97.5%. Deciduous wood is delignified and modified more easily than coniferous wood. Deciduous (birch) cellulose with up to 99% mass fraction of α-cellulose can be obtained by peroxide cooking with acid prehydrolysis, finishing, and cold alkaline modification. The process regimes developed allow processing highly modified coniferous and deciduous cellulose with properties as good as sulfate cord cellulose with minimal technogenic environmental pollution.

RECOT: an expert system for the reduction of environmental cost in the textile industry

Environmental legislation and its enforcement has undoubtedly forced the textile industry to be rather cautious in selecting the appropriate processes and equipment. The most efficient, economic and minimal environmental pollution processing methods will be increasingly demanded throughout the 1990s. However, the majority of the textile industry consists of small and medium enterprises, where the lack of expertise on the use of best available techniques leads to levels of operation far away from the optimal. An expert system for a priori economic evaluation of potential interventions in the textile manufacturing processes and equipment is necessary to support decision making in the management level. This paper presents such an expert system, designed and implemented in four stages: formal description of the key factors that affect the dyeing process in the textile industry, development of models for the representation of relevant information, development of models for the representation of knowledge and integration of the above‐mentioned models in a unified information system that supports the decision‐making process in the management of textile enterprises.

Evaluation of public policies guiding aquatic resource(s) exploitation and uses in Nigeria

Nigeria, like most developing nations of the world, is facing an environmental as well as economic crisis. This paper identifies a new crisis in a very sensitive sector of the economy, the oil sector. In response to a number of influences, not least the growing concern over environmental consequences of aquatic resource exploitation and uses, including physical damage and pollution due to the exploration of oil and gas in many coastal or riverine areas, the government is gradually considering many policy options. The key concern involves discovering the technical relationships between oil and gas exploration, as well as the economic, social and institutional means of ensuring that oil and gas exploration continues with minimal environmental damage and pollution. The government seems to be at a crossroad regarding the uncertainty of some decisions taken in the past to combat environmental damage and pollution in the exploration of oil and gas. The survey data reported here provides some answers on how to better create a balance among several interest areas and groups in policy formation regarding environmental safety in the exploration of oil and gas in the riverine areas of Nigeria.

Pest monitoring to aid insecticide use

Careful monitoring of pest populations is necessary to determine the need for, and correct timing of, pesticide applications to ensure efficient control with minimum waste and environmental pollution. The use of physical and attractant traps for short-term monitoring on a regional and local basis is considered.