Minimal Degree Research Articles

Reward tampering and evolutionary computation: a study of concrete AI-safety problems using evolutionary algorithms

Reward tampering is a problem that will impact the trustworthiness of the powerful AI systems of the future. Reward Tampering describes the problem where AI agents bypass their intended objective, enabling unintended and potentially harmful behaviours. This paper investigates whether the creative potential of evolutionary algorithms could help ensure trustworthy solutions when facing this problem. The reason why evolutionary algorithms may help combat reward tampering is that they are able to find a diverse collection of different solutions to a problem within a single run, aiding the search for desirable solutions. Four different evolutionary algorithms were deployed in tasks illustrating the problem of reward tampering. The algorithms were designed with varying degrees of human expertise, measuring how human guidance influences the ability to discover trustworthy solutions. The results indicate that the algorithms’ ability to find and preserve trustworthy solutions is very dependent on preserving diversity during the search. Algorithms searching for behavioural diversity showed to be the most effective against reward tampering. Human expertise also showed to improve the certainty and quality of safe solutions, but even with only a minimal degree of human expertise, domain-independent diversity management was found to discover safe solutions.

Characterization of projective varieties beyond varieties of minimal degree and del Pezzo varieties

Varieties of minimal degree and del Pezzo varieties are basic objects in projective algebraic geometry. Those varieties have been characterized and classified for a long time in many aspects. Motivated by the question “which varieties are the most basic and simplest except the above two kinds of varieties in view of geometry and syzygies?”, we give an upper bound of the graded Betti numbers in the quadratic strand and characterize the extremal cases.The extremal varieties of dimension n, codimension e, and degree d are exactly characterized by the following two types:(i)Varieties with d=e+2, depthX=n, and Green-Lazarsfeld index a(X)=0,(ii)Arithmetically Cohen-Macaulay varieties with d=e+3. This is a generalization of G. Castelnuovo, G. Fano, and E. Park's results on the number of quadrics and an extension of the characterizations of varieties of minimal degree and del Pezzo varieties in view of linear syzygies of quadrics due to K. Han and S. Kwak ([6,8,30,16]).In addition, we show that every variety X that belongs to (i) or (ii) is always contained in a unique rational normal scroll Y as a divisor. Also, we describe the divisor class of X in Y.

Evaluation of moisture content of wheat (PBW 725) by using 766 keV thallium-204

The experiment was performed using beta radiation to estimate the water content (WC) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) having two nitrogen contents, i.e., 120 kgha−1 (N1) and 150 kgha−1 (N2), each at different irrigation regimes, i.e., irrigation at different stages of IW/CPE ratio 1.2 (I1), 0.9 (I2), and 0.6 (I3). Mass attenuation coefficient (μm) was used to evaluate WC and was more for dry leaves than for fresh leaves. The maximum WC was found in I2, followed by I1, and the minimum was in I3 for the both the nitrogen levels. It was shown that NI22 treatment would be the best management intervention for wheat crop because of the highest grain yield and minimal stress degree days. The radiation method is useful in WC estimation and can be effectively used in irrigation scheduling to conserve water.

Assessment of Pericardial Fat Volume and Carotid Intimal Thickness as Risk Factors for Developing Coronary Atherosclerosis Using Multi Detector Computed Tomography

Background The real visceral fat deposit of the heart is epicardial adipose tissue, which exists directly on the epicardial surface of the myocardium and is totally confined within the pericardial sac. Because the coronary arteries and their major branches are embedded in fat, local contact between a metabolically active epicardial adipose tissue and the coronary vasculature was possible. Carotid artery increased intimal thickness is the initial step within the process of atherosclerosis, which is a major cause of coronary and arterial diseases. Aim of the Work To study the relation between pericardial fat volume measurements in Multi and detector computed tomography ‘MDCT’ with carotid intima-media thickness in duplex study for detecting the risk of developing coronary atherosclerosis. Patients and Methods This retrospective study was carried out at the Radiodiagnosis department; Ain Shams University Hospitals (ASUH) during the period from January 2021 to June 2021 on 30 patients; their ages ranged from 37 to 78 years old, with a mean age of 60 years. Patients were either self-referred or referred by a physician to follow up or investigate CAD. All patients underwent coronary CT angiography. They were evaluated for: (I) Coronary calcium score. (II) Pericardial fat volume. (III) Degree of atherosclerosis, then a carotid duplex study was performed to determine the carotid intimal thickness. Results we demonstrated that pericardial fat volume MDCT has a positive, significant, strong correlation with CAD (P. Value <0.001). In our study, a Post-hoc Bonferroni test was done regarding the obtained data and found a significant difference between (Moderate and Severe) versus all groups. This means a significant difference between the moderate group with minimal or mild, and a significant difference between the severe group with minimal or mild. So it could be considered as a screening test at an early stage for any patient with different degrees of CAD. Conclusion Multi-detector CT and Carotid duplex examination were both considered good non-invasive tools for evaluation of PAT volume (mean for unremarkable to minimal degree, volume of about 94 ± 14.73 cm3) and CIMT (mean for unremarkable to minimal degree, thickness of about 0.67 ± 0.06 mm). Both were found to be significant and positively proportionately correlated risk factors for coronary atherosclerosis, so it is suggested that both tests be used as an evaluating/screening tool for any patient with suspected or confirmed CAD to assess risk and severity.

Clinical outcomes of coronary intravascular lithotripsy in patients with stent failure (COIL registry)

BackgroundIntravascular lithotripsy (IVL) has been demonstrated to be an effective treatment of calcified de novo coronary lesions. Safety data on the use of IVL within stented segments are lacking. We sought to evaluate the safety, feasibility, and long-term outcomes of IVL in patients with stent failure. MethodsThis was a retrospective multi-centre registry that included consecutive patients with stent failure who had undergone IVL treatment. The primary efficacy endpoint was procedural success defined as residual stenosis <30% (determined by quantitative coronary angiography analysis) in patients who survived hospital admission without in-hospital adverse events. Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) were defined as the composite endpoints of cardiovascular death, spontaneous myocardial infarction, and target vessel revascularisation at one-year follow up. Results102 patients were included in this study. Mean age was 73 ± 9 years and 81% were male. The duration from previous stent implantation and IVL treatment was 24 (interquartile range 7–76) months, of which 10.8% received IVL for acute under-expanded stent. IVL treatment allowed significant improvement in both minimal lumen diameter (1.14 ± 0.60 to 2.53 ± 0.59, P < 0.001) and degree of stenosis (66.8 ± 19.9 to 20.3 ± 11.3%, P < 0.001). The rate of procedural success was 78.4% (80/102 of patients). The one-year MACE was 15.7%. Ostial disease (HR 5.16; 95% CI 1.19 to 22.33; P = 0.028) and lesion length (HR 1.05; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.10; P = 0.010) were independently associated with one-year MACE. ConclusionsIn patients with stent failure, IVL is a safe and feasible treatment for this high-risk group.

Minimal degree, base size, order: selected topics on primitive permutation groups

In this survey article, we discuss the minimal degree, the base size, and the order of a finite primitive permutation group, along the lines of an article by Martin W. Liebeck.

On the minimal faithful degree of Rhodes semisimple semigroups

In this paper we compute the minimal degree of a faithful representation by partial transformations of a finite semigroup admitting a faithful completely reducible matrix representation over the field of complex numbers. This includes all inverse semigroups, and hence our results generalize earlier results of Easdown and Schein on the minimal faithful degree of an inverse semigroup. It also includes well-studied monoids like full matrix monoids over finite fields and the monoid of binary relations (i.e., matrices over the Boolean semiring). Our answer reduces the computation to considerations of permutation representations of maximal subgroups that are faithful when restricted to distinguished normal subgroups. This is analogous to (and inspired by) recent results of the second author on the minimal number of irreducible constituents in a faithful completely reducible complex matrix representation of a finite semigroup that admits one. To illustrate what happens when a finite semigroup does not admit a faithful completely reducible representation, we compute the minimal faithful degree of the opposite monoid of the full transformation monoid.

Regulation of Bacterial Biofilm Formation by Ultrasound: Role of Autoinducer-2 and Finite-Element Analysis of Acoustic Streaming

The formation of bacterial biofilm regulated by quorum sensing (QS) is a critical factor that contributes to infections of indwelling medical devices. Autoinducer-2 (AI-2), as a signal molecule in QS, plays a crucial role in mediating bacterial signaling and regulating their biological behavior. This study investigated the impact of ultrasonic vibration at varying frequencies on biofilm formation in a mixture of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. By exciting ultrasound at different frequencies (20, 100 and 200 kHz), a vibration with an amplitude of 100 nm was generated on the material surface located at the bottom of the petri dish containing mixed bacteria. We measured the content of AI-2 and bacteria in the mixed bacterial solution and bioburden on material surfaces at different time points during culture. In addition, the relationships among AI-2 content, bacterial concentration and distribution were assessed through finite-element analysis of acoustic streaming under ultrasonic vibration. The AI-2 gradient is influenced by the diversity of acoustic streaming patterns on the material surface and in the mixed bacterial solution caused by ultrasonic vibration at different frequencies, thereby regulating biofilm formation. The experimental results showed that the optimal inhibition effect on AI-2 and minimal bacterial adhesion degree was achieved when applying an ultrasonic frequency of 100 kHz with a power intensity of 46.1 mW/cm2 under an amplitude of 100 nm. Ultrasound can affect the QS system of bacteria, leading to alterations in their biological behavior. Different species of bacteria exhibit varying degrees of chemotaxis toward different frequencies.

Are open-source hydrodynamic models efficient in quantifying flood risks over mountainous terrains? An exhaustive analysis over the Hindu-Kush-Himalayan region

The Hindu-Kush-Himalaya is abode to numerous severely flood-prone mountainous stretches that distress vulnerable communities and cause massive destruction to physical entities such as hydropower projects. Adopting commercial flood models for replicating the dynamics of flood wave propagation over such regions is a major constraint due to the financial economics threaded to flood management. For the first instance, the present study attempts to investigate whether advanced open-source models are skillful in quantifying flood hazards and population exposure over mountainous terrains. While doing so, the performance of 1D-2D coupled HEC-RAS v6.3 (the most recent version developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers) is reconnoitred for the first time in flood management literature. The most flood-prone region in Bhutan, the Chamkhar Chhu River Basin, housing large groups of communities and airports near its floodplains, is considered. HEC-RAS v6.3 setups are corroborated by comparing them with 2010 flood imagery derived from MODIS through performance metrics. The results indicate a sizable portion of the central part of the basin experiences very-high flood hazards with depth and velocities exceeding 3 m, and 1.6 m/s, respectively, during 50, 100, and 200-year return periods of floods. To affirm HEC-RAS, the flood hazards are compared with TUFLOW at 1D and 1D-2D coupled levels. The hydrological similarity within the channel is reflected at river cross-sections (NSE and KGE > 0.98), while overland inundation and hazard statistics differ, however, very less significant (<10 %). Later, flood hazards extracted from HEC-RAS are fused with the World-Pop population to estimate the degree of population exposure. The study ascertains that HEC-RAS v6.3 is an efficacious option for flood risk mapping over geographically arduous regions and can be preferred in resource-constrained environments ensuring a minimal degree of anomaly.

Minimal degree rational open up mappings and related questions

We establish the existence and uniqueness of rational conformal maps of minimal degree \(n+1\) for opening up \(n\) arcs. In earlier results, the degree was exponential in \(n\). We also discuss two related problems. (a) We establish existence of rational functions of minimal degree with prescribed critical values, and show that the number of (suitably normalized) rational functions is given in terms of the Hurwitz numbers. (b) We consider the problem of finding rational functions of minimal degree with prescribed critical points, where we establish existence of solutions by considering certain polynomial equations, and where the number of normalized solutions is bounded from above by a Catalan number. We illustrate our results with two examples.

A two-stage MCDM model for reverse logistics network design of waste batteries in Turkey

Inadequate environmental resources and overpopulation reveal the need to protect and recover natural resources attentively. In this sense, the reverse logistics concept emerged as a key solution since it deals with product flow from the final user to the origin. There are various items that need to be considered in well-planned reverse logistics network designs and one of these items is batteries which include hazardous and precious materials in it. Hence, waste management of batteries via recycling becomes a very significant issue from both economic and environmental benefits. Accordingly, depending on the importance of the topic, a two-stage methodology is proposed in this study for providing a network design under multiple objectives. Within the first stage, the importance weights of objectives are obtained via Spherical Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (SF-AHP) and they are found as 0.248 for cost minimization, 0.3 for carbon emission minimization, 0.256 for employment rate maximization and 0.196 for development rate maximization. Afterward, in the second stage, a Multi-Objective Mixed Integer Linear Programming Model (MO-MILP) is developed to design the reverse logistics network and an application is performed in Turkey for validation. The model is solved for various scenarios including different quantities to be collected. Hence, it is obtained that the satisfaction degrees for employment and development objectives are 100% in all of the scenarios. However, the satisfaction degree of carbon emission minimization is around 96% and the less satisfied objective is the cost minimization having a satisfaction degree of 75% on average.

The value of DCE- MRI of the breast as a diagnostic tool in assessing amorphous calcifications in screening mammography.

To evaluate the diagnostic performance of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in differentiating benign and malignant amorphous calcifications. This study included 193 female patients with 197 suspicious amorphous calcifications detected on screening mammography. The patients' demographics, clinical follow-up, imaging, and pathology outcomes were reviewed, and sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of DCE-MRI were calculated. Of 197 lesions (193 patients) included in the study, 50 (25.4%) were histologically proved to be malignant. DCE-MRI based on breast imaging report and diagnosis system (BI-RADS) had a sensitivity of 94.4%, specificity of 85.7%, PPV of 69.1%, and NPV of 97.7% for the detection of malignant amorphous calcifications. Notably, diagnosis solely based on the presence or absence of DCE-MRI enhancement showed the same sensitivity but significantly decreased specificity (44.8%, p < 0.001) and PPV (44.8%, p < 0.001). In patients with a minimal or mild degree of background parenchymal enhancement (BPE), the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV increased to 100%, 90.6%, 78.6%, and 100%, respectively. However, in patients with a moderate degree of BPE, MRI resulted in three false negatives of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Overall, the addition of DCE-MRI detected all invasive lesions and could decrease unnecessary biopsy by 65.5%. DCE-MRI based on BI-RADS has the potential to improve the diagnosis of suspicious amorphous calcifications and avoid unnecessary biopsy, especially for those with low-degree BPE.

Minimal degree of an element of a number field with respect to its quadratic extension

Minimal degree of an element of a number field with respect to its quadratic extension

PD01-04 THE SPLASH ZONE - EFFICACY OF URETEROSCOPIC ADAPTERS IN CONTAINING HAZARDOUS LEAK

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 Apr 2023PD01-04 THE SPLASH ZONE - EFFICACY OF URETEROSCOPIC ADAPTERS IN CONTAINING HAZARDOUS LEAK Sami Mostafa, Vishnuvardhan Ganesan, William Fuell, Emily Turnquist, Deepak Agarwal, and Michael Borofsky Sami MostafaSami Mostafa More articles by this author , Vishnuvardhan GanesanVishnuvardhan Ganesan More articles by this author , William FuellWilliam Fuell More articles by this author , Emily TurnquistEmily Turnquist More articles by this author , Deepak AgarwalDeepak Agarwal More articles by this author , and Michael BorofskyMichael Borofsky More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000003218.04AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: There are a variety of ureteroscope adapters available to facilitate instrument passage while maintaining pressurized irrigation and preventing fluid loss. The potential for leakage from an adapter during a procedure is an occupational hazard for surgeons and OR assistants. We sought to evaluate the leakage potential of various ureteroscopic adapters. METHODS: Six different ureteroscopic adapters were assessed while performing ureteroscopy through a tissue-realistic kidney and ureter model at various levels of pressurized saline (gravity, 150 mmHg, 250 mmHg, Single Action Pumping System (SAPS) (Boston Scientific)). Adapters were first tested out of their initial package and then again after being punctured with an introducer and once more after insertion of a 1.5 Fr Stone Basket. Adjustable valves were opened and set to the most minimal degree to accommodate the basket. Leaking was classified as a drip (non-projectile leakage), a spray (small volume projectile leak), or a splash (large volume projectile leak). Hazardous spray was defined as any projectile leakage. UV fluorescent stain was instilled in the irrigation and utilized to measure the maximal spray distance from the surgeon. RESULTS: Leakage results are presented in Table 1. Only one valve demonstrated no leak under any simulated circumstance (Medtronic Piton). The Gyrus ABP adapter had the highest potential for splash even doing so at gravity. Maximal spray distance was 14.4 feet. Figure 1 demonstrates the effect on operators. CONCLUSIONS: Ureteroscope adapter leakage can be variable among adapters, surgeons should be aware of the hazardous potential for exposure. Source of Funding: None © 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 209Issue Supplement 4April 2023Page: e63 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Sami Mostafa More articles by this author Vishnuvardhan Ganesan More articles by this author William Fuell More articles by this author Emily Turnquist More articles by this author Deepak Agarwal More articles by this author Michael Borofsky More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

A Novel Approach for Simulation and Optimization of Rubber Vulcanization

The kinetic model, encompassing the curing and reversion phenomena of the NR/SBR rubber vulcanization process, was developed by means of the finite element method simultaneously with heat transfer equations, including heat generation due to curing reactions. The vulcanization simulation was conducted for three spheres of different diameters (1, 5 and 10 cm) and two rubber wheels, one of which was a commercial product of the rubber industry. The proposed advanced simulation model, based on products' two-dimensional axisymmetry, includes cooling after vulcanization, during which the crosslinking reactions continue to take place as a result of the products' heated interiors. As a criterion for removing the product from the mold, an average vulcanization degree of 0.9 was set, whereby, during cooling, the vulcanization degree increases, due to crosslinking reactions. Based on the minimal difference between the maximal and minimal vulcanization degrees, which did not exceed a value of 0.0142, the optimal process parameters for each product were determined, achieving homogeneity and obtaining high-quality rubber products, while simultaneously ensuring a more efficient vulcanization process and enhanced cost effectiveness for the rubber industry.

Minimal lensing solutions in the singular perturbative approach

ABSTRACT This paper analyses the properties of minimal solutions for the reconstruction of the lens potential in the singular perturbative approach. These minimal solutions corresponds to an expansion with a minimal degree in Fourier expansion of the perturbative fields. Using these minimal solutions prevent spurious physically meaningless terms in the reconstruction of the fields. In effect, a perturbative analysis indicates that a small change in the source model will corresponds to the higher order terms in the expansion of the fields. The results of the perturbative analysis are valid not only for slightly non-circular sources but also for more distorted sources to order two. It is, thus, of crucial importance to minimize the number of terms used in the modelling of the lens. Another important asset of the minimal solutions is that they offer a de-coupling between the source and lens model, and thus help to break the source lens degeneracy issue. The possible drawback of minimal solutions is to underestimate the higher order terms in the solution. However, this bias has its merit since the detection of higher order terms using this method will ensure that these terms are real. This type of analysis using minimal solutions will be of particular interest when considering the statistical analysis of a large number of lenses, especially in light of the incoming satellite surveys.

Piecewise dominant sequences and the cocenter of the cyclotomic quiver Hecke algebras

In this paper we study the cocenter of the cyclotomic quiver Hecke algebra $${\mathscr {R}}^\Lambda _\alpha $$ associated to an arbitrary symmetrizable Cartan matrix $$A=(a_{ij})_{{i,j}\in I}$$ , $$\Lambda \in P^+$$ and $$\alpha \in Q_n^+$$ . We introduce a notion called “piecewise dominant sequence” and use it to construct some explicit homogeneous elements which span the cocenter of $${\mathscr {R}}^\Lambda _\alpha $$ . Our first main result shows that the minimal (resp., maximal) degree component of the cocenter of $${\mathscr {R}}^\Lambda _\alpha $$ is spanned by the image of some KLR idempotent $$e(\nu )$$ (resp., some monomials $$Z(\nu )e(\nu )$$ on KLR $$x_k$$ and $$e(\nu )$$ generators), where each $$\nu \in I^\alpha $$ is piecewise dominant. As an application, we show that any weight space $$L(\Lambda )_{\Lambda -\alpha }$$ of the irreducible highest weight module $$L(\Lambda )$$ over $${\mathfrak {g}}(A)$$ is nonzero (equivalently, $${\mathscr {R}}_{\alpha }^{\Lambda }\ne 0$$ ) if and only if there exists a piecewise dominant sequence $$\nu \in I^\alpha $$ . Finally, we show that the Indecomposability Conjecture on $${\mathscr {R}}^\Lambda _\alpha (K)$$ holds if it holds when K is replaced by a field of characteristic 0. In particular, this implies $${\mathscr {R}}^\Lambda _\alpha (K)$$ is indecomposable when K is a field of arbitrary characteristic and $${\mathfrak {g}}$$ is symmetric and of finite type.

Decreasing the Crystallinity and Degree of Polymerization of Cellulose Increases Its Susceptibility to Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Fermentation by Colon Microbiota.

Cellulose can be isolated from various raw materials and agricultural side streams and might help to reduce the dietary fiber gap in our diets. However, the physiological benefits of cellulose upon ingestion are limited beyond providing fecal bulk. It is barely fermented by the microbiota in the human colon due to its crystalline character and high degree of polymerization. These properties make cellulose inaccessible to microbial cellulolytic enzymes in the colon. In this study, amorphized and depolymerized cellulose samples with an average degree of polymerization of less than 100 anhydroglucose units and a crystallinity index below 30% were made from microcrystalline cellulose using mechanical treatment and acid hydrolysis. This amorphized and depolymerized cellulose showed enhanced digestibility by a cellulase enzyme blend. Furthermore, the samples were fermented more extensively in batch fermentations using pooled human fecal microbiota, with minimal fermentation degrees up to 45% and a more than eight-fold increase in short-chain fatty acid production. While this enhanced fermentation turned out to be highly dependent on the microbial composition of the fecal pool, the potential of engineering cellulose properties to increased physiological benefit was demonstrated.

UNEXPECTED CURVES IN ℙ2, LINE ARRANGEMENTS, AND MINIMAL DEGREE OF JACOBIAN RELATIONS

We reformulate a fundamental result due to Cook, Harbourne, Migliore and Nagel on the existence and irreducibility of unexpected plane curves of a set of points Z in ℙ2, using the minimal degree of a Jacobian syzygy of the defining equation for the dual line arrangement 𝒜Z. Several applications of this new approach are given. In particular, we show that the irreducible unexpected quintics may occur only when the set Z has the cardinality equal to 11 or 12, and describe five cases where this happens.

Minimal Radiographic Mucosal Thickness or Opacification Criterion for Sinus-Specific Endoscopic Sinus Surgery for Chronic Rhinosinusitis.

Primary chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is typically a diffuse process and the extent of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) performed for medically recalcitrant CRS is impacted by many factors. However, some third-party payors have implemented policies to authorize coverage for ESS in a sinus-by-sinus manner based on a minimal measurement of millimeters of mucosal thickening or sinus opacification in the corresponding sinus that is being surgically addressed. Our objective was to determine whether such policies are based on scientific evidence that in patients with medically recalcitrant CRS, a minimum measurement of mucosal thickening or sinus opacification is a predictor of CRS in that sinus or improved outcomes after ESS on a sinus-by-sinus basis. Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, from inception through May 2022. A systematic review was performed. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. We identified 6070 abstracts which were screened and from which 112 studies ultimately underwent a full-text review. From these studies, we found that none investigated (or provided evidence of) whether any minimal degree of radiographic mucosal thickening or sinus opacification predicted CRS or better outcomes after ESS in a sinus-specific manner. We were unable to find evidence supporting a minimum millimeter measurement of mucosal thickening or sinus opacification as predictors of CRS or better post-ESS outcomes in a sinus-specific manner in patients with medically recalcitrant CRS. The extent of ESS for CRS should be determined through personalized medical decision-making that considers all patient-specific factors.