Minimum Criterion Research Articles

Status of Hypertension and its Determinants among Teachers in Tribhuvan University Campus, Kirtipur, Kathmandu

Background: Hypertension, often known as high blood pressure, is a crucial public health issue and an essential topic of study because of its high prevalence and being a vital exposure to cardiovascular diseases and other health consequences. Therefore, being both a standalone disease and a precursor to non-communicable illnesses, hypertension poses a global health menace.
 Objective: The study was conducted to investigate the status of hypertension and its associated risk factors among the teachers from Tribhuvan University Campus.
 Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional research study involved 247 teachers from TU central campus using stratified random sampling and both descriptive and inferential statistical analytical methods. Multinomial logistic regression model was employed to investigate the relationship between several variables and hypertension levels.
 Results: The fitted model, which had a classification accuracy of 67.2%, met the diagnostic test requirements for goodness of fit, multi-collinearity and minimal criteria of the model's use. Influential variables for pre-hypertension included interpersonal relationship, age group, gender, duration of service, smoking and physical activeness. For hypertension, significant variables encompassed job itself, interpersonal relationship, age group (45-50 years), gender, duration of service, smoking, tobacco use and physical activeness.
 Conclusion: It was observed that 37.7% of the respondents had hypertensive status, 30.3% were surpassing normotensive and 32.0% were pre-hypertensive. Teachers’ hypertension status was discovered to be influenced by a variety of sociodemographic, behavioral, clinical, and stress variables. Concerned authorities must pay close attention to this issue.

Pilot study to evaluate the need and implementation of a multifaceted nurse-led antimicrobial stewardship intervention in residential aged care.

To evaluate the need and feasibility of a nurse-led antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programme in two Australian residential aged care homes (RACHs) to inform a stepped-wedged, cluster randomized controlled trial (SW-cRCT). A mixed-methods pilot study of a nurse-led AMS programme was performed in two RACHs in Victoria, Australia (July-December 2019). The AMS programme comprised education, infection assessment and management guidelines, and documentation to support appropriate antimicrobial use in urinary, lower respiratory and skin/soft tissue infections. The programme was implemented over three phases: (i) pre-implementation education and integration (1 month); (ii) implementation of the intervention (3 months); and (iii) post-intervention evaluation (1 month). Baseline RACH and resident data and weekly infection and antimicrobial usage were collected and analysed descriptively to evaluate the need for AMS strategies. Feedback on intervention resources and implementation barriers were identified from semi-structured interviews, an online staff questionnaire and researcher field notes. Six key barriers to implementation of the intervention were identified and used to refine the intervention: aged care staffing and capacity; access to education; resistance to practice change; role of staff in AMS; leadership and ownership of the intervention at the RACH and organization level; and family expectations. A total of 61 antimicrobials were prescribed for 40 residents over the 3 month intervention. Overall, 48% of antibiotics did not meet minimum criteria for appropriate initiation (respiratory: 73%; urinary: 54%; skin/soft tissue: 0%). Several barriers and opportunities to improve implementation of AMS in RACHs were identified. Findings were used to inform a revised intervention to be evaluated in a larger SW-cRCT.

Weighted multi-error information entropy based you only look once network for underwater object detection

Underwater object detection is considered as one of the most challenging issues in computer vision. In this paper, a weighted multi-error information entropy based YOLO (You Only Look Once) network is proposed to address underwater illumination noise affecting the detection accuracy. First, underwater illumination is essentially structural and non-uniform, and it is modeled as an independent and piecewise identical distribution, which is a generic noise model to describe the complex underwater illuminating environment and accommodates the traditional Gaussian distribution as a special case. Second, assisted by the proposed illumination noise model, a minimum weighted error entropy criterion, which is an information-theoretic learning method, is introduced into the loss function of YOLO network, and then the network parameters are trained and optimized to improve the detection performance. Furthermore, a multi-error processing strategy is simultaneously used to handle vector errors during information back-propagation in order to accelerate convergence. Experiments on underwater object detection datasets including URPC2018, URPC2019 and Enhanced dataset, show the proposed weighted multi-error information entropy based YOLOv8 network gets mean average precision (MAP) of 88.7%, 91.8% and 96.7% respectively, and average frames per second (FPS) of 116.6. These two evaluation metrics are better than the baseline YOLOv8 and the existing advanced non-YOLO approaches by at least 5.2% and 5.3% respectively. The results verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed network for underwater object detection in complex underwater environment.

Systematic classification of aGUT models in five dimensions: the SU(N) kinship

Asymptotic Grand Unification theories (aGUTs) in five dimensions provide a valid alternative to standard quantitative unification. We define the pathway towards viable models starting from a general unified bulk gauge symmetry. Imposing the presence of ultra-violet fixed points for both gauge and Yukawa couplings strongly limits the possibilities. Within the SU(N) kinship, we identify and characterise only two realistic minimal models, both based on a bulk SU(6) symmetry. Both models feature the generation of either up or down-type Yukawas via gauge scalars, two Higgs doublets with build-in minimal flavour violation at low energies, and conservation of baryon number. We also propose interesting avenues beyond the minimality criterion.

PENERAPAN PENDEKATAN CULTURALLY RESPONSIVE TEACHING (CRT) MELALUI TEKS DRAMA “SULTAN SURIANSYAH”

This study aims to describe the implementation of learning literature to students in class 8C at SMPN 21 Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, applying the Culturally Responsive Teaching (CRT) approach to the drama text "Sultan Suriansyah". This study uses a qualitative method that produces descriptive data in the form of speech or writing and observes behavior of students. The results showed that learning begins with orientation, apperception, motivation, and giving references. Furthermore, the core activities carried out by educators through the CRT approach are self-identification, culturally understanding, collaboration, critical reflection, and transformative construction. The last part of the learning activities carried out by educators is in the form of reflection and follow-up plans. The assessment carried out is the cognitive assessment of students obtained from assignments in the form of text. Indicators for achieving competency 3.15.1 in the form of analyzing the intrinsic elements of the drama presented have been completed with a percentage of 96.7%. Indicators for achieving competency 3.15.2 in the form of analyzing the interrelationships between elements of the drama presented have been completed with a percentage of 60%. The affective value, in the form of self-confidence shows that the level of self-confidence of students has developed as expected, it is 93.4%. The attitude of responsibility shows that the level of responsibility of 56% of students has developed according to expectations and 43.3% has greatly developed. The attitude of cooperation shows that the level of cooperation of 66.7% of students has developed according to expectations and 33.3% has greatly developed. The psychomotor value, namely the ability to discuss students shows that 63.3% of students have achieved the minimum completeness criterion value. Likewise, the presentation skills of students showing 70% of students have achieved the minimum completeness criterion score of 70.

Robust adaptive filtering based on M-estimation-based minimum error entropy criterion

Renyi’s entropy, as a crucial similarity measure of information quantity, is the cornerstone of the minimum error entropy (MEE) criterion. However, the conventional MEE cost had to employ a computationally feasible estimator to approximate the error entropy directly from the data samples, which could be contaminated by large interference outliers, and the performance of MEE could deteriorate in the presence of complex non-Gaussian noises. To address this problem, utilizing the robust statistical properties of M-estimation, the M-estimators are introduced to the MEE criterion by down-weighting or discarding large error residuals; we can then proceed to obtain a more accurate Renyi’s-entropy estimator compared to the empirical form under the recalculated error distribution. This innovative approach could be simply implemented while ensuring great robustness. Therefore, a robust adaption criterion called the M-estimation-based minimum error entropy (MMEE), and its corresponding adaptive filtering algorithm are proposed that detect and bound the influence of outliers in non-Gaussian noise. In addition, the mean stability and steady-state performance of the proposed MMEE are evaluated, furthermore, we theoretically prove that the MMEE algorithm could achieve lower steady-state error than MEE under the same conditions. Simulation results verify our theoretical predictions, and demonstrate the superiority and robustness of the MMEE algorithm compared with several existing robust filtering algorithms for restraining various non-Gaussian noises.

Peningkatan Kemampuan Keterampilan Menulis Puisi dengan Memanfaatkan Media Audio Visual Siswa Kelas VII UPTD SMP Negeri 8 Gunungsitoli

This research was motivated by the fact that Indonesian language skills were still low or below average among class VII students at UPTD SMP Negeri 8 Gunungsitoli, especially the ability to write poetry. The purpose of this research is to measure the increase in poetry writing sills by utilizing audio visual media. The method used is a description method using a classroom action research (PTK) design. Based on hasti in the learning carried out by teachers, more than 75% of students got a score below the minimum criteria (KKM), namely 75. Seeing this condition, it is necessary to discuss the use of certain learning media to improve students abilities in learning poetry writing in class VII students at UPTD SMP Negeri 8 Gunungsitoli middle schools, the media chosen was audio visual media, the increase in students ability to write poetry can be seen in the result of the first cycle of research which obtained a total of 1.630 whit an average of 36 and 12 people were declared to have passed the KKM (75). In the second cycle the student’s ability to write poems after using the audio-visual media obtained an increase with several 2.380 with an average of 82, zelush cycle 1 and ll can be seen with several 150 and an average of 26. Based on this, awayang is categorized as complete in actus learning, has research 100%. After the research was carried out, it could be concluded that the use of visual audio media could improve the remaining abilities in writing putat

Validation of the cognitive section of the Penn computerized adaptive test for neurocognitive and clinical psychopathology assessment (CAT-CCNB)

BackgroundThe Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery is an efficient tool for assessing brain-behavior domains, and its efficiency was augmented via computerized adaptive testing (CAT). This battery requires validation in a separate sample to establish psychometric properties. MethodsIn a mixed community/clinical sample of N = 307 18-to-35-year-olds, we tested the relationships of the CAT tests with the full-form tests. We compared discriminability among recruitment groups (psychosis, mood, control) and examined how their scores relate to demographics. CAT-Full relationships were evaluated based on a minimum inter-test correlation of 0.70 or an inter-test correlation within at least 0.10 of the full-form correlation with a previous administration of the full battery. Differences in criterion relationships were tested via mixed models. ResultsMost tests (15/17) met the minimum criteria for replacing the full-form with the updated CAT version (mean r = 0.67; range = 0.53–0.80) when compared to relationships of the full-forms with previous administrations of the full-forms (mean r = 0.68; range = 0.50–0.85). Most (16/17) CAT-based relationships with diagnostics and other validity criteria were indistinguishable (interaction p > 0.05) from their full-form counterparts. ConclusionsThe updated CNB shows psychometric properties acceptable for research. The full-forms of some tests should be retained due to insufficient time savings to justify the loss in precision.

Stability of minimal surfaces in the sub-Riemannian manifold $\widetilde{E(2)}$

In the paper we study smooth oriented surfaces in the universal covering space of the group of orientation-preserving Euclidean plane isometries, which has a three-dimensional sub-Riemannian manifold structure. This structure is constructed as a restriction of the Euclidean metric on the group to some completely non-integrable left invariant distribution. The sub-Riemannian area of a surface is then defined as the integral of the length of its unit normal field projected orthogonally onto this distribution. We calculate the first variation formula of the sub-Riemannian surface area and derive the minimality criterion from it. Here we call a surface minimal if it is a critical point of the sub-Riemannian area functional under normal variations with compact support. We show that the minimality in this case is not equivalent to the vanishing of the sub-Riemannian mean curvature. We then prove that a Euclidean plane is minimal if and only if it is parallel or orthogonal to the $z$-axis (where the $z$-coordinate corresponds to the rotation angle of an isometry). Also we obtain the minimality condition for a graph and give examples of minimal graphs. The examples considered in the paper demonstrate, in particular, that the minimality of a surface in the Riemannian (in this case Euclidean) sense does not imply its sub-Riemannian minimality, and vice versa. Next, we consider the stability of minimal surfaces. For this purpose, we derive the second variation formula of the sub-Riemannian area and show with it that minimal Euclidean planes are stable. We introduce a class of surfaces for which the tangent planes are perpendicular to the planes of the sub-Riemannian structure, and call them vertical surfaces. In particular, for such surfaces the second variation formula is simplified significantly. Then we prove that complete connected vertical minimal surfaces are either Euclidean planes or helicoids and that helicoids are unstable. This implies a following Bernstein type result: a complete connected vertical minimal surface is stable if and only if it is a Euclidean plane orthogonal to the $z$-axis.

ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SARIMA AND SARIMAX MODEL IN FORECASTING MONTHLY AVERAGE RAINFALL IN KOGI STATE, NIGERIA

Forecasting monthly rainfall is very important in Kogi state for better approach to flood management and also plays a pivotal role in agriculture which remains a significant factor in Nigeria’s economy. Advanced time series univariate models such as Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) models are usually employed in modelling and forecasting rainfall in Nigeria due to their non-linear pattern and spatiotemporal variation. Few studies have attempted to investigate the influence of other climatic factors in modelling and prediction of rainfall pattern. This study examines the performance of a univariate seasonal ARIMA and seasonal ARIMA which uses monthly temperature and relative humidity as exogenous factors otherwise known as SARIMAX model in forecasting monthly average rainfall in Lokoja, the capital of Kogi state. The study uses monthly data on rainfall, temperature and relative humidity spanning from 2010 to 2022 obtained from Nigeria Meteorological Agency NiMet, Lokoja station. The series were appropriately differenced to attain stationarity. The plots of autocorrelation function (ACF) and partial autocorrelation function (PACF) were used to select some tentative models whose parameters would be estimated. The most suitable SARIMA model [SARIMA was chosen based on maximum Coefficient of Determination , and the minimum Akaike information criterion (AIC). However, SARIMAX model outperformed SARIMA model based on the criteria earlier highlighted. SARIMAX model was therefore recommended for modelling and forecasting monthly average rainfall in Kogi state.

Experiencing the physical and psychosocial aspects in a multi-bedded room in an oncology ward in the Netherlands before the COVID-19 pandemic

PurposeUntil now, it is not clear whether there are differences in patient perception between multi-bedded rooms with two and four beds. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the physical (i.e. room type) and psychosocial (i.e. kindness of roommates and extraversion) aspects on the patients’ experience (i.e. pleasantness of the room, anxiety, sleep quality) in multi-bedded rooms in an oncology ward.Design/methodology/approachA group of 84 hospitalized oncology patients completed a questionnaire on the day of departure. Room types were categorized into two groups: two-person and four-person rooms.FindingsMultivariate logistic regression analyses with the minimum Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) showed no direct main effects of room type (two vs. four-person room), kindness of roommates and extraversion on pleasantness of the room, anxiety and sleep quality. However, the authors found an interaction effect between room type and extraversion on pleasantness of the room. Patients who score relatively high in extraversion rated the room as more pleasant when they stayed in a four-person rather than a two-person room. For patients relatively low in extraversion, room type was not related to pleasantness of the room.Practical implicationsThe findings allow hospitals to better understand individual differences in patient experiences. Hospitals should inform patients about the benefits of the different room types and potential influences of personality (extraversion) so patients are empowered and can benefit from autonomy and the most appropriate place.Originality/valueThis study emphasizes the importance of including four-person rooms in an oncology ward, while new hospital facility layouts mainly include single-bed rooms.

Grain-level effects on in-situ deformation-induced phase transformations in a complex-phase steel using 3DXRD and EBSD

A novel complex-phase steel alloy is conceived with a deliberately unstable austenite, γ, phase that enables the deformation-induced martensitic transformations (DIMT) to be explored at low levels of plastic strain. The DIMT was thus explored, in-situ and non-destructively, using both far-field Three-Dimensional X-ray Diffraction (3DXRD) and Electron Back-Scatter Diffraction (EBSD). Substantial α′ martensite formation was observed under 10% applied strain with EBSD, and many ɛ grain formation events were captured with 3DXRD, indicative of the indirect transformation of martensite via the reaction γ→ɛ→α′. Using ɛ grain formation as a direct measurement of γ grain stability, the influence of several microstructural properties, such as grain size, orientation and neighbourhood configuration, on γ stability have been identified. Larger γ grains were found to be less stable than smaller grains. Any γ grains oriented with {100} parallel to the loading direction preferentially transformed with lower stresses. Parent ɛ-forming γ grains possessed a neighbourhood with increased ferritic/martensitic volume fraction. This finding shows, unambiguously, that the nearby presence of α and α′ promotes ɛ formation in neighbouring grains. The minimum strain work criterion model for ɛ variant prediction was also evaluated, which worked well for most grains. However, ɛ-forming grains with a lower stress were less well predicted by the model, indicating crystal-level behaviour must be considered for accurate ɛ formation. The findings from this work are considered key for the future design of alloys where the deformation response can be controlled by tailoring microstructure and local or macroscopic crystal orientations.

Vector Approximate Message Passing Based OFDM-IM Detection for Underwater Acoustic Communications.

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with index modulation (OFDM-IM) has great potential for the implementation of high spectral-efficiency underwater acoustic (UWA) communications. However, general receivers consisting of the optimal maximum likelihood detection suffer from high computational load, which prohibits real-time data transmissions in underwater scenarios. In this paper, we propose a detection based on a vector approximate message passing (VAMP) algorithm for UWA OFDM-IM communications. Firstly, a VAMP framework with a non-loopy factor graph for index detection is formulated. Secondly, by utilizing the sparsity inherently existing in OFDM-IM symbols, a novel shrinkage function is derived based on the minimum mean square error criterion, which guarantees better posterior estimation. To reduce the errors from estimated non-existing indices, one trick is utilized to search the elements from the look-up table with the minimal Euclidean distance for the replacement of erroneously estimated indices. Experiments verify the advantages of the proposed detector in terms of low complexity, robustness and effectiveness compared with the state-of-art benchmarks.

A minimum entropy criterion for distribution selection for measurement uncertainty analysis

This paper presents a minimum entropy criterion for selecting the best probability distribution among a set of candidate distributions based on available information for measurement uncertainty analysis. We consider two cases that are most commonly encountered in practice: A and B. In Case A, the available information is a series of observations. In Case B, the available information is the maximum permissible error according to manufacturer’s specification. Three candidate distributions are considered in Case A: the scaled and shifted z-distribution (i.e. normal distribution), the scaled and shifted t-distribution, and the Laplace distribution. Five candidate distributions are considered in Case B: rectangular, triangular, quadratic, raised cosine, and half-cosine. According to the proposed minimum entropy criterion, the scaled and shifted z-distribution is the best distribution in Case A, and the raised cosine distribution is the best distribution in Case B. A case study is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed minimum entropy criterion.

Sparse kernel affine projection algorithm based post-distortion scheme using minimum symbol error rate criterion in visible light communication systems

Due to the capability of supporting high-speed data communication with low energy cost, visible light communication has emerged as a promising supplement to radio frequency communications. However, the inherent nonlinearity caused by the light emitting diode could distort the signal, and thus posing a challenging problem for the system performance. In order to mitigate the nonlinear effect, reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces based schemes are recently investigated, where the minimum symbol error rate (MSER) criterion is proposed as a more suitable criterion compared to the commonly used minimum mean square error (MMSE), since MSER directly optimizes the symbol error rate. In this paper, we present a new post-distortion scheme by exploiting the MSER criterion based kernel affine projection algorithm to combat the signal distortion. In addition, to avoid the linearly increased computational complexity, the surprise criterion is introduced for sparsification. Simulations are carried out to validate the performance, and the numerical results show that the proposed method can obtain remarkable performance improvement over the available algorithms.

Remediation of Lead and Cadmium Contaminated Soil Using Lime with Nanosolicamaterials

Soil contamination by heavy metals significantly damages the environment, human health, plants, and animals, which has become a burning issue recently. The presence of contaminated soils due to industrials and mining activities is a major concern in today’s heavily industrialized world. With the rapid development of society, more and more soils are polluted by heavy metals, which leads to a change in soil engineering properties. Several types of technology have long been in use to remedy the heavy metal-contaminated soil. Among them, solidification and stabilization have been widely adopted. In engineering practice, engineers usually use additives to solidify and stabilize (s/s) heavy metal-contaminated soils. Solidification and Stabilization is an economic and effective technology in the remediation of contaminated soil by heavy metals, as well as sludge and sediment. The main purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of (nanomaterial materials) on the remediation of contaminated soil by the (S/S) technique. The soil was polluted with (2000 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg) of Lead and Cadmium respectively by using Lead and Cadmium nitrates. The Pb and Cd- impacted soil was remediation using rich silicon materials of (nano-silica ) as an alternative cementitious material, and replaced with contaminated soil at (3, 5, and 7%) respectively with (5% and 10%) Lime. Nanosilica was prepared from plant extracts. The binder performance was analyzed by using unconfined compressive strength ( UCS) on the solidified soil at three curing times which were 7, 14, and 28 days. TCLP was also applied to investigate the treatment degree of solidified soil for the specimens within 28 days. The result of (UCS) indicated development in strength with curing day for all binders and proved that all mix ratios exceed the minimum Criteria of landfill disposal which is 340 kPa (0.34 N/mm2). It also showed increases in strength with using nano-silica with a lime binder. The result of the leaching test for the stabilized soil after 28 days of curing, showed a reduction in lead and cadmium leaching rate for all binders, below the EPA lead leachability limit of 5 mg/l and cadmium 1 mg/l. The results showed that the sample SH2N5L10 after 28 days is the best percentage for decreasing the leaching rate of lead and cadmium, as it reached (1.4 mg /l and 0.012 mg/l) respectively with the highest compressive strength of 4852 Kpa.

Somatotype Analysis of International Football Players with Cerebral Palsy: A Comparison with Non-Disabled Football Players.

Football for people with cerebral palsy is a para-sport involving ambulant athletes with impairments, such as hypertonia, ataxia, or athetosis. The objective of the present study was to describe the somatotype of a representative sample of international football players according to different functional profiles of cerebral palsy, including spastic diparesis, athetosis/ataxia, spastic hemiparesis, and minimum impairment criteria, and to compare it with non-disabled football players. A total of 144 international para-footballers and 39 non-disabled footballers participated in the study, and their somatotype was calculated using anthropometric measurements. A Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the groups to determine and assess the differences between the different functional profiles, and the analysis of anthropometric variables and body composition showed no differences. Regarding somatotype, a predominance of the mesomorphic component was observed in all subgroups, and differences in somatotype were also found between non-disabled footballers and para-footballers with spastic hemiparesis and minimum impairment criteria. This study suggests that there may be a degree of homogeneity in terms of somatotype among footballers with or without physical impairments, such as hypertonia, athetosis, or ataxia. Furthermore, it provides reference values of international-level para-football players for the different sport classes, which can help coaches and trainers monitor athletes' physical conditions.

A Novel Approach for High-Precision Evaluation of Sphericity Errors Using Computational Geometric Method and Differential Evolution Algorithm

The sphericity error is a critical form and position tolerance for spheres. We explored the distribution of sphericity errors within the solution space to achieve a high-precision evaluation using the minimum zone criteria. Within local solution spaces, we propose treating the evaluation of sphericity errors as a unimodal function optimization task. And computational geometric methods are employed to achieve highly accurate solutions within the local solution spaces. Subsequently, we integrated the computational geometric method with the differential evolution algorithm (DE algorithm). By centering on individual population members of the DE algorithm, we partitioned the local solution spaces and utilized the best solutions within them to optimize the population. With the gradual convergence of the DE algorithm, we successfully achieved the high-precision resolution of sphericity errors. The experimental results demonstrate a significant order-of-magnitude improvement in precision compared to traditional algorithms in the field of sphericity error evaluation, with uncertainty levels reaching magnitudes of 10−14 mm. Moreover, this method enhances the accuracy of sphericity error evaluation by approximately 10% for three-coordinate measuring machines. Additionally, we conducted ablation experiments to validate the effectiveness of the proposed computational geometric method. In summary, this approach enables the high-precision evaluation of sphericity errors and provides a practical methodology for applying ultra-precision spheres in precision engineering.

Sequential fusion filtering based on minimum error entropy criterion

According to the minimum error entropy (MEE) criterion in information theory learning (ITL), the fusion filtering problem of non-Gaussian system is studied in this paper. Combined with the advantages of sequential fusion filtering (SFF) in dealing with asynchronous sampling and communication delay, two SFF algorithms are designed under MEE criterion. Firstly, the non-Gaussian multi-sensor system is transformed into a group of non-Gaussian single sensor subsystems. Then, by solving the optimal solution of the cost function corresponding to each subsystem, a set of fixed-point equations relating to the subsystems state is obtained. By using the strategies of global iteration and independent iteration to solve the fixed-point equations, two SFF algorithms based on the MEE criterion are designed, respectively. In addition, the performance including the computational complexity, the correlation between two iteration algorithms and their convergence is analyzed. Finally, simulation results indicate that the proposed SFF methods can effectively deal with the state estimation problem of non-Gaussian multi-sensor system, and can achieve similar fusion filtering accuracy.

IMPROVING LEARNING OUTCOMES BY APPLYING EXPERIMENTAL METHODS AND USING PROSPEROUS MEDIA IN THE SCIENCE SUBJECT CONCERNING THE PROPERTIES OF SOUND IN CLASS IV UPTD SDN 016547 TELUK

Science learning outcomes in material on the properties of sound in class IV elementary school are low, which is marked by a score below the KKM. To improve learning outcomes, teachers need to make efforts to use teaching aids as media. This research uses a PTK approach which goes through 4 stages, including planning, and implementation. observation and reflection. The research was carried out through 2 cycles where the results of the research showed that the average score for students in the first cycle was an average class score of 60.5 and 7 students who reached the KKM out of 20 students were categorized as still, it could not be said to have met the minimum completeness criteria, this was because Due to non-optimal learning activities, only 30% were completed, so it was necessary to carry out learning in cycle II. The final results showed that in cycle II with an average class score of 80.5 or 17 students had reached the KKM. Of the 20 students, they were categorized as reaching 85 % completed. Therefore, it can be concluded that there has been an increase in science learning outcomes at UPTD SDN 016547 Teluk Dalam, Teluk Dalam District, Asahan Regency for the 2023/2024 academic year using the experimental method using teaching aids.
 Experimental Methods, Learning Outcomes, Science Subjects.