Mineral Water Research Articles

Enchasing Production Planning and Inventory Management : A Quantitative Approachto Forecasting for Bottled Mineral Water Products at PT Arima

PT Arima is a company engaged in the production of bottled mineral water. The demand for bottled mineral water is experiencing fluctuations, with demand increasing at the end, so companies must carry out optimal production planning to avoid stock buildup. Production planning at PT Arima is carried out by identifying demand levels using quantitative forecasting methods, namely moving average (n = 3) and exponential smoothing (α = 0.05) to maintain optimal production levels and stock in the warehouse does not accumulate. The results of processing the level of forecasting accuracy using 12 months of demand data obtained using the moving average method showed that the production level = 39,733 boxes in January 2024. MAD = 3733.22; MSE = 21566024.78 and MAPE = 0.10. Based on the exponential smoothing method, the production level = 38,081 boxes in January 2024. MAD = 5773.50; MSE = 43466303 and MAPE = 0.15. Based on the results of comparing the MAPE values ​​of the two forecasting methods, the lowest MAPE value was obtained, namely the average method (n=3) of 0.10 with the production level of bottled mineral water to maintain optimal supply conditions in January 2024 of 39,733 boxes.

ФІНАНСОВИЙ АНАЛІЗ ІННОВАЦІЙНО ОРІЄНТОВАНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ АГРОПРОДОВОЛЬЧИХ СОЦІАЛЬНО-ЕКОНОМІЧНИХ СИСТЕМ В УМОВАХ РИНКОВОГО ЦІНОУТВОРЕННЯ

The following trends characterize the economic development of innovatively oriented enterprises of agri-food socio-economic systems in the conditions of market pricing: there is an increase in the overall production of food products, beverages and tobacco products, in particular pork,poultry and canned goods from them, vegetables, sunflower oil, liquid milk, cereals, non-carbonated mineral water, cigarettes; growth per person. In Ukraine, the production of the following food products and beverages increased: pork and poultry meat, canned vegetables, sunflower oil, liquid milk, butter, and non-carbonated mineral water. At the same time, there was a reduction in the production of sausage products, certain fruit products, margarine, cheese, certain dairy products, flour, bread, flour products, chocolate, confectionery, and beverages. There is a decrease per capita in the production of such food products and beverages in Ukraine as sausages, juices, some other fruit products, margarine, cheese, certain dairy products, bread and bakery products, chocolate, sugar confectionery, carbonated mineral water, beverages non-alcoholic; growth of wholesale turnover of food products and the share of sales of domestic food products with a simultaneous reduction in the specific weight of food in the structure of wholesale turnover. There was a decrease in the volume of retail sales of certain food product groups, in particular, such as: meat and meat products, butter, vegetable oils, cheese, eggs, confectionery, tea, flour, bakery and pasta products, potatoes, vegetables, fruits , berries, grapes; positive dynamics of retail turnover of food products, which is obviously related to the dynamics of solvent demand of the population. We also observe an increase in the specific share of products of vegetable and animal origin, live animals, fats and oil in the structure of the state's exports, while the share of ready-made food products decreases. In general, the volume of food exports increased; the specific weight of ready-made food products, products of plant origin, fats and oils in the structure of national imports increased, while the share of live animals and products of animal origin decreased at the same time

Natural mineral spring water (hora) and surrounding soils in southwestern Ethiopia: farmers’ feeding practices and their perception about its nutritional roles on animal performance

Natural mineral water (termed hora in Afan Oromo) and surrounding soils are the most important source of mineral supplement traditionally used for livestock in many parts of Ethiopia. However, limited information exists on feeding practices and the impact of hora on animal performance. Thus, the present study aimed to assess farmers' feeding practices and perceptions about the role of hora and surrounding soils on animal performance. Data were collected from 385 households in four districts (Bedele, Dabo, Gechi and Boracha) through face-to-face interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire with the help of the KoboCollect application. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26. The majority (72.3 %) of respondents reported hora as an important source of mineral supplement for livestock. About 78.1 % of respondents in Boracha routinely supplement their animals compared with farmers from other districts. Large ruminants were given first priority in supplementation with hora compared to other livestock. Interviewed farmers trekked their animals a distance of 6.5 ± 0.2 km to access hora twice a year during the dry season. The majority of the farmers (68.1 %) believed that hora supplementation improved animal performance, while 35.1 % noted negative impacts such as abortions, birth defects, delayed puberty, decreased conception rates and paralysis due to excessive consumption. This study underscores the perceived importance of hora as a natural source of mineral supplementation for livestock health and productivity. It emphasizes the need for improved management and conservation practices to ensure sustainable utilisation and mitigate negative impacts associated with excessive consumption. Moreover, to validate local farmers' perceptions regarding the importance of hora mineral water in animal nutrition and health, further research is needed to determine mineral composition of hora and livestock responses under controlled feeding trials.

Sustainability marketing when introducing a new product to the market

Methods. The study of the problems of marketing development was based on the conceptual foundations of the theory of sustainability marketing. As methodological approaches, SNW-analysis was used – for the purpose of researching the factors of the marketing environment, BCG matrix – for the analysis of product potential. Specific tools of scientific research were used: statistical methods – to demonstrate the dynamics of financial and economic indicators of the enterprise's activity; comparison – when comparing the prices of commodity products. Results. There are analyzed the marketing activities of a large company, a leader in the mineral water market, a part of a large corporation IDS Group Ukraine, a well-known trademark «Morshynska». The analysis of the internal environment of the enterprise, in particular, the SNWanalysis for TM «Morshynska» is carried out. It is determined that the growth of awareness of ecology and sustainable development can stimulate demand for environmentally friendly products, including mineral water. It is determined that sustainability marketing is the formation of heterogeneous demand on the basis of sustainability and care for the environment, long-term prospects for the development of society. The focus of the enterprise's marketing strategy on eco-standards of products, as well as the expansion of the manufacturer's range, is very reasonable. Novelty. Based on the results of the analysis, it is determined that the enterprise PJSC MZMV «OSCAR» should use a diversification strategy to open a new direction of its products – «green marketing». Practical value. The conducted analysis allows to improve the management of marketing activities of manufacturing enterprises in the plane of sustainable development.

Effects of dietary nitrate supplementation on markers of oral health: A systematic review

The oral cavity is a vital part of the digestive system. Poor oral health can impact an individual’s ability to eat and has been associated with increased risk of non-communicable diseases and reduced longevity. Conversely, positive oral health has been associated with improved cardiometabolic, cognitive and systemic health and greater longevity. Consumption of dietary nitrate, which is processed in the mouth into nitrite, and is subsequently converted into nitric oxide (NO) in the body (1), has been demonstrated to reduce blood pressure, improve endothelial function, and enhance exercise performance. Interestingly, recent studies suggest that nitrate consumption could also positively modulate markers of oral health (2). To our knowledge, no systematic review has been published examining the effect of inorganic dietary nitrate on oral health. However, this could be valuable to summarise current state of the knowledge, identify effect modifiers and highlight gaps for future research. Therefore, this systematic review aims to investigate the effects of dietary nitrate supplements on markers of oral health in vivo in randomised controlled trials (RCTs).This study was pre-registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023411159). Five databases (PubMed, The Cochrane Library, CINAHL, MEDLINE, and SPORTDiscus) were searched from inception until March 2023 to identify studies that met the following criteria: adult participants (≥ 18 years) and RCTs investigating the effects of oral dietary nitrate versus placebo on markers of oral health. A narrative synthesis of data was conducted. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool.Nine articles reporting data on 284 participants were included. Nitrate was provided via beetroot juice (six studies), a beetroot-derived supplement dissolved in mineral water (one study), and lettuce juice (two studies). The duration of the interventions ranged from one day to a maximum of six weeks. Dietary nitrate supplementation increased the relative abundance of several individual bacterial genera including Neisseria (increased in three studies) and Rothia (increased in three studies). Dietary nitrate supplementation increased salivary pH (increased in two studies) and decreased salivary acidification resulting from the consumption of a sugar-sweetened beverage (decreased in two studies). Furthermore, dietary nitrate supplementation resulted in a decrease in the gingival inflammation index in one study. Overall, the risk of bias in studies was mixed. One study had a low risk of bias, while the rest were rated as having some concerns. No study was considered to have a high risk of bias.The results show that dietary nitrate is a potential nutritional strategy that can potentially benefit oral health by modifying the oral microbiome, altering salivary pH, and minimising gingival inflammation.

Monitoring air fluxes in caves using digital flow metres

Precise measurements of airflow within caves are increasingly demanded to assess heat and mass transfers and their impacts on the karst environment, including subsurface ecosystems, hydrochemistry of karst water and secondary mineral precipitates. In this study, we introduce a new, low-cost and lightweight device adapted to monitoring air fluxes in caves which addresses the need for reliable measurements, low power consumption, durability and affordability. The device was calibrated in a wind tunnel, showing the high accuracy and precision of the device. Field-related uncertainties were further investigated in a ventilated cave to determine the effect of local airflow conditions on the inferred mass flux. Comparing measured values with a 3-D air velocity distribution modelled on a surveyed cave section suggests that most of the uncertainties in estimating the airflow result from the relative position of the instrument in the streamlines rather than from the accuracy of the device.

Kano Model for Enhancing Business Strategy Through Customer Preference Analysis: A Case Study of Packaged Mineral Water Bottles

Kano Model for Enhancing Business Strategy Through Customer Preference Analysis: A Case Study of Packaged Mineral Water Bottles

Origin of Mineral Water in Heicigou of Northern Slope of Eastern Kunlun Mountains

Origin of Mineral Water in Heicigou of Northern Slope of Eastern Kunlun Mountains

Новые погребальные комплексы сарматского времени из кургана на Кавказских Минеральных Водах

In 2010, the expedition of the Nasledie State Unitary Enterprise (Stavropol) conducted archaeological excavations on the territory of the Caucasian Mineral Waters and excavated the kurgan 1 of the Voniuchka-1 kurgan cemetery near the city of Pyatigorsk. The kurgan originated in the Eneolithic era; its construction and use as a cemetery continued up to the Early and Middle Bronze Ages. The most extensive changes in the kurgan are associated with the North Caucasian archaeological culture. The Sarmatian burials of the early Iron Age became the final ones in the kurgan; this study is devoted to their material publication and analysis. Single burials and grave goods (probably the remains of a funeral feast) were compactly located in the central part of the kurgan. The burial rite and the inventory are described in detail and examined in the system of both chronologically close Sarmatian newcomers and Pre-Caucasus aboriginal monuments. In general, the funeral rite of the published burials is quite uniform and corresponds to the canons of the pre-Caucasian Sarmatian kurgans. The burials and the cluster are chronologically close to each other, and the inventory found in them has numerous analogies among the synchronous sites of the Pre-Caucasus. At the same time, some details of the funeral rite, in particular the discovery of three left front legs of sheep in two burials, together with a number of other facts, indicate a kinship relationship between the buried. The Sarmatian burials in kurgan 1 of the Voniuchka-1 cemetery can be considered a small ancestral cemetery created, most likely, during the lifetime of one generation. The general dating of the burials and the accompanying funeral feast fits into the framework of the 3rd (possibly 2nd) – 1st centuries BC. There is a high probability of their connection with the Sirak tribal union, and this cemetery is located on the southern border of the territory occupied by it.

Simple and solvent-free synthesis of Zeolitic Tetrazole Framework based MOF for selective and sensitive electroanalysis of silver ions in drinking water

Human silver poisoning through water consumption constitutes a real public health concern nowadays. Thus, the development of sensitive, accurate and low-cost tools for silver ions (Ag+) determination in drinking water would significantly help in facing this great challenge. Herein, a cost effective and eco-friendly material namely Zeolitic Tetrazole Framework (ZTF-8) was synthesized and used as electrode material for Ag+ ions electroanalysis. XRD, FT-IR, TGA, XPS and FE-SEM were utilized to evidence the successful synthesis of the electrode material. Electrochemical characterization of the associated sensor revealed its good affinity towards Ag+ ions as well as the satisfactory repeatability and reproducibility of the obtained results. The sensor optimization showed that to achieve its best performance, 3 μL of ZTF-8 suspension, 1 mg/mL should be utilized for its fabrication. Given that the sensing mechanism was based on the deposition of Ag0 on the sensor surface followed by their redissolution, the sensor optimization also revealed that the optimal deposition potential and time are −0.1 V vs. SCE and 200 s, respectively. Calibrated in concentration range of 0.2 to 1.6 µM, the prepared sensor exhibited a linear relationship (0.997) with a sensitivity of (0.56 ± 0.01) µA/µM; the statistic limit of detection was found to be 0.9 nM. Moreover, the fabricated sensor showed great potential for real samples analysis and satisfactory recoveries in mineral water, tap water, water obtained from a reverse osmosis plant and in an AAS standard solution. Furthermore, obtained results were validated using FAAS and ICP-OES.

Bacterial diversity of mineral well water from ten sources belonging to the Guarani aquifer system: Assessment by cultivation-dependent and cultivation-independent methods and their correlation with water physicochemical properties

Mineral water must be safe for consumption. The study aimed to assess the bacterial diversity of mineral water samples collected directly from extraction wells through both cultivation-dependent and cultivation-independent analysis and their correlation with physicochemical properties. The physicochemical characterization included the analysis of 40 different minerals and parameters such as pH, conductivity, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity (PSU), and temperature (T). For the cultivation-dependent analysis, the counts included heterotrophic bacteria at 22 and 36 °C, total coliforms (TC), Escherichia coli (EC), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PSA). The cultivation-independent analysis comprised 16 S rRNA metataxonomic data analysis. The pH of the mineral water samples at wells ranged from 5.02 to 6.73 (non-dimensional), conductivity ranged from 20 to 174 μS/cm, ORP varied between 3.1 and 289 mV, TDS ranged from 10 to 87 mg/L, PSU ranged from 0.01 to 0.08 (non-dimensional), and the temperature range was between 19 and 22 °C. The results revealed counts of PSA in the mineral water samples from wells P-01 and P-02, with an average of 0.18 log CFU/250 mL. The samples from well P-09 exhibited average counts of EC at 0.40 log CFU/250 mL (0.5 SD) and TC at 1.00 log CFU/250 mL (0.0 SD). At 36 °C, the heterotrophic bacterial counts in mineral water samples from all wells were <1.0 log CFU/mL. However, at 22 °C, the samples from wells P-01, P-03, and P-04 showed average heterotrophic bacterial counts of 1.11 log (0.03 SD), 1.61 log (0.09 SD), and 1.30 log (0.02 SD) CFU/mL, respectively. The microbiota varied among the analyzed wells, indicating different microbial community profiles likely influenced by the soil microbiota rather than the physicochemical parameters of the well water samples.

Detection of milk adulteration using coffee ring effect and convolutional neural network

A low-cost and effective method is reported to identify water and synthetic milk adulteration of cow’s milk using coffee ring patterns. The cow’s milk samples were diluted with tap water (TW), distilled water (DW) and mineral water (MW) and drop cast onto glass slides to observe coffee ring patterns. The area of the ring, total particle area and average particle diameter were extracted from these patterns. For each ring, the ratio of total particle area versus total ring area was calculated. The area ratio, regardless of water adulterants, follows an exponential model with respect to average particle diameter. Unlike TW, the ratio for DW and MW adulterated milk are clustered and classified together with respect to the particle diameter. These results were independent of dilution level and are used for adulterant classification. The ring of milk adulterated using synthetic milk gave multiple concentric rings, flower-like structures, and oil globules throughout the dilution level. An Alexnet model was used to classify water and synthetic milk adulterants in authentic milk. The trained model could achieve 96.7% and 95.8% accuracy for binary and tertiary classification respectively. These results enable us to distinguish synthetic milk from pure milk and segregate DW and MW with respect to TW adulterated milk.

Spring water monitoring in the Upper Harz Mountains: Precipitation, runoff and specific electrical conductivity

Due to extreme weather events and deforestation the physical and chemical characteristics of watersheds in mountain areas could exceed the known variations. Therefore, the spring water of the Innerste river in the Western Harz Mountains (Germany) was monitored from 2020 to 2023. The monitoring approach is simple and can be directly transferred to other watersheds of springs which are connected to the meteoric water cycle.The specific electrical conductivity (SEC) of the water is compared to daily precipitation data. The SEC values range between 50 and 100 μS/cm. In September 2020 and July 2022 the spring dried out. A hysteretic relationship between spring runoff and spring water mineralisation was found. The SEC values of the spring water are rising during dry periods or in winter seasons with a long ice cover in the catchment area. The highest SEC values are typical for long dry periods and flush events after the drying out of the spring. The relationship of SEC and major ions of the spring water (especially bicarbonate) indicates that biogeochemical processes within the soil zone and water-rock interactions in fractured shales and greywackes of the catchment area control the chemical composition of the spring water. Comparing the obtained results with data measured before the first observed drying out of the spring, no unexpected new values and correlations of runoff, SEC values and ion concentrations were found.

Beverage Consumption and Factors Influencing the Choice of Beverages among Polish Children Aged 11-13 Years in 2018-2023.

Adequate hydration is essential for good health, and an individual's hydration status is determined by the quantity and type of ingested fluids. The aim of the present study was to determine the hydration status of school-age children and evaluate changes in the type and quantity of consumed beverages between 2018 and 2023. The study was conducted in two stages between 2018 and 2023, and a total of 1030 fully completed questionnaires were returned by the children and their parents. A comparison of the parents' responses regarding factors that affect beverage choices revealed that beverage composition was more significant for the parents in 2023 than in 2018, whereas health-promoting properties were significant for only less than 30% of the respondents. Taste preferences were important for both the parents and the children, and they were the main criterion in the choice of beverages in both 2018 and 2023. In turn, advertising was an important factor for children, and the percentage of children who were guided by advertising in their choice of beverages increased from 52.1% in 2018 to 58.5% in 2023 (p < 0.05). Daily fluid intake from beverages in children aged 11-13 years generally does not meet recommended intakes. Low fluid intake can negatively affect children's hydration status and bodily functions. Taste preferences and advertising were correlated with a higher intake of carbonated and non-carbonated sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and dairy beverages. The percentage of children who bought drinks independently and had access to SSBs increased significantly during the analyzed period. Obtain results indicate that nutrition education programs are needed to teach adolescents to make healthy drink choices, limit their consumption of SSBs and EDs, and promote regular intake of natural mineral water and non-sweetened dairy beverages.

Heat Transfer Application of Nanofluids and Testing of Thermal Conductivity

In response to the growing demand for more efficient heat transfer technologies in various industrial processes, the development of nanofluids has emerged as a promising solution. Traditional heat transfer fluids like mineral oil, ethylene glycol, and water have relatively low thermal conductivities compared to solids, limiting the compactness and efficiency of heat exchangers. Nanofluids, which are created by suspending ultrafine metallic or nonmetallic solid powders in base fluids, exhibit enhanced thermal properties due to the superior thermal conductivities of solid materials. This paper reviews the preparation, thermal conductivity measurement, and influencing factors of nanofluids, with a focus on thermal conductivity as the primary driver for improved heat transfer. The preparation of nanofluids involves either a one-step or two-step method, with the two-step method being more commonly used for oxide nanoparticles (NPs) such as Al2O3, ZnO, MgO, TiO2, and SiO2. The study discusses stabilization techniques like ultrasonication and magnetic force agitation to ensure homogeneous suspension and long-term stability of the nanofluids. The thermal conductivity measurements are conducted using short hot wire (SHW) and transient hot wire (THW) techniques, with considerations of the nonsteady-state nature and potential error sources. The research underscores the importance of rigorous experimental design and accurate data analysis to address the complexities and variability in thermal conductivity measurements, ultimately contributing to the advancement of nanofluid technologies for efficient heat transfer solutions.

Influence of Quenching Conditions on Microstructure Evolution and Hardness of 42CrMo4 Alloy Steel

Evolution of microstructure and hardness in 42CrMo4 steel during quenching under the different cooling conditions were investigated. Mineral oil, polymer solution and water were selected as quenchants to provide different cooling conditions. Quenching experiments were also conducted under magnetic stirring and ultrasonic agitation of polymer solution. Cooling conditions during quenching had significant effect on phase transformation and hardness of 42CrMo4 steel. The quench hardened samples show martensite microstructure along with other micro-constituents. Needle like/acicular ferrite was observed with water quenching due to diffusion less transformation. Sample quenched under ultrasonic agitated medium showed formation of network of carbides. Higher hardness values were obtained with water quenching and ultrasonic agitated polymer quenching.

Preparation and Performance of High-Temperature-Resistant, Degradable Inorganic Gel for Steam Applications

Summary To address the problems of steam channeling caused by the nonhomogeneity and fluid compatibility of the reservoir in heavy oil reservoirs and the permanent damage to the reservoir easily caused by traditional plugging agents, this study adopted polyaluminum chloride (PAC) as the main agent, urea as the coagulant promoter, and thiourea as the stabilizer and prepared a high-temperature-resistant (up to 350°C) degradable inorganic aluminum gel with excellent performance. Initially, scanning electron microscope (SEM) tests were conducted on gels with and without urea. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS)-mapping analysis of gels immersed in water with different mineralization levels for 5 days was then performed. The results revealed that the addition of urea led to a tighter and more complete crosslinked structure, significantly enhancing the mechanical strength of the gel. As water mineral content increased, the gel’s microstructure became denser and smoother. Metal cations on the cross-sectional surface increased gradually and distributed uniformly, further confirming the mechanism of the synergistic salt effect of soluble strong electrolytes and urea in strengthening the gel. Finally, the plugging and degradable properties of the gel were evaluated, and the results showed that the plugging percentage of the gel could still reach 97.6% after aging at 350°C for 30 days, and the gel had excellent plugging and diversion in dual sandpack experiments where the permeability ratio was less than 44. At 250°C, the degradation percentage of the gel was more than 98% at 5 days under the nonacid degradation system and 94% at 5 days under the acid degradation system. The gel showed good degradability and effectively reduced the damage to the reservoir.

ANALISIS MANAJEMEN STRATEGIK PERUSAHAAN LE MINERALE

This study aims to determine business strategies for Le Minerale, a company operating in the mineral water industry. Facing rapid market growth and a high demand for adaptation, Le Minerale needs to develop products that are competitive, creative, and innovative. To understand and formulate its business strategies, the study employed the Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) Matrix, External Factor Evaluation (EFE) Matrix, SPACE Matrix, and Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM). Findings from the IFE analysis suggest that Le Minerale excels in innovation, marketing, and cost management. The SPACE Matrix indicates financial stability amidst technological and inflationary challenges, prompting an aggressive strategy based on market strengths and production efficiency. Finally, the Quantitive Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) analysis advocates for a market penetration strategy to enhance market share and customer loyalty. Managerial implications of this study suggest that Le Minerale should leverage its strengths in innovation and marketing to expand market reach and enhance customer engagement through targeted marketing campaigns and product innovation. Implementing these strategies could help sustain competitive advantage and capitalize on emerging market opportunities.

Equilibrium, Kinetic, and Diffusion Mechanism of lead(II) and cadmium(II) Adsorption onto Commercial Activated Carbons.

The adsorption of Pb(II) and Cd(II) on three commercial microporous activated carbons was analysed. Adsorption kinetics and statistics were investigated, and the results were described with different models. The highest values of the correlation coefficient R2 were obtained for the pseudo-second-order kinetics model for all ions tested and all sorbents used. The adsorption process was found to be determined by both diffusion in the liquid layer and intraparticle diffusion. The adsorption equilibrium is very well described by Langmuir, Temkin, Thoth or Jovanovic isotherm models. Based on the values of n from the Freundlich isotherm and KL from the Langmuir isotherm, the adsorption of cadmium and lead ions was found to be favourable. The highest monolayer capacities were obtained during the adsorption of lead ions (162.19 mg/g) and for cadmium (126.34 mg/g) for activated carbon WG-12. This carbon is characterised by the highest amount of acid functional groups and the largest specific surface area. The adsorption efficiency of the tested ions from natural water is lower than that from a model solution made from deionised water. The lowest efficiencies are obtained when the process occurs from highly mineralised water.

Game Model to Improve the Motor Abilities of Primary School Students

This research aims to produce a learning model to improve children's motor skills through traditional games which are prepared based on the curriculum and characteristics of elementary school students. Research development procedures use Research and Development. The results of the development research obtained five game models, namely: bicycle wheel racing, rubber band throwing, rubber band unclang, mineral water bottle toss, and bicycle wheel rim target balls which were arranged in the form of a guidebook. The manual for motor skills game models for elementary school students was declared suitable for use based on the assessment of material experts and elementary school teachers. The results of the experts' assessments are as follows: 1) the bicycle wheel racing game is included in the "very good" category with an average rating of 4.8, which means X &gt; 4.2; 2) the mineral water bottle gandon game is included in the "very good" category with an average rating of 4.9, which means X &gt; 4.2; 3) the rubber band throwing game is included in the "very good" criteria with a mean rating of 4.86, which means X &gt; 4.2; 4) the rubber band unclang game is included in the "very good" criteria with a mean rating of 4.9, which means X &gt; 4.2; and 5) the bicycle wheel target ball game is included in the "very good" criteria with an average rating of 4.9, which means X &gt; 4.2