Mineralization Of Ciprofloxacin Research Articles

Striking the balance: Unveiling the interplay between photocatalytic efficiency and toxicity of La-incorporated Ag3PO4

Persistent molecules, such as pesticides, herbicides, and pharmaceuticals, pose significant threats to both the environment and human health. Advancements in developing efficient photocatalysts for degrading these substances can play a fundamental role in remediating contaminated environments, thereby enhancing safety for all forms of life. This study investigates the enhancement of photocatalytic efficiency achieved by incorporating La3+ into Ag3PO4, using the co-precipitation method in an aqueous medium. These materials were utilized in the photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) and Ciprofloxacin (CIP) under visible light irradiation, with monitoring conducted through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The synthesized materials exhibited improved stability and photodegradation levels for RhB. Particularly noteworthy was the 2% La3+-incorporated sample (APL2), which achieved a 32.6% mineralization of CIP, nearly three times higher than pure Ag3PO4. Toxicological analysis of the residue from CIP photodegradation using the microalga Raphidocelis subcapitata revealed high toxicity due to the leaching of Ag + ions from the catalyst. This underscores the necessity for cautious wastewater disposal after using the photocatalyst. The toxicity of the APL2 photocatalysts was thoroughly assessed through comprehensive toxicological tests involving embryo development in Danio rerio, revealing its potential to induce death and malformations in zebrafish embryos, even at low concentrations. This emphasizes the importance of meticulous management. Essentially, this study adeptly delineated a thorough toxicological profile intricately intertwined with the photocatalytic efficacy of newly developed catalysts and the resultant waste produced, prompting deliberations on the disposal of degraded materials post-exposure to photocatalysts.

The Z-Scheme MIL-88B(Fe)/BiOBr Heterojunction Promotes Fe(III)/Fe(II) Cycling and Photocatalytic-Fenton-Like Synergistically Enhances the Degradation of Ciprofloxacin.

The Z-scheme MIL-88B/BiOBr (referred to as MxBy, whereas x and y are the mass of MIL-88B(Fe) and BiOBr) heterojunction photocatalysts are successfully prepared by a facile ball milling method. By adding low concentration H2 O2 under visible light irradiation, the Z-scheme heterojunction and photocatalytic-Fenton-like reaction synergistically enhance the degradation and mineralization of ciprofloxacin (CIP). Among them, M50B150 showed efficient photodegradation efficiency and excellent cycling stability, with 94.6% removal of CIP (10mgL-1 ) by M50B150 (0.2gL-1 ) under 90min of visible light. In the MxBy heterojunctions, the rapid transfer of photo-generated electrons not only directly decomposed H2 O2 to generate ·OH, but also improved the cycle of Fe3+ /Fe2+ pairs, which facilitated the reaction with H2 O2 to generate ·OH and ·O2 - radicals. In addition, the effects of photocatalyst dosages, pH of CIP solution, and coexisting substances on CIP removal are systematically investigated. It is found that the photocatalytic- Fenton-like reaction can be carried out at a pH close to neutral conditions. Finally, the charge transfer mechanism of the Z-scheme is verified by electron spin resonance (ESR) signals. The ecotoxicity of CIP degradation products is estimated by the T.E.S.T tool, indicating that the constructed photocatalysis-Fenton-like system is a green wastewater treatment technology.

Dual function of magnetic field in enhancing antibiotic wastewater treatment by an integrated photocatalysis and fluidized bed biofilm reactor (FBBR)

The integrated photocatalysis and fluidized bed biofilm reactor (FBBR) is an attractive wastewater treatment technique for managing wastewater containing antibiotics. However, the fast recombination of photoinduced charge and low microbial activity limit the degradation and mineralization efficiency for antibiotics. To address this, we attempt to introduce magnetic field (MF) to the integrated system with B-doped Bi3O4Cl as the photocatalysts to effectively improve removal and mineralization of ciprofloxacin (CIP). As a consequence, the degradation rate reaches 96% after 40 d in integrated system with MF. The biofilm inside the integrated system with MF carrier can mineralize the photocatalytic products, thereby increasing the total organic carbon (TOC) degradation rate by more than 32%. The electrochemical experiment indicates the Lorentz force generated by MF can accelerate charge separation, increasing the electron concentration. Simultaneously, the increased amounts of electrons lead to the generation of more ·OH and ·O2−. MF addition also results in increased biomass, increased biological respiratory activity, microbial community evolution and accelerated microbial metabolism, enabling more members to biodegrade photocatalytic intermediates. Therefore, applied MF is an efficient method to enhance CIP degradation and mineralization by the integrated system.

Strong influence of the heating method on Ti/RuO2-TiO2 anode electrochemical and photoassisted electrochemical performance

The use of mixed metal oxide anodes in wastewater electrochemical treatment depends on the production of efficient, stable, and economically viable anodes. Thus, Ti/RuO2-TiO2 anodes were prepared by unconventional heating methods using a CO2 laser and microwave irradiation. The calcination method significantly modified the surface morphology, electronic structure, and electrocatalytic properties of the anodes. Compared with the conventionally-prepared anode, anodes made using laser and microwave display increase by approximately 2 and 3 times the voltammetric charge and decrease by 2.8 and 5.4 times the charge transfer resistance. Moreover, laser and microwave-prepared anodes presented a lifetime of 4.4 and 2.3 times longer than the furnace-prepared anode. High efficiency in generating hypochlorite is achieved in 1 h using a laser-prepared anode (372 mg L−1), which improves the degradation and mineralization of ciprofloxacin by electrolysis. After UVC-irradiation, the anode with the lowest energy consumption (7.14 kWh g–1TOC) was prepared by microwave radiation.

Enhanced degradation performance and mineralization of ciprofloxacin by ionizing radiation combined with g-C3N4/CDs

In this study, the degradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP) was investigated in the synergetic system of electron beam irradiation (EBI) combined with graphite carbon nitride/carbon nanodots (g-C3N4/CDs). The results suggested that the presence of g-C3N4/CDs could not only promote the degradation of CIP but also significantly enhanced the mineralization ratio. At 25 kGy, the mineralization ratio increased from 18.1% to 69.0% while g-C3N4/CDs was added. Regeneration experiments revealed that the g-C3N4/CDs composite possessed good reusability. In addition to finding that the presence of CO32−, HCO3−, NO3− and NO2− obviously restrained the radiolysis process of CIP, the adding of Cl− and SO42− could also have slight inhibitory effects. The effect of various water matrices in EBI&g-C3N4/CDs systems suggested that the degradation efficiency decreased in lake and tap water. Moreover, the studies in the presence of different radical scavengers suggested that ·OH was the main reactive species in the degradation process. The possible degradation pathway of CIP was proposed in the light of intermediate products using Liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer (LC–MS) analysis coupled with DFT calculations.

Enhanced antibiotic wastewater degradation by intimately coupled B-Bi3O4Cl photocatalysis and biodegradation reactor: Elucidating degradation principle systematically.

Intimately coupled photocatalysis and biodegradation (ICPB) is an emerging technology that has potential applications in the degradation of bio-recalcitrant pollutants. However, the interaction principles between photocatalysts and biofilms in ICPB have not been well developed. This article covers a cooperative degradation scheme coupling photocatalysis and biodegradation for efficient degradation and mineralization of ciprofloxacin (CIP) using ICPB with B-doped Bi3O4Cl as the photocatalyst. In consequence, a removal rate of ∼95 % is reached after 40 d. The biofilms inside the ICPB carriers can mineralize the photocatalytic products, thus improving the removal rate of total organic carbon (TOC) by more than 20 %. Interior biofilms are not destroyed by CIP or photocatalysis, and they adapt to ICPB of CIP by enriching in Pseudoxanthomonas, Ferruginibacter, Clostridium, Stenotrophomonas and Comamonas and reconstructing their microbial communities using energy produced by the light-excited photoelectrons. Furthermore, this research gives new opinion into the degradation principles of the ICPB system.

Long-lasting performance of high-flux perovskite membrane for catalytic degradation of organic pollutants

Membrane separation for wastewater remediation has been perplexed by membrane fouling, and the design of highly antifouling membranes for high-flux operation remains challenging. Herein, Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3-δ (SSC700) membrane was coupled with peroxymonosulfate (PMS) catalysis. SSC700 demonstrated superb efficacy in batch and fixed-bed reactions, generating sulfate radicals (SO4−•) and hydroxyl radicals (HO•) for pollutants oxidation. Additionally, in robust SSC700 membrane/PMS systems, Rhodamine B (RhB) realized > 91% removal for 50 h from laboratory wastewater under fluxes above 368 L/(m2·h), and strikingly, ciprofloxacin, RhB and sulfamerazine in the secondary effluent attained 60–80% (50 h), almost 100% (100 h) and 50–60% (50 h) removal under fluxes around 1000, 600 and 900 L/(m2·h), respectively. The highly reactive Co2+/Co3+/Co4+ redox couples accounted for the prominent activity, stability and antifouling capability of SSC700 membranes. Apart from Co species, Sm/Sr played significant roles in organics degradation. Also, bio-toxicity evolution during ciprofloxacin mineralization was monitored. This study dedicates to the design of functional membranes/PMS integrated systems for synergistic wastewater decontamination and membrane defouling.

Oxidation of ciprofloxacin by the synergistic effect of DBD plasma and persulfate: reactive species and influencing factors analysis

A synergistic system of water falling film dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma and persulfate (PS) was set up and used for oxidizing ciprofloxacin (CIP) in water. Results of reactive species formation in the DBD-only system as well as the DBD–PS system verified the PS activation in the DBD system. Influencing factors on CIP degradation and the degradation process were also been studied. The obtained results showed that the presence of PS could greatly improve the degradation and mineralization of CIP and that the degradation efficiency could reach 97.73% after only 40 min treatment with 4 mM PS addition. The increase of PS concentration, the lower CIP concentration, the acidic solution pH and the addition of metal ions (Fe2+ and Cu2+) enhanced the CIP degradation, while the existence of Cl− and HC had a negative effect. The experiments related to scavenger addition confirmed the contribution of the main reactive species to the CIP oxidation. Three probable degradation pathways were proposed by analyzing the inorganic ions and organic byproducts formed during the CIP degradation. The toxicity evaluation results of the CIP and its intermediates confirmed the effectiveness of the DBD–PS synergistic system.

Photo-degradation and mineralization of ciprofloxacin by consecutive application UV/iodide process and biological treatment

Photo-degradation and mineralization of ciprofloxacin by consecutive application UV/iodide process and biological treatment

Accelerating radical generation from peroxymonosulfate by confined variable Co species toward ciprofloxacin mineralization: ROS quantification and mechanisms elucidation

Cobalt and oxides are the most recognized catalysts for peroxymonosulfate (PMS)-based advanced oxidation processes. However, the valence states – catalysis relations remain ambiguous. Herein, Co0/CoO/Co3O4 @K, N, O-doped carbons (Co-K-N-O-C) were synthesized via low-temperature pyrolysis. The cobalt species resulted in defective and doped carbons, and KOH facilitated the formation of low-valent Co species and carbon porosity. The synergy between Co and K facilitated peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation and ciprofloxacin (CIP) mineralization due to enhanced electron transfer. Kinetics analysis was coupled with quenching experiments, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) detection and chemical probe identification to elucidate the contributions of each reactive oxygen species. As a result, hydroxyl radical (HO•) dominated the degradation (~64.8 ± 1.2%), followed by sulfate radicals (SO4•−, ~34.2 ± 1.1%) and singlet oxygen (1O2, <2.0%). The low-valent Co species, especially Co0, greatly promoted radical generation. This study dedicates to in-depth elucidation of PMS activation mechanisms over metal/oxides@carbon composites for purifying recalcitrant contaminants in wastewater.

Enhanced Radiolysis Performance and Mineralization of Ciprofloxacin by Ionizing Radiation Combined with G-C3n4/Cds

Enhanced Radiolysis Performance and Mineralization of Ciprofloxacin by Ionizing Radiation Combined with G-C3n4/Cds

Catalytic ozonation performance and mechanism of Mn-CeOx@γ-Al2O3/O3 in the treatment of sulfate-containing hypersaline antibiotic wastewater

Herein, we attempted to apply an alumina-based bimetallic (Mn-Ce) catalyst as an O3 activator and explored the feasibility of the treatment of hypersaline organic wastewater. Compared with independent O3 (35.00 ± 4.20%), mineralization of ciprofloxacin (CIP) under the Mn-CeOx@γ-Al2O3/O3 (MCAO) process was elevated to 76.04 ± 2.30%. The synergetic corporation among multivalence redox pairs of Mn (III)/Mn (IV), Ce (III)/Ce (IV) promoted the protonation of the surface hydroxyl group (S-OH2+), and subsequently the dominant reactive oxygen species in the MCAO process, OH and O2−, were generated rapidly. However, the mineralization of CIP decreased in MCAO/SO42− system due to the formation of SO4−, which reacted with CIP more slowly (8.4 × 108 M−1 s−1) than OH (4.1 × 109 M−1 s−1). In MCAO/SO42−/Cl− mixture saline conditions, mineralization of CIP was improved at low Cl− concentration (0.5 wt%) due to the generation of Cl, while inhibited with excessive Cl− (≥1.5 wt%) owing to the formation of residual chlorides (Cl2, Cl2− and ClO−). Meanwhile, the MCAO process possessed promising capability to remediate hypersaline wastewater containing dyes, phenol and pesticides, as well as actual salinity-rich wastewater. Based on the above, the present study would provide new insights into hypersaline organic wastewater treatment by the MCAO process.

Process optimization and kinetics analysis for photocatalytic degradation of emerging contaminant using N-doped TiO2-SiO2 nanoparticle: Artificial Neural Network and Surface Response Methodology approach

Antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin are very difficult to control or eliminate due to higher production and consumption related to rapid population growth. In conventional water treatment plants ciprofloxacin is not readily biodegradable but only moves from one phase to another. In the present study, we have synthesized visible light active N-doped TiO2-SiO2 nanoparticles by ultrasonic-assisted sol–gel process and investigated the performance on the photodegradation and mineralization of ciprofloxacin. The effects of operation parameters such as solution pH, irradiation time , catalyst dose and initial contaminant concentration were studied in the ranges 6 to 10, 60 to 120 min, 1 to 3 g/L and 5 to 15 mg/L, respectively. A combined Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approach was used to obtain maximum CIP degradation and TOC removal efficiency. Accordingly, an optimum CIP degradation efficiency of 88.45 % and TOC removal efficiency of 75.18 % were estimated at the optimum operating parameters of solution pH of 5.45, irradiation time of 109.4 min, catalyst dose 2.44 g/L. at a targeted initial contaminant concentration of 10 mg/L with 0.89% desirability. Adsorption isotherm and chemical kinetic studies best fitted to Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models, respectively.

A novel modified Fe–Mn binary oxide graphite felt (FMBO-GF) cathode in a neutral electro-Fenton system for ciprofloxacin degradation

A graphite felt (GF) cathode was firstly modified by Fe–Mn binary oxide (FMBO), active carbon (AC), carbon black (CB), and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), which exhibits satisfactory ciprofloxacin (CIP) removal efficiency at neutral pH value in electro-Fenton (EF) system. Morphological data showed that modified cathodes have larger surface area and volume pore as well as more active sites. And electrochemical properties have proved stronger current response after modification. In compassion to the unmodified GF, the FMBO/AC/CB modified GF (FMBO-GF) has wider pH range and higher CIP removal efficiency due to its unique nanoparticles structure. The CIP removal efficiency achieved 95.40% in 30 min, and the removal efficiency of total organic carbon (TOC) achieved 93.77% in 2 h when conditions were optimal (25 mg/L initial CIP concentration, 2 mA/cm2 current density, FMBO/AC: CB: PTFE of 1:1:5, and 7 initial pH value) in this study. The results of great degradation and mineralization of CIP in this study indicate that the FMBO-GF cathode has huge potential on antibiotics removals in neutral environment.

The application of UV/O3 process on ciprofloxacin wastewater containing high salinity: Performance and its degradation mechanism

The increasing discharge of high-salinity organic wastewater has drawn much concern. This work investigated the degradation and mineralization of ciprofloxacin (CIP) in high-salinity wastewater by ozonation coupled with ultraviolet irradiation (UV). After coupling with UV, the removal efficiency of CIP was increased insignificantly (maximum 5.0%), while the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal in CIP wastewater (CW) was enhanced dramatically to 91.4% as compared with independent O3 (37.5%). The reactive oxygen species (ROS) were identified as singlet oxygen (1O2) and superoxide anion radical (O2−•)·through electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and quenching experiments, among which 1O2 predominated in the UV/O3 process. The existence of salt (Na2SO4 or NaCl) accelerated the mass transfer of O3 at the gas-liquid interface, thus CIP removal was promoted in UV/O3/SO42− system. However, excessive Cl− inhibited the removal efficiency of DOC in CW owing to its consumption of O3. CIP degradation decreased as pH increased in non-salinity and UV/O3/SO42− system, which proved the direct reaction occurred between CIP and O3. On the contrary, the O3 mass transfer increased with increasing pH, hence the elimination of DOC in CW was promoted in UV/O3/Cl− system. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were detected from tail gas, but the toxicity estimation indicated the toxicity of products was similar or less than that of CIP. Overall, this work is meaningful for the practical application of UV/O3 process in the high-salinity industry.

Activated biochar supported iron-copper oxide bimetallic catalyst for degradation of ciprofloxacin via photo-assisted electro-Fenton process: A mild pH condition

Iron-copper oxide impregnated NaOH-activated biochar (FeCu/ABC) was successfully fabricated through simple pyrolysis of activated biochar, followed by the impregnation method. The catalytic activity of the bimetallic catalyst was investigated for ciprofloxacin (CIP) degradation through a heterogeneous photo-electro-Fenton process at natural pH. The characterization analyses verified the structural suitability of as-synthesized FeCu/ABC to act as a catalyst for treating CIP. The effects of operating parameters such as Cu/Fe mass ratio, initial pH, catalyst dosage, electrical current and initial concentration of CIP were carefully studied. Complete removal of CIP concentrations of up to 45 mg/L was obtained after 2 h of reaction at Cu/Fe mass ratio of 1:1, pH 5.8, catalyst dosage of 1 g/L, and electrical current of 400 mA. CIP decay followed pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics. The synthesized heterogeneous catalyst exhibited a remarkable catalytic activity at natural pH (92 % mineralization of CIP after 8 h under the optimum conditions). The prepared catalyst possessed great stability and structural integrity for 5 consecutive runs. Furthermore, from a practical point of view, the catalyst exhibited an acceptable performance by oxidizing CIP dissolved in various water matrices such as tap water, river water, and a real sample of wastewater. The possible CIP degradation pathways were also proposed based on the identification of different oxidation by-products.

Efficient photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin under UVA-LED, using S,N-doped MgO nanoparticles: Synthesis, parametrization and mechanistic interpretation

In this study, the degradation efficiency of ciprofloxacin (CIP) in aqueous solution was evaluated in the photocatalytic process using S,N-doped MgO (S,N-MgO) as an innovative photocatalyst. The photocatalytic activity of S,N-MgO was estimated under UVA-light emitting diodes (UVA-LED) irradiation at 365 nm. Based on differential reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) results, N and S atoms as a dopant modify the MgO lattice structure due to the bandgap energy reduction to 1.5 eV and change the valence band edge compared to pure MgO. The synthesized catalyst was confirmed by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis to be nano-sized (20–30 nm). The effect of operational factors including initial pH, catalyst concentration, water anions, and reaction time were studied on the S,N-MgO/LED photocatalytic process in the degradation and mineralization of ciprofloxacin (CIP). Furthermore, the intermediate products and reaction mechanisms were studied. The results showed the highest degradation efficiency, about 99%, could be obtained at pH 9, 0.1 g/L catalyst, and 50 mg/L CIP within 30 min. The reaction mechanism evaluation indicated that OH and holes (h+) played the main role in the enhanced photocatalytic activity of S,N-MgO nanoparticles for CIP oxidation. The reusability of the catalyst was tested four times without a considerable reduction in the activity. Therefore, S,N-MgO is an active and reusable catalyst than can be efficiently activated with UVA-LEDs to degrade and mineralize the pharmaceutical compounds.

The influence of pH and current density on an UV254 photo-assisted electrochemical process generating active chlorine and radicals for efficient and rapid ciprofloxacin mineralization compared to individual techniques

A photo-assisted electrochemical process is herein evaluated with the aim of improving and accelerating the degradation and mineralization of Ciprofloxacin (CIP) in aqueous media, in comparison with single electrochemical or photochemical methods. Active chlorine species are initially electro-generated on a synthesized (Pechini method) Ti/TiO2-RuO2 DSA, and subsequently fragmented homolitically using UVC irradiation under very low fluency rate (3300 μW cm−2, λ = 254 nm) to produce radicals with higher oxidation potentials compared to the original active chlorine. A faster CIP degradation (5 min) and higher mineralization is obtained in the coupled system against the individual techniques. Variations of pH and current density in the UV-assisted electrochemical process reveal that a similar degradation rate is obtained during 60 min for pH 6 and 9 due to the co-existence of HOCl and OCl− species in this range of pH, leading to the possible production of highly reactive radicals (e.g. HOaq•, Claq•, Oaq-•) after chlorine species fragmentation. The highest total organic Carbon (TOC) removal was obtained at pH = 6 (70 % in 60 min), where the highest HOCl concentration is observed, thus, enhancing the HOaq• production. The contaminant degradation and mineralization strongly depend of the radicals formed from the irradiation of chlorine species, which on its turn rely on the redox couples formed as a function of pH: 3 (HOCl + Cl2), 6 and 9 (HOCl + OCl−). Mechanisms are proposed for these homolysis reactions, while the degradation pathway of CIP is rationalized using HPLC analyses during 60 min of electrolysis.

Catalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin by magnetic CuS/Fe2O3/Mn2O3 nanocomposite activated peroxymonosulfate: Influence factors, degradation pathways and reaction mechanism

In the study, CuS/Fe2O3/Mn2O3 magnetic nanocomposite was successfully synthesized and the properties were investigated via a series of characterization. Subsequently, the magnetic nanocomposite was applied to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for ciprofloxacin (CIP) degradation. The results showed that the CuS/Fe2O3/Mn2O3 magnetic nanocomposite possessed higher catalytic performance for ciprofloxacin degradation than bare CuS and Fe2O3/Mn2O3 composite. The degradation process of CIP was suitable for the pseudo-first-order kinetic model and the highest rate was reached 0.10083 min−1. And under the optimized conditions (catalyst = 0.6 g·L−1, PMS = 0.6 g·L−1, pH = 5.84, C0 = 0.2 g·L−1 and t = 120 min), the efficiency of 88% and 48.6% were corresponding to degradation and mineralization of ciprofloxacin, respectively. In addition, the key factors of degradation process such as catalyst dosage, PMS concentration, initial pH value and common anions were investigated. And the results indicated that the degradation efficiency of ciprofloxacin was reduced, which affected by the common anions in order of Cl− > SO42− > NO3− > HCO3− > Humic acid. Besides, several intermediates of ciprofloxacin were detected and the plausible degradation pathways were proposed. In addition, the underlying reaction mechanism was proposed. Meanwhile, the results of free radical quenching experiment and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra indicated that both OH and SO4− radicals were existed in the reaction system and the OH radicals had a conquer role in the degradation progress. Moreover, the stability and reusability of CuS/Fe2O3/Mn2O3 magnetic nanocomposite were evaluated, which the degradation efficiency still reached 72% after five times used. Ultimately, the as-constructed CuS/Fe2O3/Mn2O3 magnetic nanocomposite might be a candidate to the removal of refractory pollutants in environmental remediation.

Highly efficient activation of peroxymonosulfate by cobalt sulfide hollow nanospheres for fast ciprofloxacin degradation

We reported a facile preparation of CoS2, Co3S4, and Co9S8 hollow nanospheres (HNSs) and their use as peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activators for ciprofloxacin (CIP) degradation. The CIP degradation efficiency follows the order of CoS2 > Co3S4 > Co9S8. The Co2+ is proved to be active site for PMS activation and reactive oxygen species generation. The effect of operating parameters on performance of CoS2 HNSs/PMS system was explored. CoS2 HNSs exhibited highly catalytic activity in a wide pH range of 3 – 10. Complete removal of 10 mg/L CIP was achieved by CoS2 HNSs in 3 min at initial pH of 8.0 with 62.6% CIP mineralization. Three other organic pollutants (rhodamine B, methylene blue and tetracycline) were also degraded to evaluate the universality of the CoS2 HNSs/PMS system. The catalytic performance dropped in the presence of chloride, phosphate, nitrate ions and humic acid. Above 97% CIP removal was achieved even in the sixth run. The degradation pathway of CIP was proposed based on HPLC–MS/MS analysis of CIP intermediates, and two new intermediates, namely, C15H18O4N3F (m/z 323) and C29H31O4N6F (m/z 546), were identified for the first time. Both OH and SO4− were generated and the latter played a key role in CIP degradation.