White Spirit Research Articles

Assessment of agricultural pesticide inert ingredient transport following modeling approach: Case study of two formulation agents in Sacramento River watershed

This research provides the first assessment of the environmental fate and transport of agricultural pesticide formulation agents following a dynamic modeling approach. Two formulation agents of toxicological concern, Naphthalene and Solvent Naphtha (Petroleum), Heavy Aromatic, were simulated from their usage in commercially-applied pesticides. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was applied to simulate these formulation agents during 2011–2014 in the agriculturally intensive Sacramento River watershed. The sensitivity and uncertainty of some key parameters were analyzed. The predicted transport masses of these formulation agents in surface water were strongly associated with rainfall. While predicted transport masses were quite small at the watershed scale (<0.01% of applied masses), they were 26–31 times higher in certain locales at the subbasin level. Since many formulation agents are widely used in pesticides throughout this and other agriculturally impacted watersheds, their potential risks in the environment need more thorough investigation by modeling and monitoring, especially for areas with heavy usage.

Preparation and Examination of a Composite Demulsifier for Paraffin Base Oil

AbstractThis study aimed to derive a new composite demulsifier for dehydration of highly emulgated oil with high paraffin content, reducing the emulsion stability. The main active substances are fatty acids of cotton steatite esterified with polyethylene glycol, as well as sulfanol, Sintanol ALM‐10, silica gel, and white spirit in certain proportions. Studies under laboratory conditions on the demulsification of oil from Ashysay field showed that the new composite demulsifier is a suitable reagent for the destruction of water‐oil emulsions. Sulfanol and Sintanol ALM‐10 confer washing and wetting effects on the mixture, and silica gel favors the adsorption of oil asphaltenes onto its surface.

Quality improvement of long oil alkyd (LOA) resin requirements in the formulation of Hi-gloss paints

PurposeThis research aimed at lowering the non-volatile matter (NVM) of long oil alkyd (LOA) resin to meet the resin requirements in producing Hi-gloss paints. The research also aimed to assist Hi-gloss paint manufacturers who require solid resin content below 70%.Design/methodology/approachThe research utilised both the document review and experimental methods. The experimental method, which involved the blending process, was used in lowering the NVM of LOA resin, whereby eight experiments were conducted as reputations to obtain accurate data and results. A factorial design was used in the design of the experiment (DOE), where three factors were required to be evaluated: specific gravity, viscosity and NVM and two levels were required: weight of LOA and white spirit.FindingsThe NVM of LOA resin was successfully lowered, and different shades of paint were produced for reliability testing. The quality parameters of Hi-gloss paints that used the modified LOA were all found within the company's specifications compared to those with unmodified LOA, where some parameters were either above or below the specifications. However, all samples with the NVM of LOA used below 50% were found to be poor in terms of quality during the reliability testing. So, if the company had used the modified LOA resin in the production of Hi-gloss paints, it would have potentially saved 18,925.2 kg and 9,446.4 kg, respectively, of LOA just in producing Hi-gloss black and white paints only. Moreover, the cost of 1 kg of LOA is $2.3, which is equal to Tanzanian Shillings (Tshs) 5,290. The company would have potentially saved Tshs 100.114 million Tshs and Tshs 49.97 million Tshs in producing Hi-gloss black and white paints, respectively, making a total of Tshs 150.08 million per year. This was counted as a loss during that year because they did not use LOA resin with 50% NVM in production.Research limitations/implicationsThis study focused on LOA resin used in producing Hi-gloss paints. The study also did not consider other categories of alkyd resins used in producing paints and varnishes e.g. epoxy resin and short and medium oil alkyd resins.Originality/valueThis is probably the first alkyd resin improvement study conducted using white spirit as Tanzania's main agent or material. The study utilised vegetable oils such as coconut, sunflower and tobacco seeds.

Wavelength tuning from Cadmium based 8-HQ luminous paints formulated with contrasting resins

We report the formulation of luminous paints with cadmium-based quinoline complex, bis(8-hydroxyquinoline) (cadmium) - Cdq2 as a pigment (where Cd = Cadmium, q = 8-hydroxy quinoline). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, Photoluminescence (PL) spectra and photometric evaluation of the pigment were probed to evaluate its structural, optical and photometric properties. The excitation spectra of Cdq2 pigment Portrays a broad excitation peak at 440 nm while emission spectra reveals a broad peak, registered at 509 nm. Further, fluorescent Paints were formulated on glass sides with five different binders viz. oil (O), water(W), mineral turpentine oil(T), epoxy(E) and urea formaldehyde (UF) based resins and toluene as solvent. The painted panels were tested for various tests to check their resistance against different environments. Most of the water and turpentine-based paint panels failed in some of these tests while oil, epoxy, and urea formaldehyde-based paints passed in almost all the tests; hence further investigations were carried out by excluding water-based and mineral turpentine oil-based paint formulations. Among all the formulations of paint, the intensity of the best five follows the order: Ioil based pure pigment >IUF based pure pigment > IZnO UF (0.05), Ioil based ZnO (0.01) > IZnO Epoxy (0.05). Photometric evaluation reveals that all the painted panels emit light either in the green or bluish-green region of the visible spectrum that lie between 492 to 530 nm. This proffers a way to tune the emission wavelength of the painted panels by wisely adjusting the stoichiometry of either the pigment to binder ratio (p/b) or wt. % of metallic pigments.

Antifouling paint formulations with ZnO and Fe2O3 nano-paints for marine applications

The specific objective of the work is to develop antifouling paint formulations for coating marine vessels and structures using nanoparticles as functional additives. The Preparation of nano paints was undertaken by embedding the ZnO and Fe2O3 nanoparticles in linseed alkyd resin and mixing them with soya lecithin, mineral turpentine oil, and also thickener was also added. By using these various nano paints formulations, fouling properties was reduced with increased anti-bacterial properties based on which the coatings were examined for their corrosion properties. The development of antifouling paints with nanoparticles as biocides is expected to significantly improve the efficacy of antifouling paints.The results obtained suggest that with an increase in the concentration of nanoparticles, there was an improvement in the antifouling and anti-corrosion. It was also observed that the mild steel specimens were coated with antifouling paint formulations when immersed in the seawater for 120 days for testing and the properties were observed by utilizing Scanning electron microscopy, SEM - EDX, X-ray beam Diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. It found an improvement in anti-fouling showed by Fe2O3 coated specimens and an improvement utilizing ZnO when contrasted with bare paint.

Evaluation of Gas Chromatography Columns with Radially Elongated Pillars as Second-Dimension Columns in Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography.

The present study investigated the use of a dedicated gas chromatography (GC) column (L = 70 cm, 75 μm deep, and 6.195 mm wide) with radially elongated pillars (REPs) as the second column in a comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × μGC) system. Three stationary phases [apolar polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), medium polar room-temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) based on monocationic phosphonium, and polar polyethylene glycol (PEG-1000)] have been coated using the static method at constant pressure or using an original vacuum pressure program (VPP) from 400 to 4 mbar. The best efficiency reached up to N = 62,000 theoretical plates for a film thickness of 47 nm at 100 °C for an iso-octane peak (k = 0.16) at an optimal flow rate of 4.8 mL/min. The use of the VPP improved the efficiency by approximately 15%. Efficiencies up to 28,000 and 47,000 were obtained for PEG-1000 and RTIL, respectively. A temperature-programmed separation of a mixture of 11 volatile compounds on a PDMS-coated chip was obtained in less than 36 s. The PDMS-, PEG-1000-, and RTIL-coated chips were tested as the second column using a microfluidic reverse fill/flush flow modulator in a GC × μGC system. The REP columns were highly compatible with the operating conditions in terms of flow rate and with more than 30,000 plates for the iso-octane peak. Moreover, a commercial solvent called white spirit containing alkanes and aromatic compounds was injected in three sets of columns in normal and reverse modes, demonstrating the great potential of the chip as a second-dimension separation column.

Microwave-Assisted Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Combined with HPLC for the Determination of Three Biogenic Amines in Beverages.

Microwave-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (MADLLME) coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array detector was used for the extraction and determination of three biogenic amines (BAs), including tryptamine, histamine and phenylethylamine in beverages (beer, cherry juice and white spirit). Compared with solid-phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction and liquid-phase microextraction, which is more solvent use with lower extraction efficiency, this MADLLME method obviously shortened analytical time, the rapid heating of aqueous samples with non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation, a lower solvent use and enhanced extraction efficiency. Because of good extraction for three BAs, [3C6PC14][FeCl4] was used as an extraction solvent. We showed a tunable selectivity of magnetic ionic liquids (MILs) toward extracting BAs by changing anion or cation due to the modification of the interaction between the MIL and the BAs. Extraction conditions including the type and volume of extraction solvent, microwave power, microwave-assisted extraction time, sample pH, disperser and interference experiment were investigated. Under the optimal conditions, a good linear relationship was found in the concentration range of 100-2,000ngmL-1 for three BAs with correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.995-0.999. The limit of detections (S/N = 3) and limit of quantitations (S/N = 10) were in the range of 3.46-4.96ngmL-1 and 10.44-14.88ngmL-1, respectively. The recoveries of three targets were in the range of 84.3-108.5%, and the relative standard deviations based on the peak areas for six replicate analyses of beverages spiked with 10, 50 and 100ngmL-1 of each biogenic amine were lower than 7.9%. This method has also been successfully applied to analyze the real samples at three different spiked concentrations, and excellent results have been obtained.

Alternative wood treatment with blends of linseed oil, alcohols and pyrolysis oil

Linseed oil is a common wood treatment agent, which is often blended with naphthenic oil during its application. In this study, we developed new types of linseed oil blends, where the naphthenic oil was substituted with alcohols and pyrolysis oil. As miscibility tests revealed, linseed oil can be blended indefinitely with primary alcohols containing three carbon atoms or more. In addition, kinetic stability of three-component-mixtures was found, which comprised linseed oil, alcohol and pyrolysis oil. The developed blends were further tested for their viscosity and rate of solvent evaporation. At last, trial impregnations of wood were done to test this new treatment agent. The uptake of treatment oil and the effect on water repellency varied, and substituting white spirit with propanol and pyrolysis oil showed potential. The latter were miscible with 50% (wt) linseed oil at concentrations of 37.5% 1- or 2-propanol and 12.5% pyrolysis oil. Compared with the reference case, treatment with this agent markedly decreased the water-uptake of the wood. Our study hence attributes great potential to the newly developed linseed oil blends, which may introduce additional product characteristics and generate value to byproducts via pyrolysis.

The construction of a ratiometric dual-emitting amorphous europium-organic frameworks for sensitive detection of water in white spirit

It is very crucial to develop a simple and fast-responsive sensor for the detection of water content in organic solvents. Herein, three different europium-organic frameworks (Eu-MOFs): amorphous Eu-2-aminoterephthalic acid (amEu-NH2BDC), crystalline Eu-2-aminoterephthalic acid (cryEu-NH2BDC) and amorphous Eu-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid (amEu-BDC) are synthesized, respectively. amEu-NH2BDC is employed as fluorescence probe for the determination of water in ethanol. Results indicate that amEu-NH2BDC exhibits good performance due to its dual-wavelength fluorescence (FL) with the ligand (NH2BDC)-centered blue luminescence at 430 nm and Eu-centered red luminescence at 615 nm. With the increase of water contents in ethanol, the emission intensity at 430 nm increases dramatically, while that at 615 nm decreases under a single excitation at 270 nm. By measuring the ratio of emission intensity at 430 nm and 615 nm (I430/I615), a wide concentration range from 1% to 99.5% water in ethanol is obtained with a lower detection limit value of 0.024% (S/N = 3). Besides, in the presence of water in ethanol, the fluorescence color of amEu-NH2BDC changes from red to blue under 365 nm UV light. Thus, the visual device for the detection of water is realized by using amEu-NH2BDC. Combined with the fluorescence lifetime and density functional theory, it is shown that red luminescence weakens due to dynamic quenching and non-radiative vibration energy transfer, and blue luminescence is enhanced due to the hydrogen bonding between water and carboxyl groups in the ligand, which enhances the intramolecular charge transfer process. The proposed method has characteristics of rapid response, excellent stability, high sensitivity and selectivity. Importantly, it can be successfully applied to monitor the content of water in white spirit samples.

High Energy and Low-Cost Membrane-Free Chlorine Flow Battery

Grid-scale energy storage is essential for reliable electricity transmission and renewable energy integration. Redox flow batteries (RFB) provide affordable and scalable strategies for stationary energy storage. But most of the current RFB chemistries are based on expensive transition metal ions or synthetic organics. Here, we report a reversible Cl2/Cl- redox flow battery through electrolysis of aqueous NaCl electrolyte, the as-produced Cl2 is stored and extracted using carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) or mineral spirit flow. The immiscibility between the CCl4 and NaCl electrolyte enables a membrane-free design with energy efficiency of >91 % and energy density of 125.7 Wh/L. With the inherently low cost of active materials (~5 $/kWh) and highly reversible redox reaction of Cl2/Cl-, the chlorine flow battery leaves significant space to meet the stringent price and reliability target for stationary energy storage. Figure 1

Process Parameter Optimization for 3D Printed Investment Casting Wax Pattern and Its Post-Processing Technique

This research paper aims to improve the quality of 3D printed parts made of the wax filament by implementing the Taguchi orthogonal array process optimization method. The manufactured parts can be used as cost-effective investment casting patterns. With the Taguchi method, it was concluded that the nozzle temperature has the most effect on the dimensional accuracy of printed parts. In addition, thermal, mechanical, and rheological characterization were performed on the wax filament, revealing several important findings. For instance, the rheological studies identified the low viscosity of melted wax at printing temperatures. This resulted in the rough surface of the printed parts. To improve the surface roughness, a post-processing procedure was implemented using a white spirit as a surface smoothing agent.

Fabrication of Low‐cost Screen‐printed Electrode in Paper Using Conductive Inks of Graphite and Silver/Silver Chloride

AbstractThe fabrication of the Screen‐Printed Electrode (SPE) was performed using the graphite ink to print the working (WE) and counter electrodes (CE), and silver/silver chloride path as reference electrode (RE). All the electrodes are printed in a paper substrate using screen‐printing technique. The resulting SPE is characterized using scanning electron microscopy, showing all the ink layer, and subsequently optimized. The paper sample presented the cellulose fibers entanglement, extremely rough, with highly porous network. Then the graphite ink was deposited and the surface became flat, thinner and very smooth. When the silver ink was painted on top of the graphite ink, the spherical silver particles, ranged from 2–3.5 μm in size, were observed. And finally, the silver ink was covered with a AgCl layer and the particle size becomes larger with an irregular sphere‐like phase. The images showed that the layers appear to be homogeneously distributed with good coverage. Then fabrication process was optimized concerning type of paper, the sanding process, the hydrophobic barrier, the electrode design and size. In summary, the optimized values included using the previously sanded matte paper with a mineral spirit layer. The design and size of the electrode were also tested to achieve the best electrochemical performance (design 3 with 3.5 cm). The final SPE was a miniaturized and flexible paper‐based electrochemical electrode. In order to evaluate the electrical properties, the ohmic resistance of each ink was tested using a multimeter and the obtained values were 2.18 kΩ for the graphite ink, 2.27 Ω for the silver ink and 38.33 kΩ for the silver/silver chloride ink. That can indicate the good conductivity of each ink used in the fabrication of the electrode and the correct deposition of Ag/AgCl. Finally, the electrode was used to measure the electrochemical response of K4[Fe(CN)6] in different concentrations. Then a calibration curve was obtained from the voltammograms and a linearity was observed between the current and concentration in the range of 0.50–2.00 mM. That indicates that the SPE has potential to be used as a voltammetric electrode.

Preparation, optimization, and testing of biostimulant formulations as stress management tools and foliar applications on brinjal and onion for growth and yield

Not only would the application of biostimulant formulations boost vegetable yields under typical and different biotic stress circumstances, but it will also be user and ecologically friendly. Due to their hydrophobic character and huge molecular volumes, the production of highly stable (~ 2 years shelf-life) emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulations is the bottleneck of plant growth regulator uses. Gibberellic acid (0.25% EC) and Brassinolide (0.15% EC) were developed using a variety of solvents [solvent naphtha (C9), toluene, dimethyl sulfoxide] and surfactants (calcium alkylbenzene sulfonate, nonylphenol ethoxylate-13). Emulsification (spontaneous), detergency, and quick wetting performance were all outstanding in laboratory adjusted phytohormone formulations (E). Highly stable oil in water emulsions with exceptional compatibility (without phase separation) and outstanding emulsion stability (24 h) have been created using secondary alcohol ethoxylates and sulfonate anionic (5:5), which are affected by the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value (12.52) and type of nonionic and anionic surfactants. The hormone content fluctuation was also estimated to be appropriate using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) (5.0%). Single and double dosed applications of 450 and 900 mL ha−1 in brinjal (muktakeshi) and 180 and 360 mL ha−1 in onion (sukhsagar) have significantly improved growth and yields above control (untrated) plants. Gibberellic acid boosted brinjal yields by 37.5%, while Brassinolide raised onion yields by 33.9%. Plant growth regulator formulations that have been thoroughly developed and evaluated might be a big step toward environmentally friendly agricultural production.

Diagonal Tension Performance of Impregnated Woodworking Corner Joints

In this study, the effects were examined of wood species, processing types and processing time on diagonal tension performance of woodworking corner joint with double tenon and mortise. Test samples were prepared by using Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris Lipsky), sessile oak (Quercus petreae Lipsky) and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.). Poly vinyl acetate (PVAc) adhesive was used to join the tenon and mortise corner joints. The samples were impregnated by using the method of immersion for 20 and 40 min with a mixture of wax / linseed oil (3 % paraffin, 10 % linseed oil, 87 % white spirit) and Imersol-Aqua. The test of diagonal compression was used to test 120 samples. In this study, the minimum strength decrease of around 68 % was obtained for Scots pine impregnated with Imersol-Aqua for 40 min and the highest strength increase of around 10 % was obtained for sessile oak samples impregnated with Imersol-Aqua for 40 min. The highest diagonal tension performance of 879.734 N·m was obtained for oak samples impregnated with Imersol-Aqua for 40 min., the lowest diagonal tension performance of 189.111 N·m was obtained for Scots pine samples impregnated with Imersol-Aqua for 40 min.

High-energy and low-cost membrane-free chlorine flow battery

Grid-scale energy storage is essential for reliable electricity transmission and renewable energy integration. Redox flow batteries (RFB) provide affordable and scalable solutions for stationary energy storage. However, most of the current RFB chemistries are based on expensive transition metal ions or synthetic organics. Here, we report a reversible chlorine redox flow battery starting from the electrolysis of aqueous NaCl electrolyte and the as-produced Cl2 is extracted and stored in the carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) or mineral spirit flow. The immiscibility between the CCl4 or mineral spirit and NaCl electrolyte enables a membrane-free design with an energy efficiency of >91% at 10 mA/cm2 and an energy density of 125.7 Wh/L. The chlorine flow battery can meet the stringent price and reliability target for stationary energy storage with the inherently low-cost active materials (~$5/kWh) and the highly reversible Cl2/Cl− redox reaction.

Effects of aromatic compounds on movement activity of Pyrrhocoris apterus in the conditions of a laboratory experiment

In the conditions of an urban environment, insects, including Pyrrhocoris apterus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hemiptera, Pyrrhocoridae), are subject to dozens of volatiles: solvents, food flavorings, cosmetic products. For firebugs, some attract them, some scare them off, and to some they are indifferent. In this article, in the conditions of laboratory experiment, we evaluated the influence of chemical substances on rates of movement of firebugs. Under the influence of the substances we studied, there occurred no significant increase or decrease in the activity of firebugs. The most significant effect on rates of movement of firebugs was exerted by solvent, white spirit and solvent 646 p – firebugs travelled 12 cm distance for 24.2%, 49.6% and 58.7% of the time the control group did. Movement activity of firebugs was insignificantly decreased by aromatic extracts Royаl milk extract, Butcher’s broom extract and chrysalis oil: firebugs travelled 12 cm distance for 132.7%, 135.2% and 146.8% of time the control group. Aromatic substances likely interact with receptors on antennae of firebugs, and therefore the insects need additional time for orienting reactions, deciding whether those substances signal presence of potential food objects in the accessibility zone.

СИНТЕЗ И ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ СВОЙСТВ НЕИОНОГЕННОГО ПОВЕРХНОСТНО-АКТИВНОГО ВЕЩЕСТВА НА ОСНОВЕ ЖИРНЫХ КИСЛОТ КУКУРУЗНОГО МАСЛА И ДИЭТАНОЛАМИНА

A new product has been obtained with the use of diethanolamine and corn oil fatty acids. The series of experiments have been performed to learn its composition, physico-chemical and colloid-chemical properties with the use of modern devices and methods. The results of IR-spectroscopy have approved the presence of specific functuonal groups: carboxilic, hydroxilic, and ester groups. The results of the experiments have shown that the synthesized substance posesses the surfactant properties and emulsifying ability, belongs to the group of high-dispersity and mono-dispersity systems. The particle size before reaching the critical point of micelle formation is 154.5 nm, at the CMC point - 294.7 nm, and after - 346.5 nm. Measuring the values of surface tension by the Du Nouy method allowed defining the critical concentration of micelle formation (0.25-0.5 g/dm3), at which the maximum wetting is achieved. It was shown that the contact angle of wetting of the water solution of a substance is less than 90° on a hydrophilic (gelatinous) surface. It was found that the synthesized diethanolamide is characterized by high resistance to aggregation, since the obtained values of the zeta potential below ± 10 mV were not observed. It was established that the synthesized product has an emulsifying ability in comparison with industrial oil. Besides, the highest stability of the emulsion is observed at a product concentration of 2.0 g/dm3. The developed substance belongs to non-ionic surfactants, the pH of the water solution is 6-7, it dissolves well in various organic solvents (toluene, hexane, xylene, dimethylformamide, acetone, white spirit, ethyl and isopropyl alcohols), and is slightly soluble in water. According to the calculations of the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance, it belongs to the oil-in-water emulsifiers.

Fully handwritten electrodes on paper substrate using rollerball pen with silver nanoparticle ink, marker pen with carbon nanotube ink and graphite pencil.

Herein, a so-called carbon nanotube (CNT) electrode was printed in on a paper substrate using the handwriting technique and carbon nanotube ink in a marker pen to print the working electrode, graphite pencil to print the counter electrode and graphite/silver nanoparticle (AgNP) ink in a rollerball pen to print the quasi-reference electrode. The carbon nanotube electrode was characterized via scanning electron microscopy. The electrode was optimized based on the type of paper, hydrophobic barrier and number of layers. In summary, the optimized parameters included the use of matte paper with a mineral spirit layer. The number of carbon nanotube layers to achieve the best electrochemical performance was 25. The final graphite electrode was a miniaturized and flexible paper-based electrochemical electrode. To evaluate the electrical properties of the electrodes, the ohmic resistance of each ink was tested using a multimeter and the obtained values were 18.62 kΩ for the CNT ink, 1.53 Ω for the AgNP ink and 3.53 kΩ for the graphite trace. These results indicate the good conductivity of each synthesized ink used in the fabrication of the CNT electrode. Finally, the electrode was used to measure the electrochemical response of different concentrations of K4[Fe(CN)6]. Then, a calibration curve was obtained from the voltammograms and linearity was observed in the range of 0.5-3.5 mM. This suggests that the CNT electrode has the potential to be used as an amperometric electrode.

Influence of asphalt solvents on the rheological and mechanical properties of cold-mixed epoxy asphalt

Cold-mixed epoxy asphalt (CEA) is mixed and cured at room temperature, requiring dissolving asphalt before preparation. It is essential to choose suitable asphalt solvents to prepare CEA with desirable performances. This paper prepared CEAs with five kinds of asphalt solvents, including diesel, biodiesel, 1,2-dichloropropane, trichloroethylene, and solvent naphtha. The rheological properties of the CEA were studied by Brookfield viscometry and bending beam rheometry, then tensile tests and dynamic mechanical analysis were performed to study the mechanical properties. The morphology of the tensile fracture profiles of CEA was observed through scanning electron microscopy. Recommendations for selecting asphalt solvents are as follows: (1) the solubility of the solvent should ensure the formation of sea-island structure in CEA; (2) the solvent should have a high boiling point and moderate solubility to ensure CEA desirable antiaging ability. As a result, biodiesel is recommended and preferentially adopted. According to the ion chromatography, the volatilization of solvents mainly occurred within 48 h during CEA curing, and nearly 60 % of solvents were “sealed” in the CEA, participating in the formation of the cross-linking network.

Viscosity-temperature characteristics of high-concentration coal-oil slurry preheated by light solvent

The viscosity and stability of coal-oil slurry (COS) with different concentrations prepared by recycle solvent and low-rank coal were investigated. The effect of light solvent naphtha preheating treatment on the viscosity-temperature characteristics of high-concentration COS and properties of pulverized coal was studied. Results show that when the concentration is higher than 48 wt%, the viscosity and swelling viscosity peak value of conventional COS increase exponentially, resulting in the significant deterioration of the stability of COS. The concentration of COS can be increased to 50 wt% by preheating with light solvent. With the increase of preheating temperature and time, the viscosity of COS decreases as a whole. The viscosity of high-concentration COS with the optimum preheating temperature of 375 °C and time of 4 h is 383 mPa·s (60 °C), which is 30% lower than that of conventional COS (543 mPa·s (60 °C)) with 50 wt%. Due to the influence of the full swelling, irreversible swelling, and primary pyrolysis of pulverized coal, the physical structure and chemical composition of pulverized coal changes, the swelling viscosity peak no longer appears, and the stability of COS is improved.