Source Of Minerals Research Articles

A Meta-Analysis on Quantitative Calcium, Phosphorus and Magnesium Metabolism in Horses and Ponies.

The aims of the present meta-analysis were (i) to re-evaluate the factorially calculated Ca, P and Mg requirements to replace endogenous faecal losses, taking new data into account, (ii) to identify potential differences between horses and ponies regarding requirements, apparent digestibility, serum levels and renal excretion of Ca, P and Mg and (iii) to investigate the influence of mineral sources, i.e., "inorganic" sources from added mineral salts and "organic" sources from feed plants. For P, the water solubility of "inorganic" sources was taken into consideration. Data on the aforementioned parameters from 42 studies were plotted against intake, similar to the Lucas test for true digestibility and faecal endogenous losses. Within specific intake ranges, data were compared using t-tests and an ANOVA, followed by Holm-Sidak post hoc tests. Ponies had lower endogenous faecal Mg losses than horses. Consequently, apparent Mg digestibility was higher in ponies. Factorial calculations of Mg requirements to replace faecal losses showed that ponies needed approximately half of the current recommended amount, while horses required 1.9 times the amount currently recommended by Kienzle and Burger. The overall mean matched previous recommendations. For Ca, there was no discernible difference between ponies and horses. True Ca digestibility calculated by the Lucas test was higher and endogenous losses were lower when "organic" Ca was fed as opposed to when "inorganic" sources were used. The resulting factorial calculations of the requirements to replace faecal losses were close to current recommendations for "organic" Ca. For "inorganic" sources, however, the new calculations were below the recommended level. For P, there were no discernible differences between horses and ponies. There were also no clear effects of "inorganic" or "organic" P sources. The water solubility of "inorganic" sources was the key factor determining P metabolism. Water-soluble P sources exhibited higher true and apparent digestibility. The intake of these P sources led to hyperphosphatemia and hyperphosphaturia, even at low intakes. In other species, this has been shown to pose a health risk. Therefore, it is recommended to avoid the use of highly water-soluble "inorganic" P sources in horses and ponies. Given the lower digestibility of insoluble P sources, the factorially calculated P requirements for such sources are higher than the current recommendations.

Correction: Alkaline igneous rocks, a potential source of rare metals and radioactive minerals: Case study at Amreit area, south Eastern Desert, Egypt

Correction: Alkaline igneous rocks, a potential source of rare metals and radioactive minerals: Case study at Amreit area, south Eastern Desert, Egypt

Underpinning the Role of Nanofiltration and Other Desalination Technologies for Water Remediation and Brine Valorization: Mechanism and Challenges for Waste‐to‐Wealth Approach

Desalination brine can negatively impact the marine environment in several ways, although there are ongoing discussions regarding the severity and magnitude of environmental effects. A fascinating strategy to lessen any adverse effects is to undertake resource recovery from the brine, which also has the potential for additional revenue generation. More recently, the increasing demand for secure and less geographically restricted sources of precious or rare earth minerals, integrated with growing awareness of waste management and environmental sustainability, is driving the development of economically viable technologies to recover valuable materials from waste streams. This article provides an overview of different methods and technologies, including reverse osmosis (RO), electrodialysis (ED), and distillation, that can be used to recover precious materials, including Li, Mg, Na, and Rb and valuable blends from various waste sources and thus create a more sustainable and circular economy. The mechanisms are discussed in detail, including electrochemical processes (electrolysis, ED, and capacitive deionization), thermal desalination (multistage flash distillation and membrane distillation), pressure‐driven desalination (RO and nanofiltration), and microbial desalination cells. Challenges associated with recovering precious materials from waste streams, such as fouling, scaling, and environmental impact, along with further research directions and potential applications of desalination technologies, are also addressed.

Antioxidant defence mechanism in hen egg: An immunity Booster

Dietary antioxidants are considered to be a vital agent that has the potential to reduce the risk of dangerous diseases by stabilizing redox homeostasis. Hen eggs are the most intrinsic part of our breakfast and a bang-up source of high-quality proteins, lipids, minerals and vitamins. Eggs show an antioxidant property due to the presence of proteins in both the yolk and white i.e. ovalbumin, Ovotransferrin and phosvitin. It’s also a fact that antioxidants in the eggs can be enhanced artificially by manipulating the poultry feed given to the hens. Lack of antioxidants and nutrients leads to a number of diseases including cancer, cardiovascular diseases and age-related macular degeneration.

Effects of foliar and root application of Zn and Fe bio-nanofertilizers on the glucosinolate, Zn and Fe contents of Pak choi (Brassica rapa Subsp. Chinensis) grown under hydroponic and pot cultivation

Pak choi is a rich source of minerals and health beneficial compounds such as glucosinolates (GSLs). This study is focused on implementing sustainable agronomic approaches to optimize pre-harvest cultivation and improve plant growth and nutritional value. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of foliar and root fertilization of algae capped ZnO and γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles on the growth and content of GSLs, Zn and Fe of Pak choi grown under hydroponic floating system and pot conditions. The foliar application of ZnO (77 nm) and γ-Fe2O3 (68 nm) nanoparticles functionalized with an Arthrospira platensis extract increased fresh weight (39.71 %), plant height (42.77 %), leaves number (26.47 %), root length (33.33 %), and Zn (10-fold) and Fe (2-fold) contents in hydroponic plants. The same treatment also improved plant fresh weight (31.73 %), and Zn (6-fold) and Fe (2-fold) in pot cultivated Pak choi. Six GSLs were detected, which were also enhanced by the joint application of nanoparticles and microalgae extract. The results revealed a high synergy between the ZnO- and γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles and the A. platensis extract to increase plant growth and Zn and Fe micronutrients and glucosinolates in Pak choi grown under hydroponic and pot systems.

Unexplored Opportunities of Utilizing Food Waste in Food Product Development for Cardiovascular Health.

Global food production leads to substantial amounts of agricultural and food waste that contribute to climate change and hinder international efforts to end food insecurity and poverty. Food waste is a rich source of vitamins, minerals, fibers, phenolic compounds, lipids, and bioactive peptides. These compounds can be used to create food products that help reduce heart disease risk and promote sustainability. This review examines the potential cardiovascular benefits of nutrients found in different food waste categories (such as fruits and vegetables, cereal, dairy, meat and poultry, and seafood), focusing on animal and clinical evidence, and giving examples of functional food products in each category. Current evidence suggests that consuming fruit and vegetable pomace, cereal bran, and whey protein may lower the risk of cardiovascular disease, particularly in individuals who are at risk. This is due to improved lipid profile, reduced blood pressure and increased flow-mediated dilation, enhanced glucose and insulin regulation, decreased inflammation, as well as reduced platelet aggregation and improved endothelial function. However, the intervention studies are limited, including a low number of participants and of short duration. Food waste has great potential to be utilized as cardioprotective products. Longer-term intervention studies are necessary to substantiate the health claims of food by-products. Technological advances are needed to improve the stability and bioavailability of bioactive compounds. Implementing safety assessments and regulatory frameworks for functional food derived from food waste is crucial. This is essential for maximizing the potential of food waste, reducing carbon footprint, and improving human health.

24 Maternal supplementation with different sources of trace minerals to beef cattle and its effects on postweaning responses of the offspring

Abstract The goal of this trial was to evaluate the effects of different sources of trace minerals on fetal programing and their impact on cow reproductive and postweaning offspring performance until slaughter. Seventy-two non-lactating, pregnant Angus cows [initial body weight (BW) = 637 ± 13 kg; body condition score (BCS) = 5.5 ± 0.07; and age = 6.1 ± 0.57; exposed to artificial insemination (AI) = 54 and bull = 18] were ranked by BW and BCS and assigned to receive a supplement containing: 1) Cu, Mn, and Zn from sulfate source (INR; n = 24), 2) Cu, Mn, and Zn from organic source (ORG; n = 24), or 3) Cu, Mn, and Zn from hydroxychloride source (HXD; n = 24). From d 0 to calving, cows remained on the same pasture and were fed individually three times a week. After calving, pairs were assigned to the general herd management, including inorganic mineral supplementation. Calves were weaned at 6 mo of age and were managed as a single group on a backgrounding period for 85 d. Calf blood samples were collected on d -15, 0, 4, 8, 15, 20, and 28 relative to weaning to evaluate stress-related markers. After this period, calves were fed to finish in a commercial feedyard. Cattle were then harvested, and carcass data were recorded. Though not the focus of this trial, there was a numerical improvement (P = 0.22) in overall subsequent pregnancy rate for the HDX (92.1%) compared with the ING (74.3%) and ORG (75.2%) cows. Also, the HDX had a tendency (P = 0.07) for improvement in liver Cu status compared with the other treatments. At weaning, no treatment differences were detected (P ≥ 0.88) in calf weaning BW and average daily gain from weaning to feedyard receiving. There were no differences (P ≥ 0.22) in the blood stress-related enzymes and metabolites. However, there was a tendency for a decrease in plasma haptoglobin at day 15 post-weaning (P = 0.07) for the calves from HDX supplemented cows relative to other treatments (Figure 1). Which might indicate potential amelioration of inflammation for the calves from cows supplemented with HDX trace minerals during pregnancy. Feedyard growth performance were similar (P ≥ 0.35) across treatments for the offspring (Table 1). No treatment effects were detected (P ≥ 0.17) for carcass traits between treatments (Table 2). Overall, different sources of trace minerals supplemented to late gestating beef cows yield similar effects on offspring performance from weaning and background period until slaughter, whereas a potential amelioration of inflammation was observed in calves born to HDX cows.

22 Effects of trace mineral source and chromium propionate supplementation on rumen fermentation, growth performance, and carcass characteristics in finishing beef steers

Abstract Crossbred beef steers [n = 400; body weight (BW) = 370 ± 8 kg] were used to evaluate the effects of trace mineral (TM) source and chromium propionate (Cr) on rumen fermentation characteristics, plasma glucose and mineral concentrations, performance, and carcass characteristics in feedlot steers fed a steam-flaked corn-based finishing diet. Steers were blocked by initial BW and randomly assigned within block to 1 of 4 treatments (10 steers/pen) with 10 pens per treatment. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Factors included: 1) TM source [sulfate or hydroxychloride (IntelliBond] Cu, Mn, and Zn TM supplemented at 18, 40, and 90 mg/kg DM, respectively) and 2) with or without supplemental Cr (KemTRACE) at 0.0 or 0.25 mg/kg DM. Steers were individually weighed on d -1 and 0 and every 28 d throughout the experiment. Jugular blood samples and rumen contents were collected from 10 steers per treatment on d 28 and 84 of the experiment for plasma glucose and TM concentration and volatile fatty acid analysis, respectively. On d 154 of the experiment, steers were harvested at a commercial abattoir and carcass data was collected. Data were analyzed on a pen mean basis for a randomized complete block design using PROC MIXED of SAS. There was no TM source by Cr supplementation interactions for any of the response variables measured, therefore only main effects are reported. Overall ADG (P = 0.03) and gain:feed (P = 0.02) were greater in steers receiving supplemental Cr when compared with steers not supplemented with Cr. Hot carcass weight (P = 0.04), dressing percentage (P = 0.01), longissimus muscle area (P = 0.03), and USDA yield grades (P = 0.04) were greater in steers receiving hydroxychloride TM compared with steers receiving sulfate TM. Steers supplemented with Cr had a greater dressing percentage (P = 0.01) and longissimus muscle area (P = 0.04) compared with steers not supplemented with Cr. On d 28 of the experiment, ruminal acetate concentrations were lesser (P = 0.01) and ruminal propionate concentrations tended to be greater (P = 0.12) in steers receiving hydroxychloride TM compared with steers receiving sulfate TM. Steers supplemented with Cr had greater ruminal acetate concentrations (P = 0.04) and plasma glucose concentrations (P = 0.05) on d 28 of the experiment when compared with non-supplemented controls. These data indicate the Cr supplementation and TM source can influence feedlot steer performance, carcass characteristics, and rumen fermentation characteristics.

498 Feeding hydroxychloride or organic sources of zinc, copper, and manganese to broiler breeders on growth performance of offsprings when fed hydroxychloride or inorganic sources of the same minerals

Abstract The study investigated the effect of feeding different sources of trace minerals (TM) such as zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) in broiler breeders (BB) and their offspring on the growth performance of offspring. Ross 708 BB were housed in 24 pens (17 ♀ and 2 ♂) and allocated to two diets (12 replicate pen/diet): 1) HO, a blend of 80% hydroxychloride (HC) and 20% organic (OR) sources, and 2) OR, 100% OR sources (Table 1-4). Hatching eggs were collected from BB pens at 46, 54 and 62 wk of age, and incubated. Upon hatching, chicks were sexed, weighed, and placed in 24 sex-segregated pens (40 birds/pen), maintaining BB diet identification. One-half of chicks from BB fed HO or OR were fed HC and the other one-half were fed inorganic (InO) sources of Zn, Cu and Mn, effectively creating 4 treatments for offspring phase (n = 6; 3 pens per sex). Body weight (BW), average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated. Results showed that parental diets did not significantly affect chicken BW, ADFI, ADG, or FCR. However, parental age had significant effects (Tables 5-8). Offspring from 46-wk BB had greater BW on d 10, 21, and 42, increased ADFI on all diets, greater ADG on starter and grower diets, and improved FCR on starter and grower diets. Chicks fed HC diets displayed greater BW, ADFI, and ADG in certain phases. Overall, the study highlights the importance of TM sources and parental age in influencing broiler performance.

27 Effects of particle size and trace mineral source on vitamin stability in premix

Abstract Trace minerals and vitamins are necessary in diets for multiple physiological processes related to structural development, catalytic and regulatory systems in the animal. They become especially important when animals are challenged. These ingredients are commonly added to commercial diets through a concentrated mix, a premix. Unfortunately, vitamins are relatively unstable, and minerals are highly reactive, leading to reduction of the vitamins by the minerals. Feeding a mineral of a different particle size can influence this mechanic, as well as a different source, for example hydroxy trace minerals. The objective of this work was to evaluate vitamin A stability in presence of different sources of trace minerals as well as premix conditions. A microcrystalline cellulose matrix was created by dissolving vitamin A in an organic solvent (IPA). A fixed amount of vitamin MCC mix was added to a sample tube per analysis, containing common premix vitamin and mineral levels. Fixed amount of moisture and antioxidant (BHT) was added to evaluate these effects. Results on the effect of moisture indicated that 10% moisture addition had a large effect on vitamin A stability, reducing it by over 50% after 11 d. Vitamin A loss in premixes containing no moisture showed no difference between MCC mixes containing no mineral and ones containing hydroxy Cu, whereas there was a significant drop in vitamin A with CuSO4. Vitamin A stability was significantly affected by a lower particle size Cu source, with CuSO4 below 75 µm showed almost full degradation after 13 d. Hydroxy Cu showed relatively low degradation for its particle size. Overall, the results showed that moisture and particle size can have a huge impact on vitamin A stability, with BHT or antioxidants only partly being able to reduce this. Feeding a higher quality trace mineral source such as hydroxy trace minerals lead to a less reactive Cu, and hence, a higher vitamin A stability.

17 Effects of trace mineral source on dry matter digestibility of silage and mineral absorption

Abstract Copper, manganese, and zinc when coming from highly soluble sources in the rumen can strongly bind to diet fiber, which reduces it intestinal absorption and DM digestibility. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the digestibility of dry matter and the apparent absorption of Cu, Mn, and Zn depending on different sources of these trace minerals. Four ruminally cannulated crossbred steers [body weight (BW = 560 ± 35 kg)] were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design and offered corn silage ad libitum, and mineral supplement for four 21-d periods (14-d adaptation and 7-d data collection). Treatments assigned were: 1) Control (No Cu, Mn, and Zn); 2) Cu, Mn, and Zn-sulfate; 3) Cu, Mn, and Zn-organic; and 4) Cu, Mn, and Zn-hydroxychloride. In each period, two dry matter intake measurements and two total feces collections were carried out for 24 h. Thus, the digestibility of dry matter (DMd) and the apparent absorption (aA = trace minerals intake - trace minerals in feces/trace minerals intake) of Cu, Mn, and Zn were calculated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (P < 0.05), and when significant, a multiple comparison test was performed (SNK test). No treatment x animal x period interactions were observed (P ≥ 0.05). The greatest DM digestibility was in the diets with Cu, Mn, and Zn-hydroxychloride and Cu, Mn, and Zn-organic, and the least DMd were Cu, Mn, and Zn-sulfate and control diet (P < 0.05), respectively 588, 575, 468 e, 449 g/kg (Table 1). Copper apparent absorption was greater (P < 0.05) in steers receiving Cu-hydroxychloride (0.14) and Cu-organic (0.12) and was equal (P ≥ 0.05) between those receiving Cu-sulfate (0.05) and those not receiving (-0.006) supplemental Cu. The sources did not affect (P ≥ 0.05) manganese aA, and the absorption of Mn was greater (P < 0.05) in steers receiving Mn than those not receiving. Diets with Zn-hydroxychloride (0.16) and Zn-organic (0.12) had greater (P < 0.05) aA than diet with Zn-sulfate (0.01), and steers that did not receive supplemental zinc (-0.10) had the least (P < 0.05) zinc aA. Low ruminal solubility trace minerals sources result in greater DM digestibility. Hydroxychloride and organic are more absorbable than Cu and Zn sulfates. Non-supplementation resulted in a net loss of Cu, Mn, and Zn, regardless of the type of trace minerals source.

391 The impact of trace mineral source on systemic immunological status associated with early embryonic loss in lactating dairy cattle

Abstract Milk production has doubled from 1970 to 2009 but has been associated with a decline in fertility. Around 25% of failed pregnancies in dairy cattle are due to embryonic loss. Mineral bioavailability may affect embryonic retention, so we hypothesized that Zn, Cu, and Mn sources will influence systemic immunological status, which affects early embryonic retention. Holstein cows (n = 58) were randomly assigned to one of two daily oral drench trace mineral (Zn, Cu, and Mn) treatments 30 d before breeding (d -30): 1) Inorganic (ITM) or 2) Metal Methionine Hydroxy Analog Chelate (MMHAC). Before treatments began, cows were assigned to a semen type, beef vs. Holstein, equally, across treatments. All cows underwent a double Ovsynch protocol and were artificially inseminated on d 0. Humoral immunological status was assessed in serum samples taken on d 0 and d 7. Immune activity was quantified via a D2Dx systemic immunity score, which assesses samples for the presence of IgG, IgM, cytokines, and complement proteins. Ultrasonography was utilized for pregnancy confirmation on d 35, classifying cows as pregnant (P) or open. Progesterone analysis from d 21 plasma was used to categorize open cows as either non-pregnant (NP) or early embryonic loss (EEL). Statistical analyses in R Studio were completed, in two models based on pregnancy (P vs EEL and NP vs EEL), to determine the effects of mineral treatment, pregnancy status, semen type, and all interactions on humoral immune status. In the P vs EEL model, there were no effects (P > 0.30) of semen type, mineral treatment, pregnancy status, or any interactions on systemic immunity score on the day of breeding (d 0) or d 7. On d 0, cows provided MMHAC had a systemic immunity score of 0.073 ± 0.008 but were not different (P > 0.34) from ITM cows (0.063 ± 0.006). This trend continued on d 7 with systemic immunity scores of MMHAC cows not differing (P > 0.32) from ITM cows (0.055 ± 0.004 and 0.061 ± 0.003; respectively). There was a tendency (P = 0.10) for the three-way interaction of semen type x pregnancy x treatment to influence the immunity score change from d 0 to d 7. Pregnant cows on ITM treatment bred with beef semen had a positive change in immunity score (0.020 ± 0.0085). Whereas ITM cows bred with Holstein semen that underwent EEL had a negative change (-0.015 ± 0.0085); all other means were intermediate. In the NP vs EEL model, there were no effects (P > 0.14) of semen type, treatment, pregnancy status, or any interactions on systemic immunity score on d 0, d 7, or the change between d 0 and d 7. In summary, trace mineral bioavailability tended to affect systemic immunological status in P vs EEL cows but not in NP vs EEL cows, which may allow for the elucidation of immunological status differences during pregnancy establishment.

26 Trace minerals to improve bull fertility

Abstract Bull fertility is paramount for reproductive success in cow-calf production systems and there are a variety of factors that influence bull fertility. Trace mineral requirements and recommendations have been established for growing and finishing steers, as well as lactating and pregnant cows, yet no specific requirements have been established for young or mature beef bulls. Nonetheless, trace minerals have been shown to have an important role in sexual maturation and semen quality of ruminants. Research performed in rams indicates that zinc deficiency results in reduced testicular development, decreased testicular concentrations of testosterone, and impaired development of seminiferous tubules. Deficiency of Zn has also been reported to negatively impact male fertility in humans, where men diagnosed with infertility responded positively to Zn supplementation. In growing bulls, diets with greater concentrations of organic forms of Zn, Cu, and Mn, tended to result in earlier attainment of puberty compared with control diets containing inorganic minerals. Furthermore, greater liver concentrations of Zn have been negatively correlated with sperm acrosomal damage in growing bulls, based on flow cytometry analyses. More recent research indicates that the use of hydroxichloride-based trace minerals results in greater liver concentrations of Zn and Cu compared with sulfate sources. While evidence indicates that trace mineral status has an important role in bull fertility, further research is required to better understand the contributions of trace minerals to semen quality. In addition, investigating the impact of trace mineral sources with greater bioavailability on semen quality may result in the development of practical recommendations that optimize bull fertility.

Effect of Adding Tuna Fish Bone Meal as a Source of Calcium Minerals in Feed in Freshwater Vannamei Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Cultivation

Effect of Adding Tuna Fish Bone Meal as a Source of Calcium Minerals in Feed in Freshwater Vannamei Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Cultivation

Boerhavia diffusa and Coccinia grandis: Two indigenous vegetables as a source of essential minerals, vitamins, amino acids, and fatty acids

Since the nutritional makeup of many plants is still unknown, people have historically included them in their diets without even being aware of their health advantages. Therefore, the present study aimed to uncover the proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, and fatty acids composition of two locally consumed vegetables, namely Boerhavia diffusa and Coccinia grandis. From the analysis, these vegetables had a significant protein, fat, and carbohydrate content. Regarding mineral contents, both plants had a great amount of potassium, calcium, iron, sodium, and zinc. These vegetables had a remarkable content of vitamins such as B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, and C. The leaves of both plants had important essential amino acids such as leucine, lysine, and phenylalanine, as well as non-essential amino acids. Unsaturated fatty acids such as linolenic acid, linoleic acid, and erucic acid were more prominent in Coccinia grandis than Boerhavia diffusa. In addition, both plants had a significant amount of saturated fatty acids such as palmitic acid, stearic acid, and lauric acid. Thus, it can be concluded that these two vegetables have magnificent profiles of nutrients which could make them as important sources of minerals, vitamins, and fatty acids.

EFS-Former: An Efficient Network for Fruit Tree Leaf Disease Segmentation and Severity Assessment

Fruit is a major source of vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber in people’s daily lives. Leaf diseases caused by climate change and other factors have significantly reduced fruit production. Deep learning methods for segmenting leaf diseases can effectively mitigate this issue. However, challenges such as leaf folding, jaggedness, and light shading make edge feature extraction difficult, affecting segmentation accuracy. To address these problems, this paper proposes a method based on EFS-Former. The expanded local detail (ELD) module extends the model’s receptive field by expanding the convolution, better handling fine spots and effectively reducing information loss. H-attention reduces computational redundancy by superimposing multi-layer convolutions, significantly improving feature filtering. The parallel fusion architecture effectively utilizes the different feature extraction intervals of the convolutional neural network (CNN) and Transformer encoders, achieving comprehensive feature extraction and effectively fusing detailed and semantic information in the channel and spatial dimensions within the feature fusion module (FFM). Experiments show that, compared to DeepLabV3+, this method achieves 10.78%, 9.51%, 0.72%, and 8.00% higher scores for mean intersection over union (mIoU), mean pixel accuracy (mPA), accuracy (Acc), and F_score, respectively, while having 1.78 M fewer total parameters and 0.32 G lower floating point operations per second (FLOPS). Additionally, it effectively calculates the ratio of leaf area occupied by spots. This method is also effective in calculating the disease period by analyzing the ratio of leaf area occupied by diseased spots. The method’s overall performance is evaluated using mIoU, mPA, Acc, and F_score metrics, achieving 88.60%, 93.49%, 98.60%, and 95.90%, respectively. In summary, this study offers an efficient and accurate method for fruit tree leaf spot segmentation, providing a solid foundation for the precise analysis of fruit tree leaves and spots, and supporting smart agriculture for precision pesticide spraying.

Climatic significance of clay minerals in Cenozoic marine and lacustrine sediments

AbstractIn sediments, clay minerals are mainly detrital. Formed by continental weathering, they are carried by surface transport predominantly by rivers, glaciers and, to a lesser extent, winds to the adjacent sedimentary basins and then are redistributed by oceanic currents. In a sedimentary core, the variability in the clay mineral assemblages reflects either variable physical and chemical weathering conditions in the watershed, typically with a significant link to climatic conditions, or changes in the mineral source, the latter being associated with various transport agents. When different sources are involved, a combination of mineralogical and geochemical proxies allows us to trace the detrital provenance, but they also indirectly provide valuable information on transport pathways and palaeocurrents. This manuscript reviews several examples from the literature and ongoing research on clay mineral variability in marine or lacustrine sedimentary records and interprets them in terms of: (1) climate control at different timescales, from the Neogene to the Quaternary; and (2) transport paths. Examples are selected to review the various clay-derived proxies in existence.

Bioactivity and Therapeutic Applications of Punica granatum L. Peel: Evidence and Prospects

Background: Inclination of the world towards natural and super foods has intended researchers and nutritionists to develop foods that are highly nutritious, feasible, eco-friendly along with immuno-boosting potential. Massive amounts of agro-industrial waste are generated across the world which can be turned-up into a functional ingredient by utilization and transformation of these wastes into wealth. An Indian balanced diet consists of foods from all food categories, with fruits and vegetables constituting one-fourth of the diet. Since ancient times, pomegranate (Punica granatum) and its various parts have been well-known for their therapeutic properties and delicious flavor. Worldwide approximately million tons of pomegranate peels are produced per annum which are a considerable source of vitamins, minerals, and numerous bioactive compounds such as phenolics, flavonoids (anthocyanins, flavonols, flavones) and tannins. Consequently, it has many health benefits, including antioxidative, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, antimutagenic, cardio-protective, hepato-protective, nephro-protective properties as well as it is also helpful in the prevention of many other chronic diseases. Its safety and efficacy for consumption have been proved by incorporating it in food products and industrial applications. The main aim of this review is to focus on the vital bioactive compounds present in pomegranate peel and their positive health benefits on human health.

PSVII-25 The influence of trace mineral source on in vitro trace mineral solubility and trace mineral concentrations of rumen microorganisms in canulated steers fed a diet formulated for lactating dairy cows

PSVII-25 The influence of trace mineral source on in vitro trace mineral solubility and trace mineral concentrations of rumen microorganisms in canulated steers fed a diet formulated for lactating dairy cows

Fortification of Dairy Products using Plant-derived Bioactive Compounds

Dairy products are rich sources of essential vitamins, minerals, and various bioactive components crucial for biochemical and physiological well-being. Over the past decade, there has been a growing interest in dairy products fortified with antioxidants and plant extracts. This increased interest stems from the vital role dairy plays in human nutrition and the demand for “natural preservatives”. One particularly promising approach involves enhancing dairy products with plant-derived antioxidants. Antioxidants are critical in neutralizing and scavenging free radicals, constantly produced within the body. Free radicals can damage vital molecules and contribute to the development of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and even cancer. This damage is often associated with oxidative stress, a condition where the body's natural antioxidant defenses are overwhelmed by free radical production. This review examines the growing trend of fortifying dairy products (milk, ice cream, cheese, and yogurt) with natural ingredients to enhance their nutritional value and functionality. The review focuses on using plant extracts, herbs, spices, and other natural sources, exploring their fortification potential without compromising organoleptic properties. Finally, the review focuses on the potential benefits of incorporating plant-derived bioactive compounds to fortify the antioxidant capacity of milk and dairy products.