Mineral Salt Mixture Research Articles

72 EASY-ABSORPTION DIET AS A THERAPEUTIC COMPLEMENT IN CHILDHOOD DIARRHOEA

The study was based on the Baukasten Principle (“Feeding with isolated components”), offering an easily digestible nourishment and an adequate protein and calory supply. 38 infants less than 1 year old, with diarrhoea and electrolytic disorders of 2nd and 3rd degrees and malnutrition on 1st to 3rd degree were studied. The patients were divided into two groups: Group I - 18 infants (11 males, 7 females) who received a conventional feeding program, rehydrations and reintroduction of cow or powdered milk, initially diluted and afterwards in its pure form. Group II - 20 infants (11 males, 9 females) who received a special diet, composed of partially hydrolyzed lacto-albumin, 3% glucose, dextrino-maltose, corn oil, a mixture of mineral salts and oligometals, and vitamins. All these components were mixed/with water, thus forming an easily absorbable feeding product, with a concentration of 302,8 ± 1.2 mOsm/1. The results obtained were statistically significant, showing better evolution of Group II which received the new formula. Considering the good tolerance towards the new product, as well as its easy digestion and absorption, the authors recommend it as a really valuable therapeutic complement in infant diarrhoea.

PRIMARY PHLOEM REGENERATION WITHOUT CONCOMITANT XYLEM REGENERATION: ITS HORMONE CONTROL IN COLEUS

Phloem regeneration in the absence of xylem regeneration was evoked in number 5 internodes of Coleus blumei Benth. by severing xylemless phloem bundles. Its quantitative extent was estimated. To determine whether phloem regeneration is directly affected by auxin, or whether it is a secondary consequence of the auxin‐dependent xylem regeneration which usually accompanies it, phloem regeneration was measured in decapitated plants from which auxin‐producing leaves and buds had been removed (i.e., in “plant stumps”). In these stumps, 1% IAA in lanolin completely restored phloem regeneration to the intact plant level. In such stumps from which roots had been excised, and in excised internodes, IAA failed to restore it to this level. However, zeatin or zeatin riboside in aqueous solution applied to the bases of excised internodes receiving IAA at their apical ends restored phloem regeneration to the level of that in whole plants. When similarly tested, other cytokinins (kinetin, kinetin riboside, 2iP, and 2iPA), gibberellic acid (GA3), glutamine, proline, sucrose, and a mixture of mineral salts failed to promote phloem regeneration. Glutamic acid, tested only once, was slightly promotive of it.

Primary Phloem Regeneration Without Concomitant Xylem Regeneration: Its Hormone Control in Coleus

Phloem regeneration in the absence of xylem regeneration was evoked in number 5 internodes of Coleus blumei Benth. by severing xylemless phloem bundles. Its quantitative extent was estimated. To determine whether phloem regeneration is directly affected by auxin, or whether it is a secondary consequence of the auxin-dependent xylem regeneration which usually accompanies it, phloem regeneration was measured in decapitated plants from which auxin-producing leaves and buds had been removed (i.e., in “plant stumps”). In these stumps, 1% IAA in lanolin completely restored phloem regeneration to the intact plant level. In such stumps from which roots had been excised, and in excised internodes, IAA failed to restore it to this level. However, zeatin or zeatin riboside in aqueous solution applied to the bases of excised internodes receiving IAA at their apical ends restored phloem regeneration to the level of that in whole plants. When similarly tested, other cytokinins (kinetin, kinetin riboside, 2iP, and 2iPA), gibberellic acid (GA3), glutamine, proline, sucrose, and a mixture of mineral salts failed to promote phloem regeneration. Glutamic acid, tested only once, was slightly promotive of it.

Germination of Botrytis cinerea conidia in vitro in relation to nutrient conditions on leaf surfaces

Conidia of different isolates of Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr. varied widely in ability to germinate in water. Sugars and amino acids were added at concentrations similar to natural levels on leaf surfaces. To a limited extent simple sugars promoted germination. Fructose was most effective whilst sucrose was least effective. Amino acids stimulated germination with the exception of taurine and lysine. Lysine reduced the stimulatory effect of a mixture of amino acids. Germination of conidia was only increased by an inorganic nitrogen source, ammonium salts or by a mixture of mineral salts, when glucose was present. Growth factors, yeast extract, gibberellic acid and kinetin had no effect on germination but indole-acetic acid caused a small stimulation. Abscisic acid depressed germination. It is suggested that, like soil fungi, the germination of spores of phylloplane fungi may be nutrient-dependent, or independent with respect to exogenous nutrients. Poor in vivo germination of B. cinerea may be associated with competition.

Quantitative determination of supplemental vitamin C in mineral salt mixtures (author's transl)

Supplemental vitamin C in mineral salt mixtures is extracted without destruction by diluted ethanol under the reducing and stabilizing protection of 2,3-dimercaptopropanol-(1) (BAL). After removal of heavy metal ions in form of mercaptides and by means of cation exchange BAL is extracted and vitamin C (ascorbic plus dehydroascorbic acid) titrated with dichlorophenolindophenol. Recovery 98-100%.

On the nature and incidence of goitre in Finnish dairy calf population

In 1968, thyroid glands were obtained from young dairy animals born and raised in the areas of various Agricultural Societies of Finland. Breed, sex and carcass weight were recorded for each case. The thyroids were weighed and preparations made for the histological examination. The relative proportions of epithelium (E %), colloid (C %) and stroma (S %), and the height of the epithelial cells (Eμ), were estimated with histometric methods, and the absolute amount of epithelial tissue in grams per gland (Eg) was calculated. The relative size of the follicles (FN) was also determined. The glands were classified, on the basis of prevailing histological characteristics, into activity groups indicated by numbers from 1 (low) to 6 (high). The glands in groups 5 and 6 were considered histologically as abnormal. The data included both Ayrshires (375 ♂ and 239 ♀) and Finncattle (276 ♂ and 234 ♀), and was characterized by the following mean and range values: carcass weight 66.6 kg (7—214), thyroid weight 12.95 g (2.1—130.0), E % 26.1 (14.4—88.2), C % 70.2 (4.1—85.1), S % 3.7 (0.9—14.6), Eμ 5.0 (2.2—22.5), Eg 3.77 (0.44—98.15), FN 21.9 (9.0—84.7), histological activity 3.0 (1—6). Data obtained from the Ayrshire herd of the Viik Experimental Farm was used as a control material for this study. The correlation study revealed that breed and sex had very little effect on the various thyroid characteristics. Carcass weight, on the other hand, correlated significantly with all other thyroid characteristics except the E %. In order to evaluate the geographic distribution of goitre the data was divided into 15 groups according to the Agricultural Society in whose area the animals were born and raised. Effect of carcass weight on the weight, Eg, and histological activity of the thyroid was first eliminated (e.g. by calculating the deviations from the respective control values) before the 15 groups were comparable with each other. Investigations revealed that the thyroid weight, Eg, and E % were raised and the percentage of histologically abnormal glands was high in the Agricultural Societies of the District of Nyland & Nyland’s Swedish, the District of Tavastland, East-Tavastland, the District of Mikkeli, and North-Karelia. On the other hand, hardly any or no signs of goitre were found in the Agricultural Societies of Satakunta, Tavastland-Satakunta, and Kuopio. Attention was also paid to the consumption of iodized mineral salt mixtures by cattle in the various Agricultural Societies. The extent of variation found in the consumption rate was not, however, large enough to explain satisfactorily the differences in the goitre incidence. Since the mean consumption rate in whole Finland in 1967 was only 1/3 of that of the control herd, it is concluded that the amounts of supplemental iodine in the cattle rations should be considerably increased.

On the development of the thyroid weight in the dairy herd of the Viik experimental farm

The mean thyroid weight of the growing (under 60 months old) and full-grown (over 60 months old) cows slaughtered from the Ayrshire herd of the Viik Experimental Farm during the years 1958—59 (I), 1960—65 (II) and 1966—69 (III) was as follows: 24.46 and 43.10 g (I), 21.02 and 30.16 (II) and 18.16 and 27.01 g (III) respectively. Decrease in the thyroid weight from (I) to (III) was believed to be due to the adding of iodine as a component of a mineral salt mixture into the ration of the herd in 1959. The thyroid weights of young cattle and bulls showed trends similar to those observed in cows.

Nutrition of the European Corn Borer, Ostrinia nubilalis1. VI. A Larval Rearing Medium without Crude Plant Fractions2

A meridic dietary medium containing no foliage, wheat germ, or other crude plant fractions has been developed. This medium appears to be completely satisfactory for continuous culturing of laboratory populations of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner). Omission of plant materials from the rearing medium was made possible by the development of a simplified, balanced mineral salt mixture. Because of inorganic contaminants contained in other organic constituents of the medium, the insect's requirement for individual inorganic elements could not be determined with acceptable accuracy.

Low-Level Feeding of Ronnel in a Mineral Salt Mixture for Area Control of the Face Fly, Musca autumnalis1

Approximately 1600 cattle in 28 pastures, of approximately 100 acres each, were utilized in this experiment. All pastures received a mineral salt mixture containing 5.5% ronnel with the exception of two pastures on the perimeter of the treated area that received no ronnel and were used as checks. Adult and larval counts were made on 7 of the 23 treated pastures and both of the untreated pastures. Results indicated that: (1) Despite good larval control adult fly counts remained high, especially in treated pastures near untreated areas. Apparently the face fly, Musca autumnalis DeGeer, has a natural tendency for dispersion, and, therefore, area control by low-level feeding of salt containing a larvicide is difficult. (2) When the consumption of ronnel remained above 5.5 mg per kg of animal body weight per day, larval control was above 95%. (3) During hot, dry periods animals reduced their salt consumption and this habit resulted in decreased larval control. (4) When salt boxes were placed in areas where cattle were seen infrequently both salt consumption and larval control were reduced.

Water Metabolism Disturbances Related to Mortality in Day-Old Chicks Force-Fed Glucose Solutions

FELL (1959) and Pipkin (1962) observed that the chemically-characterized liquid diet of Greenstein et al. (1957), which gave growth and reproduction through several generations in rats, was highly lethal when force-fed to day-old chicks at the rate of 1 gm. of diet per hour. The liquid diet contained a mixture of glucose, l-amino acids, mineral salts and crystalline vitamins dissolved in water to give 50% solids. Characteristic symptoms exhibited by all dead or dying chicks were weight loss, diarrhea, and distention and fluid accumulation in the crop; postmortem symptoms were emaciation, dehydration and hyperemia. These symptoms and the nature of the diet (high in concentration of relatively low-molecular weight substances and consequently high in osmotic pressure) led to the hypothesis that the lethal effects were the result of a critical body water loss brought about by force-feeding of the liquid diets which have an excessively high osmotic pressure compared to…

Embryo culture of rice on sterile medium

The culture of immature rice embryos is possible on a sterile medium made of 5 g of a mixture of mineral salts, 20 g dextrose and 7 g agar per liter water.

The effect of silage prepared in different ways upon the ammonia content of the cow’s rumen ingesta

The effects on the ammonium content in the cow’s rumen ingesta exerted by four types of silage prepared in different ways have been mutually compared. The experimental animal, a fistulated cow, received a daily dose of 5 kg timothy hay, 1.3 kg protein concentrates, mineral salt mixture and 18 kg silage. The silage had been prepared: (1) with ammonium bisulphate (A.I.V. preservative salt), (2) with A.I.V. acid, (3) with Calcifor salt, and (4) without the addition of preservative. The mean ammonia concentrations of the rumen contents during the 12-hour period between feedings were, in the above-mentioned order, 0.903, 0.726, 0.683 and 0.705 mmol per 100 ml, respectively. When the three last-mentioned figures are employed as a basis of reference for the first, the ammonium nitrogen from the ammonium bisulphate retained in the fodder is found to have increased the ammonia concentration of the rumen contents by 0.177—0.220 mmol per 100 ml, equivalent to an increase by 24—32 % in the particular conditions of the experiment. The conclusion has been drawn that this has caused increased protein synthesis by the microbial flora of the rumen.