Physical Properties Of Minerals Research Articles

Research on the influence of mineral heterogeneity under different CO2 injection schemes in low permeability reservoirs

In the pursuit of sustainable oil and gas resource extraction, the innovative integration of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technology has emerged as the most promising approach. During the CCUS process, intricate physicochemical interactions between the injected CO2, facilitated through various injection strategies (Water Alternative Gas: WAG/Continue Gas Injection: CGI) and the formation fluids and heterogeneous mineral assemblages within the reservoir trigger alterations in mineral structures, consequently impacting permeability and recovery factors, constituting a pivotal aspect. Precisely delineating and quantifying these interactions is paramount for optimizing process design and evaluating reservoir dynamics in the successful implementation of CCUS operations. This study has carried out qualitative and quantitative characterization of mineral heterogeneity, different pore types, and mineral combination characteristics from a low-permeability sandstone reservoir. Additionally, the effect on the physical properties of minerals from different development methods (WAG/CGI) was investigated using numerical simulation for CCUS applications. The results indicate that the saturated CO2 fluid selectively dissolves the potassium feldspar (orthoclase) in intergranular pores, while the intergranular pores are filled with illite and secondary precipitated clay minerals. It initially dissolves the sensitive mineral (ankerite) in the intergranular pores. The decrease of ankerite and increase of illite result from the prolonged contact period between saturated CO2 and minerals, which changes the mineral cementation to argillaceous type, thus affecting permeability in the context of CCUS. The spatial impact on reservoir physical properties depends on the spatial heterogeneity of the original sensitive minerals (ankerite, anorthite, illite, etc.) distributed in the study area. In the WAG scheme, the physicochemical interaction between saturated CO2 and reservoir minerals is more intense than in the CGI scheme for CCUS operations, significantly impacting cumulative production.

Magnetic Properties of Lightning‐Induced Glass Produced From Five Mineral Phases

AbstractThe physical properties of minerals are modified by the high temperatures of volcanic lightning during explosive eruptions. Alteration involves rapid heating and volatilization, melting, and fusion of ash grains within the discharge channel, followed by rapid quenching into new glassy textures. High current impulse experiments reveal that lightning alters not only the morphology and mineralogy of volcanic ash but also its magnetic properties. We investigate lightning‐induced magnetic changes in five igneous minerals (<32 μm powders of albite, labradorite, augite, hornblende, and magnetite) by comparing hysteresis parameters before and after impulse experiments conducted at peak currents of 25 and 40 kA. Both the paramagnetic and ferrimagnetic behaviors of the samples were altered, which we interpret as a superposition of two processes. (a) Rapid melting allows iron contained within inclusions of Fe‐oxides and Fe‐bearing silicates to diffuse into the newly formed melt, thereby increasing the paramagnetism of the resulting glass. (b) Nucleation and growth of magnetite from the newly formed melt increases the ferrimagnetic behavior of the post‐experimental samples. Nominally non‐Fe‐bearing silicates like albite and labradorite have significantly increased paramagnetism and ferrimagnetism. Fe‐bearing silicates like augite and hornblende contain higher concentrations of ferrimagnetic inclusions, from which Fe diffuses into the newly formed melt, thereby increasing paramagnetism while decreasing ferrimagnetism. Experiments conducted on magnetite produced new magnetite crystals with dendritic habits. Although specific to volcanic ash, these results provide important insights into the magnetism of other materials affected by lightning on Earth, the Moon, and throughout the solar system.

Electrical parameters of high-temperature electrical conductivity, frequency characteristics of active electrical resistance and dielectric losses of samples of minerals, rocks, ores as a function of their composition and genesis

Relevance is determined by the search and selection of the most information-intensive characteristics and physical properties of minerals and rocks for the reconstruction of genesis conditions, as well as the need for scientifically based criteria for the detection of various minerals, their quality assessment, which is especially important in selective mining and the choice of the optimal ore dressing technology. Research methodology. Для исследования электрических свойств были использованы образцы в форме кубика с ребром 0,02 м. To study the electrical properties, samples in the form of a cube with an edge of 0.02 m were used. The measurements were performed in an open system at atmospheric pressure. The electrical resistance was measured with two-electrode setup every 10 degrees in the temperature range of 20–900 ºC. The heating rate is 0.066 deg/s. Measuring instrument – E6-13 teraohmmeter with dynamic range from 10 to 1014 Ohm and relative measurement error from ±2.5 to 4% at the end of the range. The frequency dispersion of the active resistance and the dielectric loss tangent was studied at room temperature in the range of 0.01–100 kHz. The measuring device is the LCR-819 immitance meter. The technique is described in the instruction manual for the device (LCR-819 immittance meter. Operation manual. M., 2005. 26 p.). Results. Physical, physicochemical, mineralogical and petrographic methods have been used to study samples of some minerals, rocks, ores from different deposits of the Urals. Functional relationships are revealed between the electrical parameters of high-temperature electrical conductivity (activation energy E0 , the so-called electrical resistance coefficient lg R0 ), frequency characteristics of active resistance, dielectric loss tangent of the studied samples of minerals, rocks, ores with their genetic features, mineral composition and quality. The materials presented in the work are the result of many years of research by the author. Conclusions. The given results in combination with other physicochemical parameters can be used as a reliable indicator of the rapid assessment of the studied material.

Seismic and thermo-compositional insights into the uppermost mantle beneath the Northern Andes magmatic arc

The mantle wedge beneath the Northern Andes magmatic arc is expected to be latitudinally heterogeneous as suggested by the highly variable composition of recovered xenoliths, a discontinuous pattern of low seismic velocity zones, and unusually high Vp/Vs ratios below volcanic centers. Such heterogeneity might be controlling the development of the modern arc which currently shows a narrow northern volcanic segment between ∼4° and 6°N (<75 km wide), a volcanic gap of hundreds of km in its central portion (∼2°-4°N), and a wider southern volcanic expression between ∼2°S and 2°N (>120 km wide). Through an analysis of Pn and Sn inter-station wave speed estimates, the seismic structure dissimilarity and latitudinal thermo-compositional insights were constrained within the uppermost mantle beneath the arc. Results, integrating wave speed estimates, anisotropy, and thermo-compositional inferences obtained by wave velocity comparison using physical properties of minerals and phase equilibria modeling, suggest a seismically slower structure, higher anisotropy, and warmer conditions beneath the northern region (>4°N), whereas a faster, less anisotropic, and colder mantle towards the south (<2°N). We interpret the warmer and higher degree of anisotropy in the northern uppermost mantle as influenced by the Caldas tear, prompting hot mantle influx. Beneath the gap region, seismic speeds are similar to those in the north, yet a colder thermal state is suggested. We interpret the colder temperatures and the abrupt reduction in surface volcanism as reflecting an absence, or a reduced amount of magma pounding within the Moho vicinity. The southern upper mantle is seismically faster and colder compared to the northern portions of the arc. We interpret the fast velocities, and a wider volcanic expression on the surface, as influenced by the Carnegie ridge interaction prompting a shallower subduction with respect to the north. Our wave speed estimate and thermo-compositional inferences draw an increase in temperature and seismic anisotropy in the uppermost mantle from south to north along the Northern Andes magmatic arc. The main controlling factor of the general anisotropy below the entire arc seems to be the preferred orientation of olivine and pyroxene rather than an aligned melt fabric.

Application of the RRSB, Pogosov, and Weining functions to describe the cumulative size characteristics of anthracites from the Krasnogorsky Mine

Many researchers have found that the nature of the grain size distribution makes it possible to assume the regularity of such a distribution, despite the difference in the physical properties of minerals. There are quite a large number of approximating functions for describing the regularities of the separation of coal and mineral complexes by size, obtained experimentally. There is a need to develop a new methodological approach and tools for selecting the best approximation function. The paper presents the results of predicting the total size characteristics of anthracites of the Krasnogorsky mine by the RRSB, Pogosov, and Weining functions. The quality of the approximation is estimated by the value of the standard deviation. It is established that the Weining formula allows us to calculate with a minimum error the granulometric composition of anthracites of the named deposit in the range of fineness from 0 to 150 mm.

Identifying clay mineral using angular competitive neural network: A machine learning application for porosity estimative

In the daily practice of Formation Evaluation for porosity calculation considering the shale volume is common the adoption of simple hypotheses about the physical properties of the reservoir rock constituents. In this paper, it is argued that an accurate estimate of clay mineral physical properties in the reservoir rock are essential for a realistic porosity calculation, once it may be different from the physical properties of clay minerals present in nearby shale layers. Geologically, the assumption of similarity between the clay mineral physical properties in the reservoir rock and adjacent shales properties means to presume a depositional continuity in sedimentary process and disregarded the innumerous postpositional processes involved in the sedimentary basin. By applying the angular competitive neural network to the Density-Neutron method to identify the clay mineral in the reservoir rock based on all identifiable clay minerals in the oil field, it is shown that a particular clay mineral signals a characteristic angular pattern in the Density-Neutron cross-plot. The methodology is presented with synthetic data and evaluated with actual well logs and core analysis from a borehole drilled in the Namorado oil field, Campos basin, Brazil.

Physical Properties of Mineral and Recycled Aggregates Used to Mineral-Asphalt Mixtures.

This article presents test results and examines the possibilities of using aggregate from ceramic waste for mineral-asphalt mixtures. In addition, the mineral composition, physical and mechanical properties of aggregates from natural raw materials such as dolomite, granodiorite and waste ceramic aggregate (introduced as a partial substitute for the main aggregate) were analyzed. The shape of grains was examined by determining the shape and flatness index of aggregates, resistance to grinding and frost resistance. The tested properties have a direct impact on the durability of road surfaces. To this end, the adhesion of asphalt to the surface of the aggregates used was additionally determined. Determination of surface roughness and two-dimensional (2D) topography of tested aggregates was carried out. The aggregates microstructure examination, coupled with the energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis, was conducted to determine the morphology and texture of the aggregates as well as to identify the basic chemical components.

Review of W. Heinrich and R. Abart (eds.) (2017): Mineral reaction kinetics: microstructures, textures, chemical and isotope signatures. EMU Notes in Mineralogy, 16

Preamble As a geochemist, specialist in fluid-rock interactions, I have under-taken the task of reviewing this book from the perspective of a non-specialist, with the exception of chapters dealing with aqueous solution and mineral or glass alteration which is within my speciality. My review should be considered the opinion of a general scientist who wants to learn more about mineral transformations from a kinetic and thermodynamic point of view. The reader should be aware that this volume rather deals with processes at the nanometre scale explaining mechanical, textural and physical properties of minerals and rocks, than mineral weathering.

Hyperspectral analysis of lithologies in the Arctic in areas with abundant lichen cover

Lithological mapping using remote sensing depends, in part, on the identification of rock types by their spectral characteristics. Chemical and physical properties of minerals and rocks determine their diagnostic spectral features throughout the electromagnetic spectrum. Shifts in the position and changes in the shape and depth of these features can be explained by variations in chemical composition of minerals. Detection of such variations is vital for discriminating minerals with similar chemical composition. Compared with multispectral image data, airborne or spaceborne hyperspectral imagery offers higher spectral resolution, which makes it possible to estimate the mineral composition of the rocks under study without direct contact. Arctic environments provide challenging ground for geological mapping and mineral exploration. Inaccessibility commonly complicates ground surveys, and the presence of ice, vegetation and rock-encrusting lichens hinders remote sensing surveys. This study addresses the following objectives: 1. Modelling the impact of lichen on the spectra of the rock substrate; 2. Identification of a robust lichen index for the deconvolution of lichen and rock mixtures and 3. Multiscale hyperspectral analysis of lithologies in areas with abundant lichens.

Scientific basis for creation of construction materials based on titanium and alumina minerals

Currently there is a need in affordable and accessible materials with specific physical and chemical properties. Al- and Ti-minerals are excellent test objects for correlation between structure and physical properties of mineral. For example, corundum and ilmenite are related to the same structural type (rhombohedral lattice R3) and possess various physical properties. With the help of modern equipment we studied titanium- and aluminum-containing concentrates of natural raw and also products of various kinds of influences on them, which showed signs of nanostructuring. We observed methods of directional change of physical and chemical characteristics of Al- and Ti-minerals and creation of new commercial products.

A MATLAB toolbox and Excel workbook for calculating the densities, seismic wave speeds, and major element composition of minerals and rocks at pressure and temperature

AbstractTo interpret seismic images, rock seismic velocities need to be calculated at elevated pressure and temperature for arbitrary compositions. This technical report describes an algorithm, software, and data to make such calculations from the physical properties of minerals. It updates a previous compilation and Excel® spreadsheet and includes new MATLAB® tools for the calculations. The database of 60 mineral end‐members includes all parameters needed to estimate density and elastic moduli for many crustal and mantle rocks at conditions relevant to the upper few hundreds of kilometers of Earth. The behavior of α and β quartz is treated as a special case, owing to its unusual Poisson's ratio and thermal expansion that vary rapidly near the α‐β transition. The MATLAB tools allow integration of these calculations into a variety of modeling and data analysis projects.

GEOLIFE – Geomaterials for the environment, technology and human activities. Preface to the October 2014 special set of papers arising from presentations at the Goldschmidt 2013 conference

This special issue of the Mineralogical Magazine springs from the session we organized as part of the Goldschmidt 2013 conference in Florence. The title we proposed “GEOLIFE – Geomaterials for environment, technology and human activities” reflects our feeling that a wise use of the expertise gained by mineralogists while studying the crystal chemistry, as well as the chemical and physical properties of minerals in rocks and soils, still plays an important role in what is called “The cutting edge in Mineralogy and Mineral Physics”.Indeed, the current expertise in the physical, chemical and structural characterization of geomaterials, i.e. minerals, rocks and their synthetic analogues, now allows us to design innovative applications both for technological and environmental purposes. During the meeting we discussed some frontier work on phases produced naturally by the Earth ‘laboratory’ or fabricated within academic laboratories, which have the potential to improve the quality of life for current and future generations.

Presentation of the 2012 Roebling Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America to Harry W. Green II

Mr. President, Colleagues, and Guests: It is with great pleasure that I introduce Harry W. Green II, as recipient of the Mineralogical Society of America’s highest honor, the Roebling Medal. The Roebling Medal is awarded “for outstanding original research in mineralogy...defined broadly”—a description that completely fits Harry Green’s distinguished scientific career. Harry’s research activities have focused on the rheology of geological materials in mantle conditions, and how stress and deformation interact with metamorphism and phase transformations. Now, Harry calls this direction “Mineralogy in Action,” that is, indeed, a bridge between “Phase Transformations and Earth’s Dynamics.” Throughout his career of more than 40 years, Harry has made seminal advances in mineralogy-based disciplines using the physical properties of minerals, mineral reactions, and their connections with the microstructures of minerals and rocks. All of his numerous publications are done in provocative and creative ways, and Harry remains today on the scene as one of the most influential, world-leading scientists in high-pressure rheology and mineralogy. He has done so through innovative high-pressure experiments and exhaustive interrogation of natural minerals and their experimental counterparts down to the smallest scales by electron microscopy. Before putting in context Harry’s main achievements, I would like to highlight “Where Harry was first at the beginning of his career?” His first major impacts in the 1960s to the 1980s included research on understanding extreme preferred orientation of quartz caused by annealing; on deformation microstructures in mantle xenoliths connected to generation of …

Sodian muscovite-2M1: Crystal chemistry and surface features

This study explores crystal chemical features of a sodian muscovite from Antarctica, both in the bulk of the mineral and at the uppermost surface layers. These features may support a deeper comprehension of processes affecting mineral surface and mineral physical properties. The muscovite under analysis is characterized by limited celadonite and paragonite substitutions and shows the following chemical formula: [XII] (K 1.73 Na 0.27 ) [VI] (Fe 2+ 0.14 Al 3+ 3.77 Mg 0.07 Ti 0.01 ) [IV] (Al 1.91 Si 60.9 ) O 20 (F 0.11 OH 3.89 ). The sample is monoclinic, 2M 1 polytype, with symmetry C 2/ c and unit cell parameters a = 5.1969(1), b = 9.0138(3), c = 20.0835(7) A, and β = 95.763(2) ° . The two tetrahedral sites, T1 and T2, present similar distances ( = 1.643A and = 1.647 A) and distortion parameter values, evidencing a disordered distribution of Si and Al at tetrahedral sites. The tetrahedral ring is significantly distorted (α = 11.2 ° ) and the tetrahedral basal oxygen atom plane is remarkably wavy (Δ z = 0.224 A). Crystal chemical modifications at mineral surface were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The interlayer cation K is eight-fold coordinated both in the bulk and at the surface, and its amount decreases at the surface. Sodium substitutes K and its coordination at the mineral surface is six. This evidence, together with a significant Na increase at the surface, is consistent with Na clustering close to the cleavage plane.

回折法と X 線吸収分光(XAFS)法を用いた地球惑星物質の精密構造解析

Advantage of mineralogical approach in clarifying peculiar physical properties for materials is introduc in the review. Precise structure analyses of the diffraction and X?ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy methods provide the important information on the Earth and planetary materials. The information from both long-range-order structure by diffraction method and local structure by XAFS method is important for the understanding of the correlation between structures and physical properties of minerals. High pressure and high temperature in-situ diffraction and XAFS experiments were performed using a multi-anvil high-pressure device and synchrotron radiation. Both experiments are also useful as a probe of vibration dynamics and disordered structure. The pressure-dependent anharmonic effective potentials and characteristic values can be investigated using the diffraction and XAFS Debye-Waller factors. The ionic conduction mechanism has been proposed based on the effective one-particle potential and effective pair potential. Super ionic conduction of the mantle constituents resulting from anharmonic thermal vibration can produce the high electric and the low thermal conductivities in the Earth's lower mantle. Local structures of atoms in melt and glass of tetrahedrally coordinated materials change rapidly to higher coordinated states with pressure as if first-order phase transition. Unique structures are left in the local structures of the trace elements in minerals and tektite-impactite glass. The application of recently innovated techniques to the characterization of materials under extreme conditions contributes to the advancement of fundamental Earth-scientific knowledge.

PA01.31. Perception of ayurvedic mineral raw drugs in the eye mineralogy

Purpose: Each mineral is unique in this universe in its perception. Minerals are defined as naturally occurring, inorganic substances with a definite chemical composition and a regular internal crystalline structure (Gribble 1988). The identity of these depends on their physical, chemical or optical properties. Mineralogy a branch of science has its existence since 17th century. Being a part of Ayurvedic pharmaceutics, Rasashastra deals with a number of minerals categorized under Maharasa, Uparasa etc. These are identified on the basis of grahya lakshana mentioned in the books of Rasashastra documented from 8th century itself. Thus, it is evident that the science of mineralogy as it is practiced presently has its origin almost 1300 years back. 1.To find the features of minerals in the books of Rasashastra and to compare them with the properties of minerals as per Mineralogy. 2.To prove that the knowledge of identifying a mineral based on certain feature existed in India before development of mineralogy. Method: A literary research was undertaken to list out the grahya lakshanas of Rasadravyas mentioned in the literatures of Rasasashtra. An attempt was made to compare them with the equivalent properties of minerals. Only such literatures of Rasashastra which had their existence before 17th century were preferred for present study. Result: The grahya lakshanas mentioned in classical books of Rasasashtra were found to be very much comparable with the physical properties of minerals. Conclusion: This literary research justifies that the ancient scholars of Rasasashtra were able to identify the minerals based on their physical properties many centuries before the mineralogy had its existence.

Mineralogical Sciences and Archaeology

During the last decade, the archaeometric community has matured, both in quantity and in quality. This is evidenced by the high impact-factor values reached by the most important archaeometric journals, comparable to those of some outstanding mineralogical and petrographical journals. In this community, the number of geoscientists, mostly mineralogists, has also increased, because they are intrinsically dealing with complex systems such as the natural geological materials utilized to produce artifacts. Ceramics, glassy materials, metal objects, and lithic tools have stored during their production a lot of information about the history they underwent. Geoscientists, probably more than chemists and physicists, are able to decipher this information in the same way they reconstruct the geological history of rocks through the study of chemical and physical properties of minerals. The reconstruction of the “history” of artifacts (in the field of art and archaeology) implies the identification and provenance of raw materials and the definition of various aspects of production technology. Mineralogy is well equipped to face the methodological and …

鉱物結晶学の多様化：新たな広がりと挑戦 １．高圧鉱物（地球深部物質）ＭｇＳｉＯ３‐ＦｅＡｌＯ３系ペロブスカイトの固溶メカニズムと結晶化学

MgSiO3 dominant perovskite is believed to be the most abundant constituent mineral in the Earth’s lower mantle. Generally minerals form solid solutions and their nature should affect on physical properties of minerals. In this paper, we will introduce our recent studies about incorporation mechanism of FeAlO3 component into MgSiO3 perovskite and its crystal chemistry.

Specific features of the mineral composition of titanium-zirconium placers in Russia

Specific features of the mineral composition of economically promising titanium-zirconium placers in Russia are analyzed. Generalization of the data made it possible to classify titanium-zirconium deposits with respect to different parameters of mineral composition, which can govern technological properties, and to identify specific characteristics with insignificant differences. Ore sands of titanium-zirconium placers are characterized by the following qualitative characteristics: TiO2 content; mineral form of this dioxide (zircon); mineral-carriers of elements that degrade the quality of sands (primarily, Cr and P); physical properties of minerals; grain size composition of sands; and mass and composition of clayey fraction in the sands. Characteristics of the currently exploited Malyshev deposit are given.

Nature of diamonds in Yakutian eclogites: views from eclogite tomography and mineral inclusions in diamonds

We have performed dissections of two diamondiferous eclogites (UX-1 and U33/1) from the Udachnaya kimberlite, Yakutia in order to understand the nature of diamond formation and the relationship between the diamonds, their mineral inclusions, and host eclogite minerals. Diamonds were carefully recovered from each xenolith, based upon high-resolution X-ray tomography images and three-dimensional models. The nature and physical properties of minerals, in direct contact with diamonds, were investigated at the time of diamond extraction. Polished sections of the eclogites were made, containing the mould areas of the diamonds, to further investigate the chemical compositions of the host minerals and the phases that were in contact with diamonds. Major- and minor-element compositions of silicate and sulfide mineral inclusions in diamonds show variations among each other, and from those in the host eclogites. Oxygen isotope compositions of one garnet and five clinopyroxene inclusions in diamonds from another Udachnaya eclogite (U51) span the entire range recorded for eclogite xenoliths from Udachnaya. In addition, the reported compositions of almost all clinopyroxene inclusions in U51 diamonds exhibit positive Eu anomaly. This feature, together with the oxygen isotopic characteristics, is consistent with the well-established hypothesis of subduction origin for Udachnaya eclogite xenoliths. It is intuitive to expect that all eclogite xenoliths in a particular kimberlite should have common heritage, at least with respect to their included diamonds. However, the variation in the composition of multiple inclusions within diamonds, and among diamonds, from the same eclogite indicates the involvement of complex processes in diamond genesis, at least in the eclogite xenoliths from Yakutia that we have studied.