Mineral Nutrition Research Articles

Study of the effect of foliar dressing on horseradish yield in the conditions of the North-Western part of Russia in Pskov region

The article presents an analysis of the problems in growing horseradish in the Russian Federation which are associated with an insufficient amount of planting material, as well as with the lack of cultivation technologies and not fully studied biological features of this crop. The results of the study contain material on the study of the effect of foliar dressing with Basfoliar complex mineral fertilizer in concentrations of 1.5 and 2.5 ml/l, 2.5 and 3.5 ml/l and 3.5 and 4.5 ml/l on horseradish yield in Pskov region. The experiments were conducted in the State Agricultural Academy of Velikie Luki and at the experimental plot in Pskov region, Pustoshkinskiy district in Orekhovo village. The paper presents data on improving the technology of growing horseradish of the Uvarovsky variety. The optimal concentrations of the applied Basfoliar fertilizer on the morphological parameters of the Uvarovsky variety in concentrations of 2.5 and 3.5 ml/l were established, thus, the maximum length of the leaf blade was 60.6 cm, the length of the rhizome — 37.8 cm. The highest commercial yield — 14.5 mt/ha and annual rhizomes — 10.0 mt/ha was obtained using Basfoliar 2.5 and 3.5 ml/l. To obtain a consistently high horseradish yield, it is necessary to provide plants with a balanced mineral nutrition throughout the vegetation period. Therefore, it is necessary to study in detail when choosing specific drugs and their effect on both morphological parameters and the structure of the crop. The results obtained during this work can be used for cultivation in order to increase the crop productivity in all horseradish farms.

THE FORMATION OF THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC POTENTIAL OF SOYBEAN VARIETIES DEPENDING ON THE DOSES OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS AND FOLIAR NUTRITION WITH ORGANO-MINERAL FERTILIZER

The main key to the formation of the maximum yield of agricultural crops in general, and of soybeans in particular, is the index of the leaf surface area. Providing plants with a full range of mineral nutrition elements and foliar fertilizing with organo-mineral fertilizer significantly affect the indicator of the size of the assimilation surface and the intensity of its growth. Foliar fertilizing with organo-mineral fertilizers and applying mineral fertilizers in different doses according to research results is quite an effective way to ensure optimal nutrition of plants. The results of research on the study of the photosynthetic productivity of soybean varieties under the influence of different doses of mineral fertilizers and different periods of foliar fertilizing with organo-mineral fertilizer (foliar fertilizing in the phase of the 3rd trifoliate leaf, foliar fertilizing in the phase of budding) in the conditions of the Right Bank Forest Steppe are presented. The peculiarities of the formation of the leaf surface area of soybean plants have been established. It was found that the dose of mineral fertilizers and the timing of foliar fertilizing with organo-mineral fertilizer Helprost Soybean (2.0 l/ha) had a significant impact on this indicator. The use of foliar fertilizing with Helprost Soybean in the budding phase ensured an increase in the leaf surface area by 7.2 - 12.7% in the Onyx variety and, accordingly, by 8.6 - 13.3% in the Sensor variety. Based on the results of research, it was found that the most effective technological technique was the combination of foliar feeding in the phase of the 3rd trifoliate leaf with Helprost Soybean with foliar feeding with the same organo-mineral fertilizer in the budding phase. Such growing conditions contributed to an increase in the area of leaves in comparison with variants without treatment by 10.6-17.9% in the Onyx variety and 12.3-18.2% in the Sensor variety. According to the results of the observations and calculations, it was found that the photosynthetic potential of soybean crops increased dynamically during the entire growing season and was directly dependent on the doses of mineral fertilizers, foliar fertilizing with organic-mineral fertilizers, and the weather conditions of the year. Together with mineral fertilizers, foliar feeding in different phases of the growing season of soybean crops had a positive effect on the formation of the photosynthetic potential of crops.

Formation of yield of various soybean varieties in Kabul conditions

The research examined the adaptive abilities of different soybean varieties when grown at a permanent research site at Kabul University. The soil of this study site is a saline loam mixture with a pH of 8.01 and an EC of 0.17. Mineral nutrition conditions were created by introducing complex fertilizer diammonium potassium phosphate and urea. The plots were located randomly on the experimental plot. The studies determined plant height, number of pods in plants, number of grains in a pod, plant yield and some morphological traits. During the growing season, nitrogen concentration was determined by the chlorophyll content in leaves using an N-tester SPAD 502 Plus, manufactured in Japan. The highest yield was observed in soybean variety Mangpong5 (1742 kg/ha), and the lowest yield was obtained in soybean variety Stine 3400-2 (1521 kg/ha). The results of statistical analysis of the research results using ANOVA showed the most significant difference in the yield of Mangpong5 varieties and other soybean varieties.

К вопросу о перспективах возделывания овсяницы тростниковой (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) на орошаемых землях Нижнего Поволжья

Purpose: to perform a review of an under-investigated bluegrass crop – tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), which is not widespread in forage production, but has some advantages over other bluegrass grasses. Discussion. Tall fescue is characterized by high seed and forage yields, a long-time growing season, early regrowth in spring, an ability to vegetate until late autumn, and an active regrow capacity. Fescue agrocenoses are responsive to irrigation and a high background of mineral nutrition. The ability to grow on saline and alkalini soils is also important. It is widely used for slope and ravines stabilization. Providing optimal combinations of plant life factors creates conditions for good growth, development and formation of high productivity for a long time as well as allows the crop to persist and prevail in multi-species agrocenoses in a wide variety of soil and climatic conditions – from forest and forest-steppe to steppe and semi-desert regions. Tall fescue grows well in damp places under natural conditions. This moisture-loving plant tolerates moisture-saturated, heavy loamy soils well. Regulation of the water regime of fescue crops ensures a more complete use of the biological potential of the crop, which is expressed in the receipt of two additional mowings, compared to natural moisture conditions. Tall fescue is used mainly in the form of hay, silage and haylage. Conclusion. Cultivation of tall fescue against the background of mineral fertilizer application and irrigation ensures an yield increase on average up to 15 t/ha of dry matter and up to 2.5 t/ha of crude protein collection. The wide distribution of this valuable crop in forage production in arid zones is hampered by the lack of scientifically based rational methods for creating highly productive grass stands and elements of cultivation technology.

Kinetics of growth, development and absorption of nutrients in stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) cultivated in the presence of NaCl.

The aim of the present work was to evaluate and analyze the growth and mineral nutrition response of stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) seedlings, an economically important forest species. We analyzed the salinity effects on the kinetics of growth, development, and absorption of nutrients of plants cultivated under controlled conditions on a solid organic substrate. Pinus pinea plants were able to tolerate 25 mM NaCl concentration without reduced growth compared to the non-saline control. However, the salt concentration of 50 mM significantly affected the seedling growth after two weeks of treatment. Root growth activity was decreased more than the aerial parts at applied NaCl concentrations. On the other hand, seedlings restricted the transport of Na+ ions to the aerial parts and were strongly selective in favour of K+ ions. The presence of NaCl in the culture medium decreased the absorption rate and the export of K+ and Na+ ions to the aerial parts. This was reflected in the accumulation way of these two ions in the whole plant.

ВНЕДРЕНИЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ТОЧНОГО ЗЕМЛЕДЕЛИЯ В ТОО НПЦ «EURASIA FARM INNOVATIONS»

In 2023, work was carried out on the introduction of precision farming technology in the fields of the Eurasia Farm Innovations Research and Production Center with an area of 11 thousand hectares. In this article, as an example, the research conducted on field No. 97 will be used. In the fields to assess the initial state of soils before sowing, the main elements of mineral nutrition were determined using the agrochemical express analysis of soils by the Stenon Farm Lab device: the content of mineral nitrogen (Nmin) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3), mobile phosphorus (P2 O5), the content of organic matter in the 0-20 cm layer, the pH of the soil solution. According to the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil, it is worth noting that only 8% of the plots of field No. 97 had an average level of security (P2O5), the remaining 92% had a low level of security. According to the content of organic matter, the soils had a low and medium degree of security (2-6%). All soil samples had a medium-alkaline soil solution reaction (7.3-8.5). According to the agrochemical survey, the dose of ammophos 40-121 kg/ha was calculated, task maps for differentiated fertilization in the autumn period were compiled. Digital maps have been created using the StarFire 6000 satellite receiver and Operation Centre John Deere, as well as with the help of UAVs and the Taranis platform, field littering maps have been created.

Yield of different onion varieties depending on the level of mineral nutrition and growth regulators in the conditions of the Southern Forest-steppe of the Republic of Bashkortostan

The purpose of research was to determine the peculiarities of the action of Epin-extra, NPK+Epin-extra, Heteroauxin, NPK+Heteroauxin on the yield and chemical composition of onions in the conditions of the southern forest-steppe zone of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The novelty of the research comprises because for the first time in the conditions of the southern forest-steppe zone of the Republic of Bashkortostan the experiments with the participation of a new variety of Bashkirian selection - Iglinsky 2. Onion yield of the studied varieties Strigunovsky local, Red Baron and Iglinsky 2 in variants with different nutrition backgrounds was higher than in the control by 0.64-9.34 tonnes/ha. The amount of dry matter in varieties Strigunovsky local and Red Baron was higher than normal in all nutrition backgrounds. The maximum yield of onion was formed in Iglinsky 2 variety on the background of Heteroauxin application - 60.5 tonnes/ha or 116.57% in comparison with the control. The presence of weak negative correlation between yield and average daily temperature regime (r = -0.276) was established. A positive correlation between yield, precipitation sum (r = 0.481) and Heteroauxin (r = 0.470) was found. We can use the research results in cultivation of onion in the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Russian Federation, is of interest for foreign researchers-breeders.

Diagnosis of potato mineral nutrition based on statistical analysis of two variables

The purpose of the research is to diagnose the mineral nutrition of potatoes based on the characteristics of the relationship between two variables. Potato yield in terms of yield increases to the control and background of mineral nutrition shows how effective doses of mineral fertilizers in double and triple combination are. The most effective option was nitrogen in a 2:1:1 combination at doses of N90P45K45 with an addition to the control of 1.47 t/ha (27.1%), and to the background of 1.28 t/ha (22.8%). In second place in terms of efficiency was the potassium variant in a 1:1:2 combination, where the increase was equal to the fertilizer-free variant of 1.45 t/ha (26.7%) and to the background of 0.98 t/ha (16.6%). Phosphorus fertilizers against the background of N45K45 gave an increase of 0.83 t/ha (14.1%), and in relation to the control – 1.29 t/ ha or 23.8%. Based on the statistical analysis of two variables "x" (fertilizer dose, kg/ha) and "Y" (yield, t/ha or c/ha), it is possible to show how much one indicator changes in relation to the other. Based on correlation and regression analysis, close relationships of two variables were obtained, which corresponded to high correlation coefficients r = 0.91 (nitrogen), r = 0.83 (phosphorus) and r = 0.93 (potassium).

ОЦЕНКА АДАПТИВНОГО ПОТЕНЦИАЛА СРЕДНЕСПЕЛЫХ СОРТОВ КАРТОФЕЛЯ ЧЕЛЯБИНСКОЙ СЕЛЕКЦИИ

The paper analyses the adaptive potential of mid-ripening potato cultivars of the Chelyabinsk breeding. 15 adaptive potato samples have been taken: five cultivars released in the Ural region (Zakhar, Tarasov, Kashtak, Kavaler, Spiridon), one cultivar submitted for state testing (Sapfir) and nine promising cultivars (10.76.1, 10.02.12, 09.23.30 , 09.4.1, 08.17.1, 04.2.13, 05.60.24, 05.76.1 and 04.1.97). To increase the productivity of the potato industry, adaptive cultivars of local breeding should be used. Efforts should be put to submit samples 10.76.1 (KA = 1.32) and 10.02.12 (KA = 1.26) to the state testing as the cultivars have a high degree of adaptability to soil, climatic and phytosanitary conditions of Chelyabinsk region. Mineral fertilisers (N132P143K158) per a 40 t/ha yield ensured higher tuber yields of mid-ripening potato cultivars of the Chelyabinsk breeding: by 3.32–5.51 t/ha in a planting pattern of 75 × 33 cm, by 5.93– 9.31 t/ha in 75 × 19 cm, by 7.14–14.38 t/ha in 75 × 14 cm, depending on the cultivar. The fertiliser rates (N260P260K285) per 60 t/ha increased the yield of tubers: by 7.46–10.82 t/ha in a planting pattern of 75 × 33 cm, by 13.96–18.41 t/ha in 75 × 19 cm, 10 by 17.60–24.75 t/ha in 75 × 14 cm compared to the control (without fertilisers). Thickening of plantings from 40 to 70 thousand tubers/ha improved the yields of the studied cultivars by 3.83–14.07 t/ha; at a higher planting density (up to 95 thousand tubers/ha) the yields rose by 5.90–23.46 t/ha, depending on the cultivar and level of mineral nutrition.

ОЦЕНКА ВЛИЯНИЯ АТМОСФЕРНОГО ПЕРЕНОСА НА НАКОПЛЕНИЕ ТЯЖЁЛЫХ МЕТАЛЛОВ КОМПОНЕНТАМИ БОЛОТ В ОКРЕСТНОСТЯХ Г. ТОМСКА13

Cities have become a source of natural landscapes pollution. Air transport of heavy metals changes the geochemical cycles of bogs that receive their main mineral nutrition from the atmosphere. The paper studies the distribution of heavy metals in the mire components through the example of key sites located near the cities of Tomsk and Seversk. The research was carried out on 7 mires, 5 of which are located to the north of the city and 2 are in the southwest of the city. The concentrations of Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb were determined in 4 plant species (Betula pubescens, Pinus sylvestris, Chamaedaphne calyculata and Rhododendron tomentosum), peat, and bedrock. It has been found that the content of these elements in plants and peat, as well as the intensity of their absorption, is higher in the mires located north of Tomsk, in the direction of the main transfer from the southern winds prevailing in the region. The influence of the city is also manifested in the fact that in the peat of all the sites that were examined, the concentration of heavy metals is higher than in the bedrock. The study has revealed that woody plants most intensively absorb Zn and Cu, while shrubs accumulate Cd and Pb. The absolute values of metal concentrations in plants and peat do not go beyond the background values established for the region, but the use of geochemical coefficients makes it possible to reveal the effect of industrial pollution. The study shows that mires can serve as sensitive indicators of atmospheric pollution in the process of monitoring of the state of environment.

The effect of complex fertilizers on the productivity of potato varieties on reclaimed lands in the Central Agricultural District of the Russian Federation

On a reclaimed site in the conditions of the Central NonChernozem region of Russia (Tver region), the productivity of potato varieties Sadon and Gala was studied on two backgrounds of mineral nutrition (N120P160K180 and N120P160K180 + trace elements) with different variants of non-root top dressing (control (without top dressing), Aquarin 12 (2x top dressing), Humate +7 (2x top dressing); Aquarin 12 (1st top dressing) + Humate +7 (2nd top dressing)). As a result, it was revealed that the highest yield and crop quality were obtained from the Sadon variety, which in 2023 formed 32.8 thousand plants/ha, 40.7 t/ha of tubers with a dry matter content of 20.4%. The microelement additive provided a significant increase in yield (1.9 t/ha) only for this variety. Against the background without a trace element additive, the highest tuberous productivity in the Sadon variety was provided by 2-fold use of the preparation Humate+7 (an increase of 6.4 t/ha), in the Gala variety – Aquarin 12 + Humate+7 (an increase of 6.7 t/ha). Against the background of the microelement additive for the Sadon variety, the increase in yield was ensured by the use of all foliar dressings (3.9 - 4.6 t/ha). A strong direct relationship was found between the yield of tubers and the density of plants standing for harvesting and the chlorophyll content index (CCI) (correlation coefficient r = 0.76 – 0.80).

Potato tuber yield and quality under potassium and magnesium addition on top of the nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization

The aim of the study to investigate the effect of individual or combined K and Mg addition on potato tuber yield and quality along the gradient of soil and environmental conditions, which was formed by the five experimental plots in the forest-steppe one of West Siberia. Location and time of the study. Microplot field experiment with moderately early potato cultivar Jelly with three fertilization treatments (N100P60, N100P60+K100 and N100P60+K100+Mg100) was setup in five replicates on five experimental plots with agricultural grey soils in the Novosibirsk Region in 2023. Geographical coordinates of the experimental sites varied from 55°15'40" to 54°47'09" NL and from 83°31'42" to 82º37' 56" EL. Methods. Instead of traditional temporal gradient (3–4 years of the experiment at a site) to account for weather variation, with the same purpose we used a spatial gradient, which in addition allowed to assess the effect of soil properties variation among the sites. Soil samples, collected prior to the experiment, were analyzed for organic carbon content, nitrate and ammonium nitrogen, exchangeable phosphorous, potassium and magnesium, as well as soil pH and electrical conductivity. In the course of the experiment air and soil (at 5 and 15 cm depth) temperatures was automatically recorded. At the end of the experiment potato tuber mass and number, as well as the aboveground phytomass, were measured at each microplot. After five months of tuber storage sensory properties (flavour, aroma, colour, mealiness and friability) of boiled tubers were assessed using a Hedonic scale. Analysis of variance, principal components extraction and multiple regression by partial least squares method were performed using Statistica v. 13.1. software. Results. Addition of K at the background NP fertilization (N100P60+K100 treatment) increased tuber yield by 30% and the aboveground phytomass by 40%. Addition of Mg (N100P60+K100+Mg100) did not affect yield properties, but markedly improved potato culinary quality. More than half of the variance of the potato yield properties was accounted for by the variation in soil and environmental conditions of the experimental fields location. Exchangeable Mg, ammonium N and soil pH were the main soil properties, allowing to forecast the current year tuber yield. The contribution of soil and environmental conditions of the experimental fields into the variance of the sensory properties, albeit small, was statistically significant (p≤0,05) for aroma and colour, with the similar trend for flavour and friability (0,05≤p≤0,10). Agrochemical properties, i.e. soil organic carbon, readily exchangeable P and nitrate N contents, as well as soil pH, were the main variables, determining tuber quality for consumers. Conclusions. The study performed on the agricultural grey soil in the forest-steppe zone of West Siberia confirmed the importance of optimizing potato mineral nutrition. Addition of NPK at the balanced rates significantly increased potato yield as compared with NP. Although addition of MG together with NPK did not increase the yield, it markedly improved sensory properties of potato. Some soil properties and temperature conditions, found to determine the yield (effective soil fertility), can be used in prognostic models for potato tuber yields and quality.

Effects of climate warming on the dynamics of mineral elements accumulation in Solanum tuberosum L.

A simulated experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of climate warming on the bioaccumulation, translocation and distributions of mineral elements in Solanum tuberosum L. by increasing temperature and CO2 concentration in an artificial climate greenhouse. The objective was to explore the effects of global warming on crop mineral nutrition and the long-term effects on agricultural ecology. The results showed that the bioaccumulation of Cu, Mg, Fe, Mn, and Cd in Solanum tuberosum L increased in whole plant with the combined increase of temperature and CO2 concentration. The mineral elements in leaves, stems, tubers, and root tissues of Solanum tuberosum L showed different changes, and the trend and degree of change vary depending on the element. The migration of most elements from roots to leaves and stems showed a slight increase with the increasing of temperature and the concentration of CO2, while the migration from roots to tubers remained relatively stable. In addition, the available content of most mineral elements (except K) in the soil increased with increasing temperature and CO2 concentration. These results suggested that climate warming could change the bioaccumulation, migration, and distribution dynamics of mineral elements in Solanum tuberosum L.

Yield of spring wheat depending on the level of mineral nutrition and the use of biologically active substances under condition grown of Afghanistan

A field experiments was carried out at the experimental farm department of Agronomy, Agriculture faculty, Al-beruni University, Kapisa, Afghanistan, to study the effect of NPK and gibberellic acid on growth and yield of spring wheat during March-June 2022 and 2023. The experiment was arranged on randomized complete block design, with three replication. Treatments include: T1 - N0P0K0 (Control), T2 – N1P1K1 (120–60-30 kg/ha), T3 – N2P2K2 (160–90-60 kg/ha),T4 – N3P3K3 (200–120-90 kg/ha), T5 – N1P1K1 (120–60-30 kg/ha) + GA3 200 ppm, T6 – N2P2K2 (160–90-60 kg/ha), + GA3 200 ppm, T7 – N3P3K3 (200–120-90 kg/ha) + GA3 200 ppm. In case of mineral fertilizers and gibberellic acid, results indicated that NPK levels and GA3 with a few exceptions remarkably improved the yields attributes and yields of spring wheat. The highest 1000 grain weight (46.98 and 47.18 gr), grain yield (4.16 and 4.63 t/ha) and straw yield of spring (8.48 and 8.55 t/ha) wheat was recorded with application of 160–90-60 Kg/ha NPK + 200 ppm GA3 in both years of 2022 and 2023. While the minimum was found in control treatment.

Продуктивность и качество зерна озимой пшеницы в зависимости от уровня минерального питания в условиях вертикальной зональности центральной части Северного Кавказа

The article examines the productivity and grain quality of winter wheat varieties depending on the level of mineral nutrition and vertical zonality of Kabardino-Balkaria. The purpose of the field experiment was to establish the parameters of productivity and grain quality of winter wheat varieties depending on the doses of mineral fertilizers and climatic zones of the CBD. The predecessor in all zones was corn for silage without the use of fertilizers. The soils of the experimental plots and their agrochemical characteristics are as follows: steppe zone – ordinary chernozem, mechanical composition – heavy loamy, content of mobile phosphorus 40 mg/kg, exchangeable potassium 330 mg/kg (according to Machigin), NO3 28.2 mg/kg, sulfur 9.1 mg/kg, copper 2.3 mg/kg, zinc 3.8 mg/kg, humus 3.7%, pH (salt) 7.3; foothill zone – leached chernozem, mechanical composition – clay, content-mobile phosphorus 58 mg / kg, exchangeable potassium 98 mg/kg (according to Chirikov), NO3 38 mg/kg, sulfur 11.5 mg/kg, copper 1.6 mg/kg, zinc 3.5 mg/kg, humus 4.6%, pH(salt) 5.8; the mountain zone is ordinary chernozem, the mechanical composition is clay, the content of mobile phosphorus is 40 mg/kg, exchangeable potassium is 255 mg/kg (according to Machigin), NO3 is 35 mg/kg, sulfur is 2.5 mg/kg, copper is 0.7 mg/kg, zinc is 0.3 mg/kg, humus is 4.3%, pH (salt) 6,7. The repeatability of experiments in all zones is fourfold. The objects of the study were varieties of winter wheat Bezostaya 1 (standard) and Nakhodka. It was established during research on the cultivation of winter wheat varieties in various zones of Kabardino-Balkaria that the Bezostaya 1 variety (standard) yielded grain yields on average over the years from 3.52 t/ha to 5.20 t/ha in the steppe zone, from 3.77 to 5.72 t/ha in the foothill and from 3.91 to 6.00 t/ ha in the mountainous zone, for the Nakhodka variety, these indicators in the steppe range are 3.78–5.77 t/ha, foothill – 3.87–6.44 t /ha and mountainous – 6.10–6.62 t/ha. The maximum grain yield was obtained at a dose of N60P120K60. Qualitative indicators such as 1000 grain weight, natural grain weight, protein and gluten content were higher in the steppe zone compared to the foothill and mountainous zones. A comparative analysis of the varieties showed that the Nakhodka variety is superior in yield by 0.4–1.1 t/ha or 8.1–24.8% in zones, by weight of 1000 grains by 2.6–3.0 g or 6.7–7.7%, by natural grain weight by 18.4–24.8 g or 2.3–3.1%, by protein 0.2% or 1.3% (steppe zone) and for gluten by 0.6–3.0% or 2.1–10.6%.

Recognition of organic camouflage using neural networks

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are becoming increasingly important for military operations, including reconnaissance, providing battlefield support, and performing a variety of missions. The possibility of attacking targets using a group of UAVs increases the relevance of protection measures, in particular, camouflage. The literature review highlights the experience of using UAVs in military spheres of activity and their high efficiency in reconnaissance and support on the battlefield. Visual orientation on the terrain using high-resolution images was considered as a priority direction of UAV navigation in the conditions of the operation of electronic warfare tools. On the basis of hybrid convolutional neural networks, hardware for working with the UAV platform is serially produced. It is suggested to use vines for masking stationary objects due to their rapid growth and the corresponding quality/cost ratio. The purpose of the work is to check the effectiveness of masking small objects using herbaceous and spindly plants in relation to the prospects of their identification by optical means. The research was conducted using our own data obtained from UAVs in the visible range on experimental fields and the botanical garden of NUBiP of Ukraine and on pictures of buildings from the Internet. It has been experimentally established that the variety of shapes, sizes and structures of vegetation complicates the recognition process for convolutional neural networks. The appearance of plants can change significantly depending on the angle of photography, lighting and the state of mineral nutrition. Organic camouflage in the form of grasses and vines can completely or partially hide buildings and structures, changing their brightness and contour. This can obscure details and increase the risk of false object recognition. For example, structures covered with Aristolochia manshuriensis Kom. vines were correctly recognized only 27% of the time using a neural network. Convolutional neural networks require a large amount of data to train if the goal is to achieve high accuracy. However, if data with vine-covered objects is limited or unavailable, the training process may be insufficient, which may affect the network's ability to accurately recognize such objects.

Potato yield forecasting based on a fuzzy-possibility model

Potato production is a complex dynamic system that requires ensuring the stability of its functioning in changing, uncertain economic conditions and a scientifically based approach to making effective management decisions. The purpose of the research was to assess and predict potato productivity depending on the level of mineral nutrition and the length of the growing season using expert knowledge and a fuzzy-possibility approach in the conditions of the Republic of Karelia. The experiments were carried out in 2019-2021 on three potato varieties of different early maturity: Udacha, Red Scarlet and Aurora on soddy-weakly podzolic sandy loamy well-cultivated soil. The microfield experiment included two options for applying mineral fertilizers: N80P60K120 и N120P90K180, the variant without fertilizers served as a control. Studies have shown that the application of mineral fertilizers significantly increases the yield of tubers by 10-58%. The yield of potatoes without the use of fertilizers averaged 28.4 t/ha in the experiments. The highest potato yield was obtained on the early variety Udacha (38.4 t/ha) against the background of the use of mineral fertilizers at a dose of N80P60K120. An adequate fuzzy-possibility model (FPM) based on explicit and implicit expert knowledge has been synthesized to predict potato yield. It is shown that the most significant factors in assessing the yield of potatoes of all tested varieties are the level of mineral nutrition (X2) and soil fertility (X5). The synthesized FPM can be used for the planned potato yield under certain external and similar technical and technological conditions.

Агроэкологическая характеристика черноземов Каменной степи: влияние растительных сообществ и распашки

Changes in soil carbon stocks have a significant impact on atmospheric CO2 concentrations and the global carbon balance. Despite the proven effectiveness of agroforestry in erosion control and prevention of soil fertility loss, there are many controversial data suggesting that the impact of afforestation on Chernozem soils should be further investigated. The Kamennaya Steppe site (arable land surrounded by shelterbelt forests) is a reference site for monitoring studies at the Voronezh Carbon Test Site, where the carbon balance of agro-ecosystems is being studied and the ecological role of shelterbelt forests in changing soil properties and carbon sequestration is being evaluated. The study was focused on the evaluation of agro-ecological characteristics and the impact of tillage on Chernozems of Kamennaya Steppe under different vegetation types. The study of the chemical properties of chernozems was carried out using classical chemical methods; the analysis of heavy metals was carried out using the voltampermetric method. Comprehensive agro-ecological evaluation showed that the studied Vorony-Calcic Chernozems had a high content of humus, which reached 7-8% in the upper horizons, enriched with mineral nutrition elements, and had favorable physical and chemical properties. Forest and grassland vegetation contribute to enrichment of the soil with organic residues, while tillage and mineralization of organic matter on arable land led to a decrease in humus content. Data analysis suggested that the study area did not suffer from contamination. Furthermore, it was found that the organic matter of the studied chernozems was able to bind the studied metals and retain them in an unavailable state. This phenomenon was supported by rather high correlations between humus and total heavy metal content (r = 0.946 for Pb and r = 0.975 for Cd at p < 0.00001). It should be emphasized that shelterbelt forests could act as a biogeochemical barrier to the lateral migration of heavy metals. Cadmium is a rather mobile element potentially capable to migrate to adjacent environments. Therefore, regular monitoring of the agro-ecological condition of the Chernozems of the Kamennaya Steppe is required.

Методика проведения агротехнических исследований в опытах с масличными культурами (Сообщение 4. Исследования в опытах с масличным льном)

There are stated methodic peculiarities of investigations in experiments with oil flax. There are presented observations and accounts in the field experiments with oil flax by the following indicators: plant structure, growth, and development; phenology and biometrics; the visual diagnostic of mineral nutrition of oil flax; methods of crops observation to detect diseases and pests; the determination of elements of yield structure; analytic observations in laboratory; yield account and the calculation of the consumption of nutrients, oil and protein yields, and seed yield. The article is based on a published book “Methodology of agricultural and chemical investigations in experiments with oil crops” by Lukomets V.M., Tishkov N.M., and Semerenko S.A. (Krasnodar, 2022).

Influence of Organic, Inorganic, and Foliar Grade Fertilizers on the Growth and Yield of Groundnut

Optimizing mineral nutrition is crucial to boosting groundnut output since groundnut have a high nutritional requirement and the recently released high yielding varieties further absorb nutrients from the soil. On the other hand, farmers that grow groundnut sometimes employ only one or two nutrient-rich fertilizers, which results in severe mineral deficits. One of the primary reasons for low groundnut productivity is inadequate and imbalanced nutrient usage. At the Oilseeds Research Unit, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra, India, a field experiment was carried out in the summer to assess the effects of organic, inorganic, and foliar grade fertilizers on the growth and yield of groundnut. The integration of organic, inorganic, and foliar grade fertilizers considerably improves growth and yield qualities, according to experimental data. The findings showed that the application of FYM @ 7.5 t ha-1+100% RDF 25:75:25 NPK kg ha-1 considerably improved plant growth parameters, such as plant height and yield attributes yield. Starter dose (11:36:24 NPK + trace element) + booster dose (8:16:39 NPK + trace elements) applied topically. It was determined that integration of organic (7.5 t ha-1), inorganic fertilizer (100% RDF), and water soluble grade fertilizer recorded, highest dry pods yield and getting maximum economic return from summer groundnut. This treatment was closely followed by treatment FYM @ 7.5 t ha-1+100 % RDNPK, which recorded significant pod yield (27.18 qt ha-1), net monetary return (79464 Rs. ha-1) and benefit: cost ratio (2.77).