Mineral Nitrogen Fertilizer Research Articles

Integrating compost and foliar boron nutrition with mineral nitrogen fertilization improves productivity, quality, and nutrient acquisition of sugar beet

Integrating compost and foliar boron nutrition with mineral nitrogen fertilization improves productivity, quality, and nutrient acquisition of sugar beet

Growth and Yield of Onion (<i>Allium cepa</i> L.) as Affected by Variable Rates of Poultry Manure and Mineral Nitrogen Fertilizer at Alage, Central Rift Valley Ethiopia

Onion is one of the important vegetable crops produced in many home gardens and in some extent commercially in different parts of Ethiopia. Therefore, this experiment was conducted at Alage Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia with the objectives of assessing the growth, yield, and quality response of onion to the variable rates of poultry manure and mineral nitrogen fertilizer. The experiment comprising of three nitrogen levels (0, 46, and 92 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>) and four levels of poultry manure (0, 5, 10, and 15 t ha<sup>-1</sup>) were laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The result indicated that leaf length, leaf number, days to maturity, bulb length, and bulb dry matter content were significantly influenced by main factors. Application of poultry manure at the rate of 15 t ha<sup>-1</sup> recorded the highest total bulb yield (63.33 t ha<sup>-1</sup>) and marketable bulb yield (62.52 t ha<sup>-1</sup>), but statistically, there was no significant difference between 15t ha<sup>-1</sup> and 10t ha<sup>-1</sup> poultry manure application. The results of the partial budget analysis showed that 15 t ha<sup>-1</sup> poultry manure application gave the highest marginal rate of returns. Since the highest bulb yield and maximum marginal rate of returns are obtained at 15 t ha<sup>-1</sup> poultry manure application, this rate can be recommended for onion production in the researched area, and areas having similar agro-ecologies. However, as the research is conducted for a single season and location, repeating the experiment over location and year will be required to give a conclusive recommendation.

Reusing livestock farming wastewater for Tifton 85 irrigation: productivity, morphological, and bromatological indicators

The utilization of wastewater from livestock farming (WLF) represents a common agricultural practice, but the absence of research on its agronomic impacts hinders its sustainable implementation. This study assesses the reutilization of WLF combined with nitrogen fertilization on the morphological, bromatological, and productivity attributes of a Tifton 85 pasture during the winter season. The study involved the application of different types of water via sprinkler: (I) stream water; (II) mixture of WLF and stream water at a 1:1 ratio; and (III) undiluted WLF combined with mineral nitrogen fertilization (0 and 45 kg N ha-1) administered at the commencement of the regrowth period. Irrigation was applied on a weekly basis, totaling 2,440 m3 ha-1. At 106 days post-regrowth, parameters including forage productivity, height, leaf-stem ratio, leaf area index, nitrogen nutrition index, crude protein content, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and mineral matter content were determined. Mineral fertilization at the prescribed dosage (45 kg N ha-1) did not have any discernible impact on the parameters under investigation. On average, the reuse of WLF raised the productivity from 2.50 to 5.12 t ha-1 and the Crude Protein from 12.35% to 14.58% compared to stream water. The reuse of WLF demonstrated superior outcomes (p < 0.01) in terms of pasture productivity, nutritional quality, and nitrogen accumulation compared to irrigation solely with stream water. The reuse of diluted WLF (1:1) without fertilization proved adequate to sustain Tifton 85 pastures during the winter season in the Brazilian Cerrado region. Keywords: Cynodon dactylon, forage, irrigated pasture.

The Impact of Raw and Composted Food Waste Anaerobic Digestates on Soil Organic Carbon Management: A Pot Study

PurposeEver increasing food waste production has promoted anaerobic digestion and composting for its proper management, producing a relevant amount of recycled organic waste (OW) for possible agricultural uses. However, little is known regarding soil carbon management using this type of OW.MethodsIn this study, an anaerobic digestate from the wet digestion of food waste (WETD), and one from the dry-batch process (DRYD), along with their respective composts (WETC and DRYC), were utilized in a pot test over two growing cycles (84 + 84 days), with and without mineral nitrogen (N) fertilization, and were compared with a bio-waste compost (BWC) and a chemical reference (Chem). At the end of the two growth cycles (days 84 and 168), the ryegrass dry biomass (DW) and the N uptake were assessed.ResultsThe pot soil was analyzed for soil organic carbon (SOC) and the potassium permanganate (KMnO4) oxidizable fraction (CL) as well as δ13C and Δ13C. At day 84, the SOC (g kg− 1) was the highest in DRYD and DRYC (8.53) > WETD and WETC (7.71) = BWC (7.86) > Chem (6.68), and performed similarly at day 168. At day 84, the carbon management index (CMI) was > 100% in all the organic treatments in comparison with Chem, except for WETD. At day 168, a + 30% CMI was registered in WETD and WETC> BWC> DRYD and DRYC> Chem.ConclusionThis pattern was related to a generally marked δ13C depletion being confirmed by Δ13C, thus indicating the conservation of the carbon form compost, this very likely being related to the preferential lignin accumulation.

Impact of Bio and Organic Adamants and Per-sowing Seeds Magnetic Field Together with Mineral Nitrogen Fertilizer on Some Soil Physical and Chemical Properties and Faba Bean Productivity under Saline Soil Conditions

Two filed experiments were conducted at Sahl- El-Hussinia , agricultural research station, El-Sharkia Governorate, Egypt, 31o - 8' – 12.461" N and 31o - 52' – 15.469 E. during two successive winter seasons 2020/2021 and 2021/ 2022 , for studying the effective of used bio-fertilizer (Rhizobium radiobacter Sp.strain (Salt Tolerant PGPR),humate potassium and pre-sowing seeds faba bean magnetic field different times (5, 10 and 15 min) combined with mineral N fertilizer at rates (15, 30 and 45 N kg/fed) on some soil chemical and physical properties and faba bean quality and productivity . The studied treatments were arranged within the experimental units in a split split plot design in three replicates. Results indicated that the all treatments had improved soil properties decreased soil salinity and soil pH soil and EC values decreased related to different treatments using foliar application reporting EC decreased value from (11.88 to 11.28) dS/m, pH soil decreased slightly this maybe inverted to the activity of microorganisms .were achieved increased OM% from (0.57 to 0.54) related to application of bio fertilizer and humates as compared mineral fertilizer and control,CEC from ( 43.92 to 41.84) Mol/kg, respectively application. the superior impact was increased the soil total porosity values compared to other treatments and control, moreover, the Data obtained that the values of drainable pores (DP) and water holding pores (WHP) were higher than the other pores in different treatments. The results also found that the effect of physical properties on magnetic field strength (MFS) has a marked influence on the magnetization effect, the optimal magnetizing condition was the magnetic field was maximized in a time of 15 minutes. The data explained that the application of all amendments decreased soil HC (cm h-1) values when compared to the control. The improvement perwise the pronounced decrease in hydraulic conductivity of the studied soil may be attributed to the creation of QDP point, and the dominance of SDP point and QDP point compared with other pore sizes and the value of bulk density is decreased by adding the application of all amendments as Bio-fertilizer and humate potassium as compare with all treatments and control, while the total porosity and capillary porosity increased in the plow layer of soil and other yield components as affected with humate potassium combined with 45 kg mineral N fertilizers under magnetic field at 15 min compared other treatments. Finally, The superior influence faba bean quality was bio-fertilizer and potassium humate as will as presowing seed magnetic field at 15 min.

Effect of Different Proportions of Mineral Nitrogen Fertilizer Substitutions with Organic Manure on Soil Phosphorus Fractions Distribution in an Entisol Profile

Effect of Different Proportions of Mineral Nitrogen Fertilizer Substitutions with Organic Manure on Soil Phosphorus Fractions Distribution in an Entisol Profile

Effects of biochar in combination with cattle slurry and mineral nitrogen on crop yield and nitrogen use efficiency in a three-year field experiment

Applying biochar can improve soil characteristics and functions, resulting in significant increases in yield in tropical soils. However, whether biochar can boost soil yield in temperate climates with high soil fertility is mostly unknown. The optimal biochar application rates and combinations with organic and mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizers remain to be determined. To address this research gap, a factorial three-year field experiment in southern Germany was conducted using mineral N fertilizer (0, 60, 120, and 180 kg ha−1 a−1), and biochar (0, 500, and 1000 kg ha−1 a−1 biochar C) mixed with cattle slurry before application (0 and 100 kg ha−1 a−1 slurry N). The effects on crop (silage maize, winter wheat, and winter barley) yield, N uptake, and N use efficiency were studied. Spectral measurements were taken at selected growth stages, and the vegetation index REIP (Red-Edge Inflection Point) was calculated.The silage maize dry matter yield reached 27.2 t ha−1 while the winter wheat and winter barley grain yield reached 10.4 t ha−1, and 9.6 t ha−1, respectively. Biochar consistently, but mostly non-significantly, decreased crop yield (e.g., winter wheat, 5.09, 4.74, and 4.50 t ha−1) and N uptake (74.3, 70.8, and 67.4 kg ha−1) at biochar C rates of 0, 500, and 1000 kg ha−1 a−1 when biochar was mixed with cattle slurry before field application in treatments without mineral N input in all trial years. In the third trial year, the biochar-related yield reductions were significant. Consequently, N use efficiency decreased slightly but significantly. At high additional mineral N fertilizer rates no yield-reducing effects were observed. Biochar applied alone (without cattle slurry or mineral N fertilizer) did not affect crop yield. Positive yield effects of biochar were not observed in any of the trial years.The vegetation index REIP decreased non-significantly with increasing biochar addition to cattle slurry in all three years and correlated very closely (up to r = 0.97) with crop yield.The results show that the yield effect of biochar depends on the combination with organic and mineral fertilizers. The derivation of optimal ratios of biochar, cattle slurry and mineral fertilizer requires further investigation. Based on the yield effects, however, it can be deduced that the more biochar is used, the higher the compensation with nitrogen fertilizer must be to maintain the yield level.

Influence of nitrogen fertilization, seed inoculation and the synergistic effect of these treatments on soybean yields under conditions in south-western Poland

Soybean, belonging to legumes, has a specific ability to biological nitrogen fixation, which can be reinforced by seeds inoculation. However, support with a starter dose of mineral nitrogen fertilizer may be necessary to achieve high seed yields. A four-year field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of mineral N fertilization (0, 30, 60 kg ha−1), seed inoculation with two commercial inoculants and combinations of these treatments on yield components and yielding of soybean in conditions of south-western part of Poland. The synergistic effect of mineral fertilization at dose 30 kg ha−1 and inoculation on soybean productivity was the most beneficial. Similar effects were observed when 60 kg N ha−1 was applied both separately and with inoculation. However, due to the environmental impact of mineral fertilizers and to promote plants to biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), it is advisable to use lower doses of N fertilizer (at 30 kg ha−1) and inoculate soybean seeds in agro- climatic conditions of south-western Poland. Therefore, based on this study we recommend to apply starter dose of N and inoculation.

Exploring the potential for nitrogen fertilizer use mitigation with bundles of management interventions

Mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizer use is essential to maintain high-yielding cropping systems that presently provide food for nearly half of humanity. Simultaneously, it causes a range of detrimental impacts such as greenhouse gas emissions, eutrophication, and contamination of drinking water. There is growing recognition of the need to balance crop production with the impacts of fertilizer use. Here we provide a global assessment of the potential to reduce mineral fertilizer use through four interventions: capping surpluses, enhancing manure cycling to cropland, cultivation of off-season green manures, and cycling of human excreted N to cropland. We find that the combined potential of these interventions is a reduction in global N fertilizer use by 21%–52%. The availability of interventions is spatially heterogeneous with most cropland having three to four interventions available with alternative N sources tending to be more abundant on cropland already receiving fertilizer. Our assessment highlights that these locally in part already practiced interventions bear great opportunities to mitigate synthetic N use and dependency globally. Yet, their limited adoption underpins the need for cross-sectoral policies to overcome barriers to their implementation and agronomic research on their robust scaling.

Nitrogen fertilization and application of brassinosteroid in cowpea in the Amazon

Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] is a legume of socioeconomic importance in the northern region of the country, however, its production requires high fertilizer costs, especially nitrogen fertilizers. The use of techniques with the potential to increase crop productivity, such as the application of plant regulators (brassinosteroids-BRs) and the use of nitrogen (N) are necessary. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the vegetative and reproductive phases of cowpea (BR3-Tracuateua) in relation to the application of BRs, mineral nitrogen fertilization and inoculation with the bacterium Azospirillum brasilense. The research was carried out in the experimental area of ​​the Federal Rural University of the Amazon, Campus Capitão Poço. An experimental design was used in randomized blocks, with three replications, in a 3 x 4 factorial scheme: three N supply conditions (Without N, with mineral N and with biological N) and foliar application of four doses of BRs (0, 15, 30 and 45nM). The growth and production variables were not significantly influenced by the application of BRs and the forms of N supply. However, M100 and productivity were increased by the supply of N, both mineral and biological. Therefore, inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense in cowpea cultivation becomes a viable practice, with the objective of supplying N to plants, replacing mineral nitrogen fertilization.

Increasing silage maize yield and nitrogen use efficiency as a result of combined rabbit manure and mineral nitrogen fertilization

Combined application of organic and mineral fertilizers is crucial to obtaining high crop yields, increasing the utilization of nutrients by plants, and limiting their dispersion, thus protecting the environment, which underscores the importance of sustainable and minimally invasive agriculture. The aim of the field experiment was to determine the effect of application of rabbit manure (RM) and mineral nitrogen (Nmin) on the dry matter (DM) yield of maize and on nitrogen content, uptake, and use efficiency (NUE). RM application was tested at levels of 0, 20, 40 and 60 t·ha−1, and Nmin application at 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg·ha−1. Significant differences were noted in yield and in the content and uptake of nitrogen depending on both experimental factors. Increasing the application of RM and Nmin led to an increase in the yield of harvested maize and in the content and uptake of nitrogen. In terms of DM yield and nitrogen uptake (yield of crude protein), the most beneficial fertilizer variant was 60 t·ha−1 RM applied together with 100 kg·ha−1 Nmin. The highest NUE value was obtained following application of 20 t·ha−1 RM together with 150 kg·ha−1 Nmin.

Response of maize yield to changes in soil organic matter in a Swedish long‐term experiment

AbstractAgricultural practices that lead to soil carbon sequestration may be a win–win strategy for mitigating global warming and improving soil fertility and resource use efficiency. The mechanisms through which soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration affects crop yields are numerous but difficult to separate. The objective of this study was to disentangle these processes and estimate to what extent the yield response to SOC is mainly driven by changes in physical or biochemical properties and processes. This was achieved by analysing the response of yields in continuous maize to SOC concentrations during 20 years (2000–2019), which had evolved in 14 experimental treatments in a Swedish long‐term field experiment at Ultuna since 1956, ranging from 0.94% to 3.65% in the topsoil (0–20 cm). Average maize yields during this period varied between 1.9 and 8.4 Mg dry mass per hectare in the different treatments. The treatments comprise applications of different mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizers and organic amendments and combinations thereof. Our analysis showed that maize yield in the treatments that were not severely limited by nitrogen supply or soil acidity increased by 16% for each percentage unit increase in SOC. We applied the widely used concept of critical N concentration in plant biomass to diagnose the N status in maize in the different treatments (N nutrition index [NNI]) and parameterized a response function between yield and pH (RpH). Dry soil bulk density (BD) was used as a proxy for soil physical properties. These three variables NNI, RpH and BD explained 95% of the variation in maize yields among treatments. Further analysis of the relationship between BD, SOC and plant available water capacity revealed that about two thirds of the yield increases in response to SOC change could be ascribed to associated changes in soil physical properties. Our analysis suggests that the extra storage capacity of water, which increased by up to 15 mm in the topsoil for each unit percentage increase in SOC, was the main driver for the observed yield responses. We conclude that measures for increasing SOC in soils most likely are an effective adaptation strategy for reducing the risk of crop damage during dry spells, which probably are becoming more frequent in the future due to climate change, even in relatively humid climates as in Sweden.

The Fate of Soil Organic Carbon from Compost: A Pot Test Study Using Labile Carbon and 13c Natural Abundance

Recycled organic waste (OW) can be a valuable nutrient source for plant cultivation; however, knowledge is poor regarding its effect on soil carbon conservation, especially in the frame of organic-mineral fertilisation succession. In this study, four composts, green waste (GWC), anaerobically digested bio-waste (DC), sludge (SSC), and bio-waste (BWC), were compared (10 and 20 Mg volatile solids ha−1) in a ryegrass pot test over two growing cycles (112 + 112 days), along with an unamended control (Ctrl) and a chemical reference (Chem), with and without mineral nitrogen (N) fertilisation. At the end of the two growth cycles, the pot soil was analysed for total- (TOC) and labile-carbon (CL) as well as for 13C isotope natural abundance (δ13C and Δ13C vs. Chem). At day 112, the pot test showed that Ctrl and Chem gained poor TOC (8.48 g kg−1), lower than the compost at both 10 and 20 Mg volatile solids ha−1 (10.01 vs. 11.59 g kg−1). At day 224, a deep soil TOC depletion occurred in the pot soil treated with GWC, DC and BWC at both levels (-10 and -20). However, all the compost treatments showed more depleted soil d13C vs. the references, especially Chem, thus revealing relevant compost-derived carbon conservation. Regarding the compost treatments, the carbon management index (CMI) increased over time, indicating high soil functionality, also showing a good relationship with δ13C, suggesting a probable increase in relative lignin which could have been linked to carbon conservation and increased functionality.

Selected Carbon and Nitrogen Compounds in a Maize Agroecosystem under the Use of Nitrogen Mineral Fertilizer, Farmyard Manure, Urease, and Nitrification Inhibitors

Carbon and nitrogen compounds in agroecosystems have attracted much attention in recent years due to their key roles in crop production and their impacts on environment quality and/or climate change. Since fertilization profoundly disrupted the C and N cycles, several mitigation and/or adaptation strategies, including the application of farmyard manure (FYM) and/or urease and nitrification inhibitors (UI and NI), have been developed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the contents of soil organic carbon and its fractions, the total and mineral forms of nitrogen, as well as CO2 and N2O emissions under mineral and organic fertilization with and without urease and nitrification inhibitors in a maize agroecosystem. A two-year field study was carried out on Cambisols (silt) in Poland. The experiment scheme included nine treatments: C (the control without fertilization), UAN (Urea Ammonium Nitrate), UAN+UI, UAN+NI, UAN+UI+NI, FYM with N mineral fertilizer base, FYM with N mineral fertilizer base+UI, FYM with N mineral fertilizer base+NI, and FYM with N mineral fertilizer base+UI+NI. It was found that treatments fertilized with cattle FYM were higher sinks and sources of C and N compounds in comparison to the UAN plots. The organic carbon, humic and humin acid, and total nitrogen concentrations, in contrast to ammonium and nitrate nitrogen, were not affected by the inhibitors added. Nitrification and urease inhibitors were effective in decreasing N2O emissions only in treatments that were exclusively applied with UAN and had no significant influence on CO2 emissions.

Rationalizing the use of nitrogen mineral fertilizers by using biological and organic alternatives on cucumber crop under arid region of Egypt

Rationalizing the use of nitrogen mineral fertilizers by using biological and organic alternatives on cucumber crop under arid region of Egypt

Carbon nanotube reinforced nanohybrid urea-hydroxyapatite fertilizer for an improved nutrients utilization efficiency and reducing environmental pollution

An upgraded technology is needed in the agricultural sector in order to adopt sustainable practice to maintain high yield as well as reducing environmental pollution due to ammonia emissions attributed to mineral nitrogen fertilization. This study reports a modified urea-hydroxyapatite nanohybrids fertilizers incorporated with carbon nanotube for more efficient sustainable nutrients utilization and reduction of ammonia emissions from fertilizers application. The urea-hydroxyapatite fertilizer was mixed with carbon nanotube at varying ratio by mass percentage (Sample A = 1:0.5. B = 1:1, C = 1:2, and D = 1:3) using simple liquid immersion method. The assessment of all the samples and the control specimen (sample E) was conducted by subjecting them to the analysis of thermogravimetric at intervals of 20 min to 200 min, to determine their nitrogen release behaviour activities. The morphological properties of urea-hydroxyapatite fertilizer with and without carbon nanotubes were compared using spectroscopic analysis (SEM, FTIR and XRD). The mechanical tests were conducted to examine the tensile and compressive strengths of the urea-hydroxyapatite fertilizer with carbon nanotubes using diametral tensile strength technique. The data obtained reveals that the control sample (urea-hydroxyapatite fertilizer) released 70 to 80 % urea within first 50minutes while the samples with carbon nanotubes retained urea for longer and 76 to 90 % amount of nitrogen release was recorded in the first 150minutes. It is revealed that the sample C with mixing ratio 1:2 exhibited best slow-release nitrogen properties. The sample C displayed a moderately large amount of nitrogen in form of urea in the initial phase and followed by slow-release even until the last minutes (200minutes). In the contrary, urea-hydroxyapatite fertilizer (control sample) which released heavily in the initial phase followed by the release of low and non-uniform quantities until its last drop towards 150minutes. SEM result demonstrated that chemical reaction occurred between urea-hydroxyapatites particles and carbon nanotubes. XRD patterns of urea-hydroxyapatites nanohybrid structures with carbon nanotubes demonstrate that the samples show the hydroxyapatite properties with monocrystalline structure. It is confirmed from the FTIR spectra that chemical functionalization cropped up between urea-hydroxyapatites nanohybrid and carbon nanotubes particles. A remarkable increase in the mechanical strength (150 % for the tensile strength and 100 % for the compressive strength) of the sample C structures confirms that introduction of carbon nanotubes improved its strength properties for the purpose of prolong stability while discharging its role as a nutrients slow-release fertilizer. Thus, the designed nano-fertilizer formulation of sample C mixing ratio can therefore be used as alternative way of improving the nutrients usage efficiency for the plants growth as well as to reduce the ammonia emission to the environment as pollutant.

Effect of Mineral Fertilization and Microbial Inoculation on Cabbage Yield and Nutrition: A Field Experiment

Cabbage serves as an important food and nutrition source for numerous communities in the world, yet its production requires substantial quantities of chemical fertilizers. In this study, we assessed the impact of both increasing nitrogen and phosphorus mineral (NP) fertilization, along with the application of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) on the N and P uptake, quality, and yield of cabbage. To this end, we conducted two consecutive field experiments following a randomized block design with four replicates and two factors: NP doses and PGPB inoculation. PGPB inoculation used a bacterial consortium comprising Azospirillum brasilense D7, Herbaspirillum sp. AP21, and Rhizobium leguminosarum T88. Our results showed a significant influence of both biofertilization and NP fertilization across both crop cycles; however, no interaction between these factors was observed. In the first crop cycle, 75% of NP mineral fertilization (equivalent to 93.6 kg ha−1 of N and 82.1 kg ha−1 of P) positively impacted yield and N uptake. Also, microbial inoculation significantly influenced crop yield, resulting in a 9-ton increase in crop yield per hectare due to biofertilization. In the second crop cycle, we observed a significant positive effect of mineral fertilization on cabbage yield and nutritional quality. The relative agronomic effectiveness (RAE) index showed that combining biological fertilization with 50% and 75% of the NP fertilization, respectively, increased yield by 66% and 48% compared to the commercial NP dosage without PGPB. Collectively, our results demonstrated that within our experimental setup, NP fertilization dosage can be reduced without any detrimental impact on yield. Moreover, biofertilization could enhance cabbage quality and yield in field conditions.

Response of Some Soybean Genotypes to Insect Infestation under Three Mineral Nitrogen Fertilizer Rates

Background: A two-year study was conducted at Giza Agricultural Research Station, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Egypt, to evaluate the productivity of six genotypes of soybeans under three mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates, as well as their resistance to insects, in comparison to four check varieties. Methods: The study took place during the 2021 and 2022 summer seasons. The treatments included three mineral N fertilizer rates (N1=67% of N fertilizer rate “71.4 kg N/ha”, N2=33% of N fertilizer rate “35.7 kg N/ha” with seed inoculation by Bradyrhizobium japonicum and N3=100% of N fertilizer rate of the recommended rate “107.1 kg N/ha”) and ten soybean genotypes (H4L4, H6L198, H18L54, H29L115, H129, Misr 10, along with Dr101 and Giza 111 “resistant” and Giza 82 and Crawford “susceptible”). The experiment used a split plot design with three replications. The main plots were assigned the mineral N fertilizer rates, while the subplots, were assigned the soybean genotypes. Result: Fewer cotton leaf worms, whiteflies and leaf miners were found after applying N1 or N2. In the 6th week from sowing, Misr 10 and Dr 101 had fewer cotton leaf worms and whiteflies. In contrast, throughout the 7th, 8th and 9th weeks from sowing, Misr 10 and H6L198 had fewer cotton leaf worms. Misr 10 had fewer leaf miners in every week and fewer whiteflies in the 7th, 8th and 9th weeks from sowing. In the 6th week of the first season, Misr 10, Dr101, H18L54 and Giza 111 that received N1 or N2 had fewer cotton leaf worms; in the 7th and 9th weeks from sowing, Misr 10, Dr101 and H6L198 harbored fewer whiteflies. The lowest pod weight/plant, seed yield/plant, 100-seed weight, seed yield/ha and HI were obtained by using N3. Higher biological yield/ha, seed yield/plant, 100-seed weight, seed yield/ha and HI were attained by Misr 10. In the second season, seed yield per plant and seed yield per hectare were significantly affected by the interaction between soybean genotypes and mineral N fertilizer rates. Growing Misr 10 with 67 per cent N of the recommended rate increased seed yield/plant and seed yield/ha, along with fewer cotton leaf worm, whiteflies and leaf miners compared to the commercial cultivar Giza 111 receiving the recommended mineral N fertilizer rate.

The Impact of Using Different Types of Compost on the Growth and Yield of Corn

The cultivation of corn holds immense importance as a foundational global grain crop, catering to human sustenance and serving as vital animal feed. Moreover, corn plays a substantial role in biofuel production. Additionally, cultivating corn can have a positive effect on crop rotation by improving soil quality and reducing erosion. In a pot trial using six distinct compost variations derived from different organic wastes as fertilizers for GS210 corn, specific indices, such as Fv/Fm (0.80, 0.80, 0.81), Fv/F0 (4.07, 3.99, 4.03), PI (4.62, 4.22, 5.21), and RC/ABS (1.71, 1.68, 2.01), exhibited the highest values. Interestingly, mineral fertilization with NPK displayed significant benefits on various growth parameters like plant height (188.9 cm), cob length (17.50 cm), grains per cob (324.0), and thousand-grain weight (MTZ) (285.2). The difference in the cob grain count between NPK mineral fertilization and the control reached 168.5 grains, which was statistically confirmed. Furthermore, the grain’s protein content notably increased with mineral fertilization (9.5) compared to the control (8.5). While organic fertilizers showed lower outcomes (9.1–9.3) than NPK mineral fertilization, they generally outperformed the control (8.5). This prompts the need for future studies to assess the effectiveness of individual organic fertilizers in combination with mineral nitrogen fertilization.

Problems of fertilizer application in developed agriculture and their solution

One of the important ways to obtain heavy and high-quality crops is to increase soil fertility by fertilizing to a level that fully meets the needs of crops in nutrients. According to the results of the research, the function and role of fertilizers in increasing crop yields were revealed. The data on the production and use of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash mineral fertilizers in Uzbekistan and worldwide were summarized. The ways of increasing soil fertility and crop yields through the use of fertilizers are outlined.