Medicinal Mineral Research Articles

Medicinal fungi and traditional Chinese medicine: A review

Based on the traditional Chinese Medicine's perspective, this manuscript systematically reviewed the characteristics of medicinal fungi, medicinal value of fungi, and the history of application for health-care in China. According to their natural attributes, traditional Chinese medicine could be classified into four categories: plant medicines, fungi medicines, animal medicines and mineral medicines. As research continues, the medical fungi and its application will be a promising new field in traditional Chinese medicine based on. Our present review has provided new insight on medical fungi and traditional Chinese medicine. Key words: Medicinal fungi; Traditional Chinese medicine; Research on development (TCD)

Research progress in mineral Chinese medicine realgar

Realgar is a mineral traditional medicine with definite efficacy. The function of realgar is detoxicating, insecticiding, eliminating dampness and phlegm, etc. It is widely applied in clinical practice by compatibility medicines. However, the safety and scientificalness of clinical application are questioned because of the toxic effect caused by arsenic compounds. At present, there are still many problems in the research of realgar, which are mainly manifested in three areas: the expression of main components and effective substances are inconsistent; the anti-tumor mechanism is difficult to explain at the molecular level; the mechanism of compatibility is not clear. As a result, realgar and realgar-containing Chinese patent medicines are frequently prohibited from entering the international market, and the reputation of traditional Chinese medicine is also damaged. This paper would analyze the research status of realgar at home and abroad as well as its problems from its main components, effective substances, anti-tumor mechanism and compatibility mechanism. In view of these difficulties, quantum chemical calculation method is proposed to solve them, so as to make up for the shortcomings and limitations of experimental technology and experimental conditions, reduce the cost of realgar research and improve research efficiency. Moreover, it provides inspiration for research of other mineral medicine.

Advances in the safety evaluation of mineral medicines - Cinnabar and Realgar

Mineral medicines have a long history in the treatment of diseases. Among these, cinnabar and realgar are the most commonly used. This review discusses the differences between cinnabar and realgar and other mercurials and arsenicals. In addition, it explores the toxicity studies carried out on cinnabar and realgar, which include acute and chronic toxicity, neurotoxicological effects, special toxicity, disposition and accumulation, and the relative mechanism of toxicity. Cinnabar and realgar are seldom used alone but rather in combination with herbs or animal medicines. Thus, in this article, we have also included a study of the effect of toxicity reduction and efficacy enhancement after cinnabar and realgar were combined with other Chinese medicinal materials. This review provides the theoretical evidence for their clinical application, suggesting that the dosage and treatment period using cinnabar and realgar should be rigidly controlled and emphasis should be placed on the drug safety of special populations.

Restoring Efficacy to Cotrimoxazole, against Resistant <i>Salmonella pullorum, </i> with <i>Medicinal Synthetic Aluminum-Magnesium Silicate <sup>®</sup></i> [MSAMS: Al<sub>4</sub> (SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> + 3Mg<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub> → 2Al<sub>2</sub> Mg<sub>3</sub> (SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>

To restore efficacy (≥95% infection-reduction) to drugs against resistant infections (now, posing a bigger medical challenge, globally, than even HIV/AIDS), Cotrimoxazole was formulated with a synthetic Aluminum-magnesium silicate (Medicinal mineral which molecules are made of Nanoparticles, that is already in use as pharmaceutical-stabilizing agent) and used with antioxidants to treat Cotrimoxazole-resistant Salmonella pulorum infected chicks. Chick-groups A, B and C were fed antioxidants-fortified feed while groups D, E, F, G and H were not. The treatment-groups and their Cotrimoxazole doses/formulations were: A and D (100%/MSAMS-Cotrimoxazole); B and E (75%/MSAMS-Cotrimoxazole); C and F (50%/MSAMS-Cotrimoxazole) and G (100%/Cotrimoxazole). Infection-reductions (96.23% and 94.98%) of the groups of 75%/MSAMS-Cotrimoxazole/antioxidants and 75%/MSAMS-Cotrimoxazole were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) better than 76.99% (100%/Cotrimoxazole); 10.04% (50%/MSAMS-Cotrimoxazole/antioxidants); 1.60% (50%/MSAMS-Cotrimoxazole); −212.60% (100%/MSAMS-Cotrimoxazole/antioxidants) and −230.96% (100%/MSAMS-Cotrimoxazole).

The effectiveness of the application of medicinal mineral water from the 'Omonkhona' source in the patients presenting with the diseases of the hepatobiliary system

Investigations into the medicinal properties of 'Omonkhona' mineral water used for the treatment of hepatobiliary pathology make up the entirely new field of balneological research in Uzbekistan. The objective of the present study was to identify the hepatoprotective and choleretic components of the 'Omonkhona' mineral water and elucidate their action in the patients presenting with the diseases of the hepatobiliary system. A total of 77 patients suffering from the diseases of the hepatobiliary system were available for the examination including 38 patients with chronic hepatitis (CH), 17 with chronic cholecystitis (CC), and 22 patients with liver cirrhosis (Cr). All the patient were prescribed drinking the mineral water (from 1.0 to 3.0 liters per day) during consequtive 12-14 days. The clinical, biochemical, and instrumental studies were carried before and after the treatment. The treatment with 'Omonkhona' water resulted either in the complete elimination or the significant alleviation of pain in the right hypochondrium. The patients presenting with CH and CC experienced normalization of ESR even though it remained high in the Cr patients. All the patients exhibited a decrease of specific gravity of the urine, probably due to the diuretic effect of the mineral water. The biochemical studies of blood and bile showed that the initially slightly enhanced bilirubin levels, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities in the CH and CC patients normalized after a course of the treatment with 'Omonkhona' mineral water (p<0.05). No such changes were documented in the patients with liver cirrhosis. The patients with CH and CC experienced the two-fold reduction in the intensity of inflammation whereas the bilirubin and bile acid levels increased although the relative cholesterol content decreased and the cholate-cholesterol coefficient increased (p<0.05). The Cr patients demonstrated only insignificant changes of these parameters. The ultrasound examination showed that the CC patients treated with 'Omonkhona' mineral water had a decrease in the swelling of the gallbladder walls, the improvement of its motor function and the disappearance of the stagnation phenomenon. In the CH patients, there was a significant decrease in the cranio-caudal size of the right lobe of the liver, the cranio-caudal size of the left lobe, and the anteroposterior size of the left lobe (p<0.05). A decrease in the acoustic conductivity was noted that can probably be attributed to the reduced swelling of the liver parenchyma. The Cr patients had no significant changes of these parameters following the treatment. The results of this study give evidence that the treatment of the diseases of the hepatobiliary system with 'Omonkhona' mineral water exerts the well apparent positive influence on the patients presenting with CC and CH even though its beneficial effect was less pronounced in the patients with livre cirrhosis.

A brief textual research on Mei shi fang (Prescriptions of Master Mei) and Yi men fang (Prescriptions of Medical Professionals)

Mei shi fang (Prescriptions of Master Mei) cited in Zheng lei ben cao (Classified Syndromes Materia Medica) and Yi men fang (Prescriptions of Medical Professionals) cited in Yi xin fang (Ishinpo) are actually the same book with different titles, which is actually called Yi men mi lu (Secret Records of Medical Professionals) with 5 volumes or the 5-volume Mei chong xian fang (Prescriptions of Mei Chongxian) approximately compiled during the years of Zhenyuan to Yuanhe reigns of the Tang Dynasty (785-820) written by Mei Chongxian, a Tang taoist. Mei Chongxian and Mei Biao, the author of Shi yao er ya (Dictionary of Mineral Medicines), might probably be the same person. According to the citations of Yi xin fang and Zheng lei ben cao, Yi men mi lu should be a comprehensive medical book including theories, methods, prescriptions and medications, recorded classical prescriptions of predecessors extensively, with some innovations and high clinical and documentary significance.

Naturopathic Medicine for the Management of Endometriosis, Dysmenorrhea, and Menorrhagia: A Content Analysis.

To explore the recommendations of naturopathic medicine for the management of endometriosis, dysmenorrhea, and menorrhagia, drawing on traditional and contemporary sources. Content analysis. Australia, Canada, and the United States of America (USA). Contemporary sources were identified from reviewing naturopathic higher education institutions' recommended texts, while traditional sources were identified from libraries which hold collections of naturopathic sources. Sources were included if they were published from 1800 to 2016, were in English, published in Australia, Canada, or the USA, and reported on the topic. Included sources were as follows: 37 traditional texts; 47 contemporary texts; and 83 articles from naturopathic periodicals. Across included sources, the most reported disciplines were herbal medicine, clinical nutrition, mineral medicines, homeopathy, hydrotherapy, and chemical-based medicines. Herbal medicines were extensively reported from all sources for the management of endometriosis, dysmenorrhea, and menorrhagia. Clinical nutrition was only recommended from contemporary sources for all three conditions. Mineral medicines were mentioned in both traditional and contemporary sources, but were only recommended for dysmenorrhea and menorrhagia. There were limited recommendations for homeopathy and hydrotherapy treatments in all conditions across all sources. Chemical-based medicines were only mentioned for dysmenorrhea and menorrhagia, and recommendations ceased after 1922. Recommendations for endometriosis were not present in any of the traditional sources, across all reported disciplines. The findings of this article provide insights into the documented historical and contemporary treatments within naturopathic medicine for endometriosis, dysmenorrhea, and menorrhagia. While philosophical principles remain the core of naturopathic practice, the therapeutic armamentarium appears to have changed over time, and a number of the original naturopathic treatments appear to have been retained as key elements of treatment for these conditions. Such insights into naturopathic treatments will be of particular interest to clinicians providing care to women, educators designing and delivering naturopathic training, and researchers conducting clinical and health service naturopathic research.

Discovery of ancient mineral medicine in the Lv family tomb of the Northern Song dynasty (1074–1111 ce)

Ranked as one of the top 10 national archaeological discoveries in China in 2010, the Lv family tomb complex is the most intact and well‐preserved set of family tombs of the Northern Song dynasty excavated to date. Among the numerous exquisite artefacts recovered from the tomb was a sealed porcelain box containing residue. In this research, a multi‐analytical approach combining field‐emission scanning electron microscope energy‐dispersive spectrometry (SEM‐EDS), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform‐infrared spectrometry (FTIR) with attenuated total reflection (ATR), and thermogravimetry (TGA) was employed to characterize the residue. Calomel (Hg2Cl2) and calcined stalactite/stalagmite were identified, and they presumably served as a traditional Chinese medicine for curing ‘Jiaoqi’ disease which is often referenced in contemporary historical texts. This paper provides the first direct evidence for minerals being used for medical purposes in ancient China, and also proves its medical effect for relieving the symptoms of Lv Qianrong's Jiaoqi disease. These findings further provide new clues for studying Chinese medical history.

Boerhaave’s Mineral Chemistry and Its Influence on Eighteenth-Century Pharmacy in the Netherlands and England

In the eighteenth century, the use of mineral or fossil substances was relatively common in European medicine and pharmacy. However, this period also saw profound changes in ideas about the nomenclature, chemistry, and curative properties of minerals. Jonathan Simon has recently argued that an increasing orientation towards the mineral kingdom and the chemical transformation of minerals, and a rise in the number of mineral preparations demanded of the pharmacist, were characteristic for eighteenth-century chemistry within pharmacy. Yet in the Netherlands, and to a certain extent in England, another pattern is visible: although there certainly was an interest in the mineral kingdom and the chemical transformation of nonorganic materials, nothing suggests that this resulted in a strong increase in the demand for mineral-based pharmaceutical preparations – rather the contrary. Unlike English and French eighteenth-century pharmacy, Dutch pharmacy and its relation to academic medicine and chemistry have hardly received attention from historians of science thus far. This paper aims to fill that gap and argues that Herman Boerhaave’s (1668–1738) view on mineral medicine was crucial in the development of a certain wariness of “mineral medicine” in the eighteenth-century Netherlands and England, especially among apothecaries.

Research on Identification of Mineral Medicines Based on Bibliometrics and Knowledge Mapping

Research on Identification of Mineral Medicines Based on Bibliometrics and Knowledge Mapping

PFMG1 promotes osteoblast differentiation and prevents osteoporotic bone loss

Nacre is a widely used mineral medicine that has been reported to have beneficial effects in bone remodeling without an increase in inflammation. Water-soluble nacre matrix has been demonstrated to be responsible for the effect, yet core active ingredients are unknown. Pinctada fucata mantle gene 1 (PFMG1) was first discovered in the mantle tissue of Pinctada fucata. The protein has 2 EF-hands, a calcium-binding domain. PFMG1 protein can affect the growth of calcium carbonate crystals in vitro. Here, we demonstrate that PFMG1 affects cell-cycle distribution and promotes preosteoblast proliferation. PFMG1 accelerates preosteoblast differentiation and extracellular matrix mineralization. During the differentiation process, PFMG1 increases the expression level of osteoblastic marker genes and activates the Erk signaling pathway. PFMG1 also accelerates calcium crystal aggregation in culture medium and suppresses osteoclast formation. Moreover, PFMG1 prevents bone loss caused by ovariectomy. RNA sequencing analysis demonstrated that PFMG1 stimulates genes that are associated with tissue development and ossification, which indicated new genes that function in bone remodeling. Our findings demonstrate the therapeutic potential of PFMG1 from nacre as a novel medicine for osteoporosis.-Li, L., Wang, P., Hu, K., Wang, X., Cai, W., Ai, C., Liu, S., Wang, Z. PFMG1 promotes osteoblast differentiation and prevents osteoporotic bone loss.

The medicinal mineral waters in the southern part of the Tyumen region

This article presents data concerning the natural medicinal resources in the southern part of the Tyumen region with special reference to the mineral water resources. The relevance of the work is determined by the presence of the huge deposits of medicinal sodium chloride and iodine-bromine thermal waters with the composition highly enriched in the trace elements suitable for the internal and external use and by the necessity of the assessment of their therapeutic value. The characteristics of the mineral waters of special interest are presented with the major emphasis placed on the chemical composition of sodium chloride waters used by the authors in the routine medical practice. The concrete results of the studiesdesigned to determine content of anions, cations, and trace elements in the water are reported. Taken together the high levels of iodine, bromine, and silica in mineral waters and their naturally high temperature provide a basis for their extensive and efficient application as a balneotherapeutic factor to be used for the purpose of the spa and health resort-based treatment and prophylaxis. Also, it opens up the prospects for the extension of the medical indications for the use of mineral waters the basis for further detailed study with a view to increasing medical evidence and taking into account regional particularities of natural iodine deficiency. Study of the action of trace elements of natural mineral waters taking into consideration the specific regional features of the territory in question, such as natural iodine deficiency. The study of the action of the microelements on the human organism in the cases of their combined application as well as the evaluation of their use for the prophylactic purposes constitutes an important scientific and practical problem.

Summary history of Brazil spas

In Brazil, since 1540, there are mentions about mineral water. But only in 1808, with the coming of the Royal family to Brazil, did the scientific research of our mineral waters begin. The visit of Princess Isabel to the hydromineral resorts of southern Minas Gerais in 1860, contributed to the development of Brazilian thermalism (Alvisi, page 101). Although the majority of Brazilian mineral waters present little concentration of dissolved solids, which gives them a neutral and pleasant sensation of lightness and palate, the proven therapeutic action of Brazilian mineral waters still needed explanation (Caetano, 2005). At the Congress of Chemistry in 1922, the minimum limit of 10 Maches established by Europeans for a medicinal mineral effect to have a medicinal effect (Lopes, 1931, p.22), would prove the therapeutic power of Brazilian mineral waters, which, despite almost always from radioactive or weakly radioactive sources. In addition, the separation of the Hydromineral Stations by climatic stations and not necessarily by the temperature of the water at the source allowed the cold, radioactive Brazilian mineral waters to gain space in the Thermalism, a concept that had its extension extended to any treatment station mineral water, regardless of the temperature of the water at the source, since, in the hydromineral resorts of cold water sources, the thermal baths were routine and took place through the artificial heating of the mineral water. A historical survey of Brazilian hydromineral resorts in the recent past may encourage Brazilian medical institutions to recover the culture of Crenology through the return of this discipline to the curriculum of medical courses in Brazil.

Natural resources as a factor of development of national resort clusters of the North Caucaus

Natural medical factors favourably differ in safety, availability, dosage simplicity, absence of by-effects and immunity to the action of disorder agents. More humane, social and scientifically progressive principles are the basis of sanatoriumand-health resort treatment: preventive and rehabilitation trend, succession between out-patient and diagnostic, hospital and sanatorium institutions, high specialization of the administered treatment. Sanatorium-and-health resort service of Russia has proved its medical and economic efficiency in the system of medical rehabilitation and health improvement of Russian people for decades. There are more than 130 medicinal mineral springs are concentrated in this unique nook surrounded with a picturesque ring of Caucasian Mountains. There are 115 spa-hotels, equipped with the advanced equipment only of four cities in the Caucasian Mineral Waters region. Spa -hotels have many well qualified and highly experienced doctors and medical teams. They can offer health services in Wellness centres, natural thermal and mud baths. There are 2 medical institutes. At present Caucasian Mineral Waters region is a nationwide centre of balneology and sanatorium-resort treatment. Hydro-mineral springs, climatic conditions, sanatoria and boarding houses are some kind of a «supporting frame» of the tourist- recreational regional complex. The worked out infrastructure, available human resources and natural ecological conditions is a competitive condition, a factor of stable recreation functioning. At the resort region of the North Caucasus complex monitoring ( mineral springs -trace element composition, aerosol, trace gases NOx, CO, О3, CH4; periodically – heavy metals) is performed at two high levels (860 masl - a park zone of a large mountain resort, 2070 masl - alpine grassland, the net station). The results of the measurements are used in programs of bioclimatic, landscape and medical monitoring to specify the influence of aerosol on rehabilitation properties of the environment and human adaptative reserves. The natural aero ionization ∑(N+)+(N-) varied from 960 ion/cm3 to 1460 ion/cm3 in the resort park (860 m); from 1295 ion/cm3 to 4850 ion/cm3 on the Alpine meadow (2070 m); from 1128 ion/cm3 to 3420 ion/cm3 – on the tested site near the edge of the pinewood (1720 m). In the group of volunteers the trip from low-hill terrain zone (860 m) to the lower zone of highlands (2070 m) caused the activation of neuro and humoral regulation, vegetative and central parts of nervous system, psychoemotional status, normalization of frequency spectrum of brain activity and organism adaptation level. Drinking mineral water treatment is used for medical rehabilitation diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, metabolism, excretory and cardiovascular system. Shortterm metabolic reactions (single dose) and effects after the course of procedures (14-21 days) are distinguished in the structure of the biological effect of the MW.

Determination of zinc oxide content of mineral medicine calamine using near-infrared spectroscopy based on MIV and BP-ANN algorithm

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been widely used in the analysis fields of traditional Chinese medicine. It has the advantages of fast analysis, no damage to samples and no pollution. In this research, a fast quantitative model for zinc oxide (ZnO) content in mineral medicine calamine was explored based on NIR spectroscopy. NIR spectra of 57 batches of calamine samples were collected and the first derivative (FD) method was adopted for conducting spectral pretreatment. The content of ZnO in calamine sample was determined using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) titration and taken as reference value of NIR spectroscopy. 57 batches of calamine samples were categorized into calibration and prediction set using the Kennard-Stone (K-S) algorithm. Firstly, in the calibration set, to calculate the correlation coefficient (r) between the absorbance value and the ZnO content of corresponding samples at each wave number. Next, according to the square correlation coefficient (r2) value to obtain the top 50 wave numbers to compose the characteristic spectral bands (4081.8–4096.3, 4188.9–4274.7, 4335.4, 4763.6,4794.4–4802.1, 4809.9, 4817.6–4875.4cm−1), which were used to establish the quantitative model of ZnO content using back propagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN) algorithm. Then, the 50 wave numbers were operated by the mean impact value (MIV) algorithm to choose wave numbers whose absolute value of MIV greater than or equal to 25, to obtain the optimal characteristic spectral bands (4875.4–4836.9, 4223.6–4080.9cm−1). And then, both internal cross and external validation were used to screen the number of hidden layer nodes of BP-ANN. Finally, the number 4 of hidden layer nodes was chosen as the best. At last, the BP-ANN model was found to enjoy a high accuracy and strong forecasting capacity for analyzing ZnO content in calamine samples ranging within 42.05–69.98%, with relative mean square error of cross validation (RMSECV) of 1.66% and coefficient of determination (R2) of 95.75% in internal cross and relative mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 1.98%, R2 of 97.94% and ratio of performance to deviation (RPD) of 6.11 in external validation.

Determination of Magnesium Oxide Content in Mineral Medicine Talcum Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Integrated with Support Vector Machine.

In this research paper, a fast, quantitative, analytical model for magnesium oxide (MgO) content in medicinal mineral talcum was explored based on near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. MgO content in each sample was determined by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) titration and taken as reference value of NIR spectroscopy, and then a variety of processing methods of spectra data were compared to establish a good NIR spectroscopy model. To start, 50 batches of talcum samples were categorized into training set and test set using the Kennard-Stone (K-S) algorithm. In a partial least squares regression (PLSR) model, both leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) and training set validation (TSV) were used to screen spectrum preprocessing methods from multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), and finally the standard normal variate transformation (SNV) was chosen as the optimal pretreatment method. The modeling spectrum bands and ranks were optimized using PLSR method, and the characteristic spectrum ranges were determined as 11995-10664, 7991-6661, and 4326-3999 cm-1, with four optimal ranks. In the support vector machine (SVM) model, the radical basis function (RBF) kernel function was used. Moreover, the full spectrum data of samples pretreated with SNV, the characteristic spectrum data screened using synergy interval partial least squares (SiPLS), and the scoring data of the first four ranks obtained by a partial least squares (PLS) dimension reduction of characteristic spectrum were taken as input variables of SVM, and the MgO content reference values of various sample were taken as output values. In addition, the SVM model internal parameters were optimized using the grid optimization method (GRID), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and genetic algorithm (GA) so that the optimal C and g-values were determined and the validation model was established. By comprehensively comparing the validation effects of different models, it can be concluded that the scoring data of the first four ranks obtained by PLS dimension reduction of characteristic spectrum were taken as input variables of SVM, and the PLS-SVM regression model established using GRID was the optimal NIR spectroscopy quantitative model of talc. This PLS-SVM regression model (rank = 4) measured that the MgO content of talcum was in the range of 17.42-33.22%, with root mean square error of cross validation (RMSECV) of 2.2127%, root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) of 0.6057%, and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 1.2901%. This model showed high accuracy and strong prediction capacity, which can be used for rapid prediction of MgO content in talcum.

Metabolic Profiling Analysis of the Alleviation Effect of Treatment with Baicalin on Cinnabar Induced Toxicity in Rats Urine and Serum.

Objectives: Baicalin is the main bioactive flavonoid constituent isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. The mechanisms of protection of liver remain unclear. In this study, 1H NMR-based metabonomics approach has been used to investigate the alleviation effect of Baicalin.Method: 1H NMR metabolomics analyses of urine and serum from rats, was performed to illuminate the alleviation effect of Baicalin on mineral medicine (cinnabar)-induced liver and kidney toxicity.Results: The metabolic profiles of groups receiving Baicalin at a dose of 80 mg/kg were remarkably different from cinnabar, and meanwhile, the level of endogenous metabolites returned to normal compared to group cinnabar. PLS-DA scores plots demonstrated that the variation tendency of control and Baicalein are apart from Cinnabar. The metabolic profiles of group Baicalein were similar to those of group control. Statistics results were confirmed by the histopathological examination and biochemical assay.Conclusion: Baicalin have the alleviation effect to the liver and kidney damage induced by cinnabar. The Baicalin could regulate endogenous metabolites associated with the energy metabolism, choline metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and gut flora.

Exploration on an overview of history (from Chunqiu to Ming and Qing Dynasties) and species of Chinese exotic traditional medicine

This paper collected and analyzed literatures about starting of traditional medicine and trading of different medicine from Chunqiu Zhanguo to Ming and Qing Dynasties, in order to preliminarily explore on an overview of specie of chinese exotic traditional medicine and trade of different country in different dynasty（from Chunqiu to Ming and Qing Dynasties）, as well as the amount of exotic medicine over two thousand years. (remove repeating and doubtful species), find peculiarity of exotic medicine, sreen species that used to develop the Silk Route and establish quality standards.Finally, We get conclusions are as follows. First, primary,.prosperous and declining stages of development of exotic traditional medicine are Qin and Han, Song-Jin-Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, respectively. Second, according to literature, the stage that has the most species of exotic medicine is song dynasty,approximately have 300. Removing repeating and doubtful species, the believable species are approximate 230 to 250. Meanwhile, the unknown species are approximate 30, which may be different name of one medicine or processed goods, now these medicines are named as "doubtful species". Third, the medicinal parts of exotic medicine are different from Chinese medicine of Han nation. The number of Resin, fruits and seeds kind are more than root and rhizomes kind,mineral medicines are more than animal. Fourth, the major producing area of exotic medicine is some countries and territories related to the Silk Route in the history. Ultimately, this paper preliminarily figure out basic information of exotic medicine of different dynasty in China,that provide reference for learning study and decision of industrial development.

Modern research and application of Longgu

Longgu is the fossil of ancient mammals which was used as a common kind of mineral medicine. Longgu is always used to treat neurological diseases. Currently, the quality standard of Longgu is incomplete. Moreover, because of the non-renewable nature of the resource and the increase of national protection of fossils, the clinical application of Longgu is facing a series of problems. As the discovery of the ingredient and the development of forging technology researchers launched to search the substitutes of Longgu. The article summarizes the usage and the study of Longgu, in order that we can discuss the modern usage and substitutability of Longgu.

Research on whole blending end-point evaluation method of Angong Niuhuang Wan based on QbD concept

The blending end-point determination of Angong Niuhuang Wan (AGNH) is a key technology problem. The control strategy based on quality by design (QbD) concept proposes a whole blending end-point determination method, and provides a methodology for blending the Chinese materia medica containing mineral substances. Based on QbD concept, the laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was used to assess the cinnabar, realgar and pearl powder blending of AGNH in a pilot-scale experiment, especially the whole blending end-point in this study. The blending variability of three mineral medicines including cinnabar, realgar and pearl powder, was measured by moving window relative standard deviation (MWRSD) based on LIBS. The time profiles of realgar and pearl powder did not produce consistent results completely, but all of them reached even blending at the last blending stage, so that the whole proposal blending end point was determined. LIBS is a promising Process Analytical Technology (PAT) for process control. Unlike other elemental determination technologies such ICP-OES, LIBS does not need an elaborate digestion procedure, which is a promising and rapid technique to understand the blending process of Chinese materia medica (CMM) containing cinnabar, realgar and other mineral traditional Chinese medicine. This study proposed a novel method for the research of large varieties of traditional Chinese medicines..