The emergency management capability of coal mine enterprises is a crucial element of coal mine safety management. Exploring the structure of the emergency management capability of coal mine enterprises under the perspective of risk matching is conducive to clarifying the core nodes of emergency management capability construction. A qualitative analysis of Chinese underground coal mine accident reports, related laws and regulations, and relevant academic papers was conducted using grounded theory. Currently, the risks in underground coal mines in China can be divided into source-generated risks, derivative risks, and residual risks. The elements of emergency management capabilities that match them are absorption capability, detection and control capability, and response capability. At the same time, some capability elements across different risks are summarized as internal enhancement and external enhancement, respectively. The study provides a reference for coal mining enterprises to improve emergency management capability and reduce risks.