Mine Road Research Articles

Measurements of Excavation Damaged Zone by Using Fiber Bragg Grating Stress Sensors.

In this paper, a Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) stress sensor is developed to measure the stress variation between the lower Excavation Damaged Zone (EDZ) and the upper undistributed rock. The disturbance brought by the environmental temperature can be differentially compensated with two FBGs mounted symmetrically on the spokes. Through finite element analysis, it can be known that the direct stress and shear stress are pointed at the angles of 45° and 60° on both sides of the coal mine roadway, respectively. The anchor ends of the sensors are installed into the upper undistributed rock and the bolt tails of the mine roadway with a depth of 700 m and fastened by nuts to secure the load sensing device on the surface of the rock. When the shallow foundation of surrounding rock is pressed and deformed toward the coal mining road, the structural modifications can be converted into the stress of rock bolt and the strain of spoke. Thus, the FBG mounted on the surface of the spoke receives the shift information of the Bragg wavelength. The monitoring results indicate that the FBG stress sensors are sensitive to the variation of the EDZ. During the blasting, the stress amplitude varies from 40.256 to 175.058 kPa, and the creep time changes from 21 to 74 min. The proposed method can be applied in the field of underground coal mines for safety condition monitoring of the EDZ and forecasting the coal mine roadway stability.

Fuel consumption efficiency regarding the road quality in the coal mine: a case study

Fuel requirements have a direct impact on mining activities. The operator's habits influence the amount of fuel used in operating the equipment, the mine road's slope, and the distance predetermined in the mine design planning. Adjustment Fuel Consumption Actual (AFCA) is the fuel cost, which is influenced by the fuel price, distance, and condition of the mining road billed for overburden and coal mining activities carried out by the contractor. The research methodology uses off-site and on-site analysis. Off-site analysis can be carried out the highest 'Fuel Ratio' owned by the machine based on its specifications and operational activities to find out how much fuel consumption is needed to produce the amount of production per hour (liters/bcm). Meanwhile, it needs to be correlated with the mine road's condition, including the slope of the mine road (grade). This study aims to determine the relationship between road grade and fuel consumption by comparing road grade improvement efforts with cost-benefit analysis.

Evaluasi Sistem Penirisan Tambang di PT Vitrama Properti Desa Air Mesu Kabupaten Bangka Tengah

PT Vitrama Properti applies mine dewatering system by making open channel. The open channel got silting because many solid particles have deposited causing the mine road become flooded. The method used is quantitative method by evaluating and analyzing dewatering system. The data taken is in the form of coordinate data, actual discharge, channel dimensions and the time for sediment deposition on settling pond. Catchment area is 42.4 ha. Based on the calculation of rainfall data and rainfall analysis with the gumbell method, the maximum planned rainfall value is 183.9 mm/day with a rain intensity is 63.75 mm/day, the maximum total discharge is 156,193.92 m3 /day or 1.8078 m3 /day. The surface width of the new channel is 1.7 m, the bottom width is 0.5 m and height is 1 m. The new settling pond dimension have total design volume of 3,292.5 m3 . The time for dredging the sediment material in the settling pond is every one or two years when the sediment material in compartment one has deposited as much as 60% of settling pond volume

Open-Pit Mine Road Extraction From High-Resolution Remote Sensing Images Using RATT-UNet

With the further development of the construction of “smart mine,” the technology of mine unmanned truck has developed rapidly. Road data are an important prerequisite for the mature application of mining and transportation dispatching system and unmanned driving, so it is particularly important to extract the road in open-pit mines timely and accurately. Different from urban roads, mine roads have no clear road edge and more background interference. In view of the above problems, a convolutional neural network called RATT-UNet (R: residual connection; ATT: attention), which combines residual connection, attention mechanism, and U-Net, is proposed to extract mine road from high-resolution remote sensing images. The advantages of the proposed method are listed as follows: first, the well-designed RATT unit combining residual connection and attention mechanism is used to construct the proposed neural network, which improves the network’s perception ability of detailed features. Second, the abundant skip connections and residual connections can improve the information flow, allowing a better network to be designed with fewer parameters. Third, a composite loss function based on structural similarity is proposed, which effectively alleviates the noise and edge blurring phenomenon and improves segmentation quality. Finally, we perform postprocessing optimization operations on the road extraction results. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed RATT-UNet outperforms all the comparing network models in terms of the quality of extraction results and evaluation indicators in the mining road extraction task.

Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) in Surface Soils of Gemstones and Lead Mining Communities: Differential Mineral Phases and Exposure Risks

Proper human health risk assessments are rarely conducted for mining communities, consequently when there is need for remediation to be conducted and compensation to be paid to impacted population they are typically done, assuming equal exposure risks from varying mining activities. This study was conducted to compare the distribution of potentially toxic elements in surfaces soils of gemstone and lead mining towns in Nigeria, and their anticipated exposure risks. To achieve this thirty-two surface soil samples were collected from Eggon, a gemstone mining town in Nasarawa State and Enyigba, a lead mining town in Ebonyi State. The samples were air dried, disaggregated and sieved through a 2000 μm mesh with the <2000 fraction retained for aqua regia digestion. Potentially toxic elements bound in the samples were quantified with Agilent Technologies 4210 (MP-AES). Mineral phases were identified and quantified using using a inXitu’s portable transmission XRD/XRF instrument (Terra) with a miniature X-ray tube and a CCD detector for collection both XRD signatures. The PTEs, As, Cd, Mn, Pb and Zn were higher in surface soils of lead mining town. At the gemstone mining town most the PTEs indicated similar concentrations at both mine site and residential areas, while at the lead mining town of the PTEs indicated higher concentrations at mine sites and mine road. At the lead mining town the estimated daily exposure doses for Pb were above threshold values irrespective of the exposure scenario. Mineralogy data indicated most of the PTEs in mineralized phases.

Analisis Pengaruh Geometri Jalan Tambang Dari Front Penambangan ke Stockpile Terhadap Keselamatan Kerja PT Caritas Energi Indonesia Sarolangun Jambi

PT Caritas Energi Indonesia (CEI) is a company engaged in coal mining in Sarolangun Jambi. Based on the work accident data in the last 5 years of PT Caritas Energi Indonesia on the hauling coal getting road using dump truck transport Equipment Scania 380 P that resulted casualty and inflicted loss for the company both in terms of equipment repair and treatment of victims. The method on this research is to use quantitative data to calculate the width of straight road for sixty one segments, the width of bend road for fourteen segments, calculating the superelevation for fourteen segments, calculating hauling road slope (grade) for sixty one segments, calculating the cross slope for sixty one segments, analyzing the effect of road geometry on Occupational Health and Safety. The width of the straight road is 7 m for one line and 11 m for two lines, all segments were qualified, except Segment 0+400, Segment 0+700, Segment 1+600, thereforeit is necessary to increase the width of road to fit the standard, the width of the bend roadis 8 m for a single line and 13 m for two lines, all segments were qualified, exceptSegment 0+500, Segment 1+000 and Segment 4+100, superelevationbased on standard is 4%, not all of the superelevations were qualified so it needs to increase the width of the bend road so that it might avoid the centrifugal force while passing through the bend, all the grade of segmentswere qualified. PT Caritas Energi Indonesia didn’t have cross slope so the company needs to pay attention and make cross slope according to the standard of 40 mm/m. The geometry of the mining road of PT Caritas Energi Indonesia weren’t qualified, it might effectedwork accident so that it needs improvement accordance with standards

Geometry Evaluation of Mine Road Based on AASHTO 73 to PT Semen Padang’s Hauling Devices Fuel Needs

This research examines the geometry of haul roads found at Front Mining 242 towards Crusher VI PT Semen Padang, West Sumatra. This research is based on the results of previous research that there are slope and width that is not in accordance with AASHTO standards on several segments in the mining location. The research also examined the fuel consumption of Komatsu HD785 and Caterpillar 777D haulage devices. This research was conducted by taking data of road geometry using GPS Geodetic and roll meter. Haul roads are divided into several segments with a spacing of about 100 m each. Fuel consumption is calculated based on total resistance received by haulage devices. The evaluation results of the haul road from Crusher VI to Front Mining 242 are the width of the haul road for the two lines in the straight line is 24.1 m, the average width of the actual road is 19.58 m. The width of the haul road for the two lanes on the bend is 24.88 m, the average road width on the actual bend is 21.63 m. Bend radius according to standard 22.81 m, in actual conditions Points M17 and M36 do not meet the standard. The slope of the road according to the standard is 10%, the actual condition averages 13.31%. The amount of cross slope according to the standard is 48.2 cm, the actual condition averages 0 cm. The use of Komatsu HD785 fuel is greater than 15.97 l /rity compared to Caterpillar 777D with a total of 14.98 l/rity. The use of Komatsu HD785 fuel on the recommended road with bend radius 22.81 m to 10.58 l/rity and at the radius of bend 33.35 m to 9,90 l/rity. The use of Caterpillar 777D fuel on the recommended road with bend radius 22.81 m to 8.92 l/rity and at the radius of bend 33.35 m to 8.35 l/rity

Real-Time Mine Road Boundary Detection and Tracking for Autonomous Truck.

Road boundary detection is an important part of the perception of the autonomous driving. It is difficult to detect road boundaries of unstructured roads because there are no curbs. There are no clear boundaries on mine roads to distinguish areas within the road boundary line and areas outside the road boundary line. This paper proposes a real-time road boundary detection and tracking method by a 3D-LIDAR sensor. The road boundary points are extracted from the detected elevated point clouds above the ground point cloud according to the spatial distance characteristics and the angular features. Road tracking is to predict and update the boundary point information in real-time, in order to prevent false and missed detection. The experimental verification of mine road data shows the accuracy and robustness of the proposed algorithm.

A new analysis approach for long‐term variations of forest loss, fragmentation, and degradation resulting from road‐network expansion using Landsat time‐series and object‐based image analysis

AbstractDespite facilitating transport by low‐volume roads for multiple purposes, these roads also open corridors to the remote pristine forests and accelerate forest dynamics with deleterious consequences to the forest functionalities and indigenous inhabitants. We assessed the spatial variations of Hyrcanian forest loss, fragmentation, and degradation resulting from the expansion of rural, logging, and mine roads between 1966 and 2016 in northeast Iran. Various data were employed to generate a precise road network; the density of road segments was weighted on the basis of their carrying capacity during 1966–1986, 1986–2000, and 2000–2016. Three dimensions of forest changes were retrieved using the Landsat time‐series and object‐based image analysis. The spatial patterns of high rates of forest changes were clustered using spatial autocorrelation indicators. The spatial regression models were carried out to explore relationships between forest change and road expansion. The results showed that rural roads were upgraded but forest and mine roads remarkably expanded in recent decades. The spatial variations of forest‐dynamic patterns have been changing from forest loss (1966–2000) to forest fragmentation and degradation (1986–2016). The high density of rural roads was significant on the high rates of forest loss and fragmentation during 1966–2000, and the expansion of forest and mine roads significantly intensified the rates of fragmentation and degradation during 1986–2016. Our findings suggest for mitigating destructive schemes over Hyrcanian forests, developing either protected areas or joining unprotected forests to the reserved areas should be prioritized.

CAE analysis and road load data acquisition experimentation on bogie bracket of heavy duty commercial vehicle

Bogie bracket is a unit of suspension system in heavy-duty trucks. This part has been identified as critical component. Computer aided engineering (CAE) simulation software has been used for stress analysis and the forces influencing the failure of part. Stress concentration factor has been found in every zone of the bracket and the weaker sections have been identified in three iterations. The rough road (RR) and mining road (MR) were taken for critical analysis. Road load data acquisition (RLDA) test was conducted to validate the CAE. Six pairs of bogie brackets were tested on RR and MR test track conditions. Strain was measured through strain gauge. Hair crack failure was detected at weaker sections and eventual sudden failure was observed in six pairs of samples under RR and MR. In RR condition, cobblestone and MR condition, kutcha road caused higher rate of failure.

Using data mining for prediction of retail banking customers churn behaviour

For every retail bank, the control over risks that originate from customer fluctuations is of great importance. These fluctuations can occur in the number of active customers or their level of activity. In recent years, Iran has faced many economic difficulties and it has become even more important for banks to be able to preserve their customers and especially the optimum balance for their accounts. The purpose of this paper gains liquidity on the spectrum of accounts and deposits the most desired service. So, in this paper the standard CRISP-DM method has been used for data mining's road map. In addition, this paper applied the churn prediction model and the enablement of customer categorisation on their churn risk. We demonstrate that customer churn may be affected by two additional important factors, namely customer's age and customer's background. Thus, the younger age range corresponds to the highest rate of shedding. Therefore, the highest amount of share among churners corresponds to customers not older than 32 years of age.

Experimental study on the strength of soil-cement with additions of mineral powder and ferronickel slag powder

With the rapid development of soil-cement application technology, soil-cement is widely applied in mine development, such as mine road construction, pit repair, stope reinforcement and mine backfill, etc. In this paper, ferronickel slag powder and mineral powder are applied in soil-cement to study the impact of their content on the strength performance of soil-cement. The results show that the addition of ferronickel slag powder has a greater impact on the strength of soil-cement at the early age. However, with the increase of age, the strength decrease rate of soil-cement with ferronickel slag powder reduces. When ferronickel slag powder and granulated blast furnace slag are mixed, the performance of soil-cement at the early age is better than that with ferronickel slag powder alone. The optimal combination is that ferronickel slag powder accounts for 20%, among which the mineral powder replaces 30% of the ferronickel slag powder mass.

Haul road roughness measurement using georeferenced truck vibration

Abstract Vehicle vibrations caused by poor haul road conditions create multiple negative effects for mines, including slower cycle times, increased maintenance, and operator injury. Vibration levels in vehicles result in part from road roughness. Mine roads are mainly constructed from in-pit materials that are more likely to deteriorate overtime and require frequent maintenance to maintain a smooth surface. The decision for when and where road maintenance is conducted is primarily based on visual inspections. This method can provide subjective, inaccurate, and delayed response to adverse conditions. The recent increase in vehicle telemetry data allows instant access to several types of data; mainly being used for haul fleet dispatching, collision avoidance, and geologic surveying, telemetry data has yet to see widespread use in road maintenance dispatching. This paper examines current road roughness characterization techniques and current telemetry data streams. An initial case study was conducted using vibration and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) telemetry data to determine road roughness. Data from three haul trucks under normal operating conditions were collected over the course of a week. The results of this case study demonstrate localized vibration levels can be used to objectively identify rough roads. This can be further developed to dispatch road maintenance crews leading to overall reduced mining costs and increased operator health. The researches propose continuing to full scale test using data from an entire fleet and longer timeframe.

Human impact in the Tatra Mountains

Human activity is one of the three main drivers of environmental changes in the mountains. Its influence on mountain natural environment is characterized by great spatiotemporal diversity. In the Tatras human impact started in the 12th-13th centuries and was related to mining and animal grazing, followed by metallurgy in the 18th century. These activities developed in the 15th-16th and with the climax in the 18th-19th, except for the animal grazing which continued till the 1960s-1970s. Since the second half of the 19th century tourism developed intensively. More than 3 million people per year visit the Polish part of the Tatras nowadays.Human activities, prior to tourism, were accompanied by a strong forest and dwarf pine shrubs extraction. They affected mainly relief and vegetation cover. Erosion in the slopes was triggered or intensified after deterioration of vegetation cover by grazing. Anthropogenic landforms like pits, mine roads, mine channels are still recognizable in landscape. Lowering of the upper forest and dwarf pine limits and changing of a natural structure of the forest into a monoculture are among the main influences on vegetation. Indirect effects of the changed forest structure are problems with bark beetles and windthrows. The later have been strongly affecting slope morphodynamics. Tourism-related impact manifest in gradual anthropogenic erosion along hiking trails. It is the major type of human impact n the Tatras now. The historical human impact until the 1960s-1970s was indeed spatial in nature. Currently, it is of a linear character or point-focused, and is relatively constant regarding particular locations.

Reducing mine water use in arid areas through the use of a byproduct road dust suppressant

Water scarcity is a critical global-scale social risk. Several factors are affecting the availability of fresh water, like global population growth and the increase of industrial activities. Particularly in the mining industry, water is a critical resource for mineral production and road maintenance. Haul roads in surface mining operations are traditionally treated with large amounts of water to reduce dust emissions caused by large trucks that generate up to 97% of mine dust that reduces safety and mining productivity. An alternative to reduce dust in mining roads is the use of Magnesium Chloride Hexahydrate (6H2O·MgCl2), which is a byproduct of the local lithium. So far, there is no scientific evidence that combines laboratory and field research to assess the effectiveness of an industrial byproduct used as a dust control for mining haul roads. This paper reports a quantitative analysis of the effectiveness of 6H2O·MgCl2 in reducing operational water based on a laboratory and field study. Laboratory results show an important water retention effect in 6H2O·MgCl2 treated soils compared to untreated soils. In addition, results showed that soils exposed to higher air relative humidity increases the water absorption from the air, confirming the hygroscopic property of 6H2O·MgCl2. Field results collected for a year in a copper mine located in an arid area of Chile showed that water consumption in haul roads treated with water only is on average 153 times higher than water consumption in roads treated with 6H2O·MgCl2 brine. In other words, 6H2O·MgCl2 brine treatment allows approximately 99% of water saving. The dust monitoring system using a laser device demonstrated that, on average, dust emissions are 3.4 times higher in roads treated with water only than in roads treated with 6H2O·MgCl2 brine. Overall, the study concludes that using 6H2O·MgCl2 brine effectively reduces water consumption used for dust suppression in haul roads, demonstrating that the use of 6H2O·MgCl2 byproduct is a very promising material for addressing water management issues in the mining industry.

The Rationale for the Use of Modified Bitumen Coated Overburden Rocks for Haul Roads of Coal Mines

Kuzbass is a leader in the field of mining of coal as one of the main materials for industry and civilian use. Its production rate its is constantly increasing, which can not but affect the problem of using secondary material (in particular, rocks that are not used in further construction) that is produced during coal mining. Overburden rocks are often stored in dumps or they are used for filling coal mine roads, although this is the problem. In terms of their physical and chemical composition, the overburden rocks are of low strength, so there is a problem of strengthening this type of material, the solution of which can be found in the processing of rocks used for further construction with modified bitumen. The analysis of the effect of the adhesion ability of construction bitumen and crumb rubber modified bitumen produced according to the technology of stage addition of rubber crumb to bitumen (bitumen modified with crumb rubber by stages) is described in the article. Examples of the adhesion of construction bitumen and bitumen modified with crumb rubber by stages to various rocks are given. The characteristics of the adhesion ability of bitumen modified with crumb rubber by stages are substantiated.

Integrated Modeling and Evaluation of Electric Mining Trucks During Propel and Retarding Modes

Mining trucks are sophisticated equipment that must operate continuously under difficult environmental conditions at the limit of their capacities. Hence, any tool that helps to evaluate the stress of mechanical components and/or overloading of electrical components will be of great benefit. This paper presents the development of an integrated electric–mechanical model of a hauling truck capable of determining all the variables of interest of the powertrain, traction, and retarding systems. The developed model is first evaluated on idealized uphill and downhill routes, providing a clear view of the performance of each component. These results are then applied to the analysis of a complete downhill–uphill truck cycle in a copper mine. Finally, selected sectors of the mine road are evaluated in order to compare field records with the corresponding signals of the developed model. Results show a good agreement with errors between 2% and 5%.

Kajian Teknis Geometri Jalan Tambang Front 242 Untuk Pencapaian Produktivitas Alat Angkut Di PT Semen Padang (Persero) Tbkntuk Pencapaian Produktivitas Alat Angkut Di PT Semen Padang (Persero) Tbk

PT Semen Padang (Persero) Tbk is one of the cement producing companies in Indonesia. The supply of limestone used as the main raw material in the manufacture of cement is obtained through the mining process in the IUP area of ​​the company. Mining roads are one of the facilities that must be considered in limestone mining activities because it is a major support in the process of transporting limestones obtained from the working Front. Inadequate road conditions can lead to less productive means of transport in the transport process, which causes production inaccessibility. The mining roads in the 242 working Front are considered to be poor so that a technical study of the mine road is required in accordance with the AASHTO Manual Rular Highway Design standard so that the geometry of the mine road is not good enough so that improvements can be made, engineering studies include road width, cross slope, superelevation, road slope, as well as a study of the carrying capacity of the soil and the influence of the mine road on fuel consumption. Based on the results of the study, the geometry of the mine road is as followsthe haulage width of one lane is minimum 14 m, the width of the haul road is two lanes of 24 m, the width of the two lanes is 25 m minimum, the superelevation value is 1%, cross slope is 48 cm, the slope can be 16% of the vehicles are transported while the slope based on AASHTO is 10%, the slope of the road becomes the biggest factor that influences fuel consumption because it makes the conveyance exert great power. Mine path geometry that is not suitable causes a time of barrier of 86.85 seconds with a cycle time of 22.3 minutes using an average speed of 15 km / h resulting in a production of 1,343.04 tons / hour, while if made temporary road the transport means can reach ideal speed with time on average 29 km / h and 27 km / h, cycle time 17.75 minutes with a production of 1,687.4 tons / hour.

A highly selective and sensitive colorimetric chemosensor based on polyurethane foam impregnated with 3-methyl-2, 6-dimercapto-1,4-thiopyrone for on-site preconcentration and determination of palladium(II)

ABSTRACTA new sorbent and chemosensor for highly selective and sensitive on-site preconcentration and colorimetric determination of Pd(II) was developed based on its reaction with 3-methyl-2,6-dimercapto-1,4-thiopyrone (MDT) immobilised onto polyurethane foam (PUF). Complexation of Pd(II) with MDT sorbed on PUF tablets leads to a contrast change in the sorbent colour from pale yellow to reddish-brown. The developed chemosensor is highly selective with respect to the transition and platinum group metals. It has a maximum sorption capacity of 17 µmol g−1 for Pd(II). Reaction is possible in a strongly acidic medium (up to10 M HCl), and the properties of the chemosensor do not change during storage for a long time. The colorimetric response of the chemosensor was measured using red–green–blue (RGB) colour model. The dependence of the luminosity of the G channel on the Pd(II) concentration was linear in the concentration range from 0.3 to 64 µg L−1 with a detection limit of 0.1 µg L−1 (R2 = 0.997). The colour scale for visual detection of Pd(II) was constructed in the concentration range of 0.02–0.64 mg L‒1 for the sorption from 20 mL of an aqueous sample. The accuracy of the developed methods was assessed by the analysis of a certified reference material (platinum–palladium alloy) and by comparison with the results of gravimetric or graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) determination of Pd. The developed method was successfully applied to determine Pd in samples of mine water and road dust, in the electrolyte bath and in the sewage sludge of a palladium electroplating bath.

Geological Tourism Development In The Finnish-Russian Borderland: The Case Of The Cross-Border Geological Route “Mining Road”

Abstract The Finnish-Russian borderland has a unique geological potential for geological tourism development. Creating new tourist attractions based on geoheritage, design and development of the cross-border tourist routes open new opportunities for tourism development on both sides of the border. The article presents the crossborder geological tourist route “Mining Road” as a tool of activation of tourist activity in the Finnish-Russian borderland. This article explores the practical aspects of the project "Mining Road" development for tourism industry. It is proven the significance of cross-border route "Mining road" for preservation, popularization and reproduction of the natural, cultural and historical potential of the borderland.