Mindful Awareness Research Articles

Reduced Stress among COVID-Symptomatic Undergraduates: Act With Awareness, Nonjudgment, and Nonreactivity as Key Facets of Mindfulness

Objective: Associations between mindfulness and improved physical and psychological health have been established, but COVID-19 presents a novel context. This study examined the relationship between individual mindfulness facets and general stress among college students experiencing at least one symptom of acute COVID-19 infection in the context of the pandemic. Methods: Five hundred sixteen university students experiencing at least one CDC-identified COVID-19 symptom completed measures of general stress, mindfulness, and somatic symptoms in 2020-2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic following IRB approval and informed consent. Results: The act with awareness, nonjudgment, and nonreactivity facets of mindfulness were associated with general stress. In total, the model accounted for over half of the variance in general stress (R2 = 0.51, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Mindfulness may be particularly important in explaining general stress among college students reporting a symptom of COVID-19. Mindfulness may benefit college students as the pandemic continues to unfold, and monitoring one’s physical health remains a primary mitigation strategy. These results may also inform understanding and responses to future public health emergencies in which monitoring somatic symptoms is encouraged by public health officials to contain the spread.

The effectiveness of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) model in people with HIV: A cross sectional study.

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) are a chronic and disabling disease that has a significant impact on quality of life due to weakening of physical health, financial problems and social stigma. This study aims to validate the Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) model in people with human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) in Iran. Four hundred and fifty-two people with HIV from Imam Khomeini Hospital between the age of 18 and 65 years (men: 308, women: 144) participated in the research. anonymously completed a battery of questionnaires, namely the Persian basic psychological need satisfaction and frustration scale, SF-36, PSQI and mindful attention awareness scale. The method of the present study was the structural equation model. Current findings indicated there is a significant positive between mindfulness and need satisfaction, physical and mental health and, significant negative between mindfulness and quality and quantity of sleep. Mindfulness and need satisfaction are significant positive predictors of quality of life in people with HIV. Quality and quantity of sleep are significant negative predictors of quality of life in people with HIV. There is a positive significance between need satisfaction and physical and mental health but there is a negative significance between need satisfaction and quality and quantity. there is a negative significant between the quality and quantity of sleep with physical and mental health. Mindfulness facilitates the satisfaction of more psychological needs and improves the quality of sleep. The quality of sleep is a negative significant predictor for physical and mental health but the quantity of sleep is a negative significant predictor for physical health. The HRQOL model can explain 18% of physical health and 16% of mental health in people with HIV in Iran. The elements of this model can be useful in evaluating and treating people with HIV in the Iranian Population. They also can use the models to plan for better services.

Effects of Brain Gym Exercises on Attention and Anxiety in Adolescents – An Experimental Study

Background: The common psychological difficulties in adolescents are anxiety states or minor depression and apart from that the attention span in adolescents is also shrinking as reported. The Brain Gym exercise is said to release learning blocks and cause improvement in areas such as memory, concentration, and focus. The goal of this study is to improve anxiety and attention in adolescents by performing brain gym exercises. Aim: To study the effects of brain gym exercise on attention and anxiety in adolescents. Methodology: The study employed an experimental study including 134 students within a 15-19 years age group, selected through purposive sampling. The primary outcomes are the Hamilton anxiety rating scale and the mindful attention awareness scale. Brain gym exercise was performed thrice a week for four weeks. Results: A statistically significant improvement in anxiety and attention is observed with using brain gym exercise. The pretest mean anxiety score at week 1 was 18.46 and after four weeks the results showed a statistically significant decrease in anxiety with a mean score of 16.14. The pretest attention score in week 1 was 3.67 and the post-intervention score in week 4 was 3.98 showing a statistically significant increase in attention. The data was statistically significant with a p-value of <0.05. Conclusion: The study concludes there’s a significant effect of brain gym exercises in improving attention and anxiety. KEYWORDS: Brain Gym Exercise, Anxiety, Attention, Adolescents, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, The Mindful Attention Awareness Scale.

INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS STYLES OF MANTRA CHANTING ON STUDENT’S COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE

Background: Mantra is a tool to enhance mood regulation, stress management skills, and concentration and awareness. Materials & Methods: There were 35 participants including men and women between the age of 20 to 45 years, in the present study. They were all instructed to recite the "Mahamrityunjaya mantra (MM)" for ten days as an orientation programme. Cognitive tools such the Six Letter Cancellation Test (SLCT), Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS), and Mindfulness Attention and Awareness Scale (MAAS) were used. These tools were used to evaluate all six sessions, including the baseline. On the first day of the program, all participants underwent a 10-day orientation, a seven-day washout period, and seven days of post-recording, which included loud chanting (LC), lips movement (LM), silent chanting (SC), audio listening (AL), and silent sitting (SS). As each session lasted 20 minutes, recordings were made for the post-assessment following the intervention for 20 minutes. Results: The Repeated measure ANOVA, Friedman test, and Wilcoxon signed ranked tests were done to analyse the data. The Mindfulness following mantra chanting was significantly higher during loud chanting (LC) (p<0.05) compared to the silent chanting (SC) and the baseline. Also, the scores of digits backward (DB) were significantly higher in LC (p<0.01), LM (p<0.05), SC (p<0.001), and AL (p<0.01), compared to baseline. Conclusion: Results of the current study suggested that mindfulness prevails following the practice of LC and short-term memory following SC suggestive of more information processing in the amygdala, hippocampus, and pre-central cortex.

Effect of mindfulness training in adjunct to conventional physiotherapy on pain, function, and mindfulness attention awareness score in recreational long distance runners with patellofemoral pain syndrome: A randomized controlled trial protocol

Background The Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS) poses a significant challenge in sports medicine due to its multifactorial etiology involving both physiological and psychological factors. Though widely used, conventional physiotherapy approaches often yield limited efficacy and high recurrence rates. Mindfulness-based interventions have emerged as promising adjuncts in managing various musculoskeletal conditions, offering potential benefits in pain management, coping strategies, and overall well-being. However, their efficacy in addressing PFPS remains underexplored, particularly in the context of recreational long-distance runners. This study investigates the effects of integrating mindfulness training as an adjunct to conventional physiotherapy on pain intensity, functional outcomes, and mindfulness awareness in recreational long-distance runners with PFPS. Methods Eligible individuals will be assigned randomly to either Group A (Mindfulness Training + Conventional Physiotherapy) or Group B (Conventional Physiotherapy). Outcome measures, such as the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), and knee joint position sense using a goniometer will be assessed at baseline and post-intervention. Mindfulness training will encompass a variety of techniques integrated with conventional physiotherapy sessions. Result This study has the potential to offer an enhanced treatment strategy that considers both the physical and psychological aspects of Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS), potentially improving outcomes and well-being for recreational long-distance runners. CTRI Registration Number: CTRI/2024/03/064876

A mindfulness-based intervention improves perceived stress and mindfulness in university nursing students: a quasi-experimental study

University nursing students have been shown to experience psychological stress. A mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) may be a helpful tool for stress management. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a MBI on improving mindfulness and reducing perceived stress in nursing students. A quasi-experimental study was conducted between July 2021 and February 2022. The intervention group participated in an 8-week mindfulness awareness course, which included 50 min of training and practice in mindfulness meditation techniques each week. Over the same 8 weeks, the control group watched a 50-min film each week. The mindful attention awareness scale (MAAS) and perceived stress scale (PSS) were administered before the intervention, intervention completion, and 2 and 6 months after the intervention. Data were analyzed using t test and generalized estimating equation. Overall, that the MBI showed a substantial effect on felt stress in comparison to the control group. When compared to the control group, the MBI showed a substantial impact on trait mindfulness. The MBI was beneficial for nursing students and could be considered a viable approach in nursing education to enhance mental wellbeing. It could be an effective method of relieving stress in a high-stress population.

General psychopathology factor in Chinese adolescents and its correlation with trans-diagnostic protective psycho-social factors

BackgroundComorbidity in mental disorders is prevalent among adolescents, with evidence suggesting a general psychopathology factor (“p” factor) that reflects shared mechanisms across different disorders. However, the association between the “p” factor and protective factors remains understudied. The current study aimed to explore the “p” factor, and its associations with psycho-social functioning, in Chinese adolescents. Methods2052 students, aged 9–17, were recruited from primary and secondary schools in Shanghai, China. Multiple rating scales were used to assess psychological symptoms and psycho-social functioning. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to verify the fit of models involving different psychopathology domains such as externalizing, internalizing, and the “p” factor. Subsequently, structural equation models were used to explore associations between the extracted factors and psycho-social functioning, including emotion regulation, mindful attention awareness, self-esteem, self-efficacy, resilience, and perceived support. ResultsThe bi-factor model demonstrated a good fit, with a “p” factor accounting for 46 % of symptom variation, indicating that the psychological symptoms of Chinese adolescents could be explained by internalizing, externalizing, and the “p” factor. Psychologically, a higher “p” was positively correlated with emotion suppression and negatively correlated with mindful attention awareness, emotion reappraisal, self-esteem, and resilience. Socially, a higher “p” was associated with decreased perceived support. LimitationsOnly common symptoms were included as this study was conducted at school. Furthermore, the cross-sectional design limited our ability to investigate causal relationships. ConclusionsA “p” factor exists among Chinese adolescents. Individuals with higher “p” factor levels were prone to experience lower levels of psycho-social functions.

Effect of Mind-Settle Stress Reduction Mobil Application Based on Mindfulness Awareness on Perceived Stress among Nursing Students

Effect of Mind-Settle Stress Reduction Mobil Application Based on Mindfulness Awareness on Perceived Stress among Nursing Students

Does Virtual Reality Training Increase Mindfulness in Aboriginal Out-of-Home Care Children?

ObjectivesThis study aimed to address the negative impacts of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on Aboriginal children and young people in out-of-home care (OOHC) using mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) delivered via virtual reality (VR). MBIs can improve emotion regulation and executive functioning, but engagement can be challenging, especially for children with other health conditions and trauma.MethodVirtual reality goggles with a head-mounted display, head tracking, and handheld controls were used. Measures included heart rate variability (HRV), the State Mindfulness Scale, the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, and the Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function 2. The procedure involved a baseline assessment of state mindfulness, a 5-min sitting baseline HRV measurement, VR orientation, exploration of the VR landscape, a mindfulness body scan, a second HRV measurement during the body scan, and completing a post-VR questionnaire.ResultsNo significant improvement in state mindfulness was found as measured by the State Mindfulness Scale. However, a significant improvement with moderate effect size was seen pre-to-post-intervention on the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (p = 0.007, d = − 0.69). We also explored the impact of age, sex, and diagnosis on the intervention and found significant improvements in state mindfulness across subgroups. HRV did not show a significant change pre-to-post-intervention.ConclusionsOur study highlights the potential for MBI-VR to improve mindfulness in Aboriginal children and young people in OOHC who have experienced abuse and trauma. Brief mindfulness sessions were effective at enhancing state mindfulness as measured by the MAAS; the older participants and those with mental health concerns benefitted the most. Further research with more diverse samples is needed to validate the findings and examine potential interactions between demographic and clinical factors.PreregistrationThis study is not preregistered.

Job-seeking self-efficacy: an Irish scale for assessing the guidance and coaching needs of job seekers

ABSTRACT This field research was designed to establish what components contribute to the construct of job-seeking self-efficacy (JSSE). 430 active job seekers (219 males, 204 females, 7 non-disclosed) in Ireland volunteered to participate in a survey compiled from previously published sources. A 15-item scale for JSSE was reduced to 8 items (2 factors) after principle components analysis (PCA). Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) found the scales hold respectable levels of reliability (α = .841, variance 65%). The Irish JSSE Scale presented good concurrent validity with other research studies and the primary component related to the cognisant and mindful awareness of JSSE. A second factor consisted of an affective/emotive component which was more impacted by the length of unemployment (a = .71). The Irish JSSE Scale should assist guidance counsellors and job coaches by enhancing the efficiency of the job-seeking process by facilitating more client-focused needs analysis.

Mindful Attention Awareness among UM Digos University College Students: A Comparative Analysis

Mindful attention awareness involves intentionally being attentive to the current moment without bias, allowing focus on the current moment and what is most important to you, rather than concentrating on thoughts and feelings. This study explores whether mindful attention awareness has significant differences in sex, year level, and department. This research is quantitative and employs a descriptive-comparative design. The data interpretation is performed by JAMOVI software, together with Excel. The Shapiro-Wilk test was utilized to assess normality, but it did not confirm a normal distribution for continuous variables, while mean and standard deviation were used to measure variable levels. The findings revealed that respondents had a moderate range in all sub-scales in the area of mindful attention awareness. The results showed that females had a high significance difference in mindfulness attention awareness. The test of difference shows that sex has an unequal variance, while in year level, only first, second, and fourth-year students had a significant difference in mindfulness attention awareness, and the department had no significant difference in mindfulness attention awareness. The study recommends future researchers on exploring the longitudinal effects of mindfulness interventions on academic achievement and student well-being, which could provide valuable evidence for integrating mindfulness into educational practices.

Impact of a mindfulness and self-care intervention on stress, self-compassion, and attentiveness in university healthcare students and faculty

Objective To evaluate impact of a 12-week, online, guided, self-paced intervention of mindfulness and self-care practices on self-compassion, attentiveness, and perceived stress. Participants University healthcare faculty and students. Methods Participants received 7 different mindful and self-care activity options every week for 12 wk. A pre-survey, weekly surveys, and one-month post-survey assessed outcome measures of the Perceived Stress Scale 4, Self-Compassion Scale-SF, Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, health behaviors, and feasibility. Results A total of 232 participants had one or more outcome measures and 68 completed all 14 measures. Students and faculty demonstrated significantly increased mindful attention awareness, days of mindfulness practice, self-compassion, and trended toward more physical activity. They reported significantly lower stress and that mindful practice altered the way they dealt with stress. Days of mindfulness practice were significantly negatively correlated to stress and positively correlated to self-care. Conclusions This intervention demonstrated both effectiveness and feasibility, with most participants choosing shorter meditation, yoga, and self-care options.

Внимательность, академическая компетентность и академическая самоэффективность: перекрестное исследование

<p>This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the relationship between mindfulness and academic competency among International students in China, as well as the potential mediating role of academic self-efficacy in this association. International students in China (n=476) were recruited to complete the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), the Academic Self-efficacy Scale (ASES), and the competence subscale of the Positive Youth Development Inventory (PYDI). The results found that mindfulness correlated positively with academic self-efficacy and academic competency. Furthermore, the results revealed that the mediation model fit the data well; academic self-efficacy partly mediated the association of mindfulness with academic competency. We concluded that this insight contributes to a better understanding of the interplay between mindfulness, academic competency, and the psychological aspects of academic self-efficacy, providing valuable implications for interventions and strategies to promote academic performance among the target population.</p>

Periodontal Health and Its Relationship with Psychological Stress: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Studies suggest that chronic psychological stress can lead to oral health deterioration, alter the immune response, and possibly contribute to increased inflammation, which can impact the physiological healing of periodontal tissues. This cross-sectional study seeks to assess and improve clinical understanding regarding the relationship between perceived stress, mindfulness, and periodontal health. Methods: A total of 203 people were analyzed from December 2022 to June 2023. The Periodontal Screening and Recording (PSR) score and Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI), and Plaque Control Record (PCR) of every patient were registered. Subsequently, participants completed the Sheldon Cohen Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and the Mindfulness Awareness Attention Scale (MAAS) questionnaires. The collected data underwent statistical analysis, encompassing the evaluation of correlations and dependencies. Applying Welch’s t-test to assess the relationship between MAAS and the variable indicating the presence or absence of periodontitis, a noteworthy p-value of 0.004265 was obtained. Results: This underscores a significant distinction in MAAS scores between patients affected by periodontitis and those unaffected by the condition. Additionally, Pearson correlations were computed for GBI and perceived stress, PCR and perceived stress, PCR and MAAS. The resulting p-values of 2.2–16, 3.925–8, and 2.468–8, respectively, indicate a statistically significant correlation in each instance. Conclusions: These findings contribute valuable insights into the interconnectedness of these variables, emphasizing the significance of their associations in the study context. Despite the limitations, the findings of this study suggest a significant relationship between psychological stress, mindfulness, and periodontal tissue health. Clinical trials are necessary to incorporate the assessment of a patient’s psychological status as a new valuable tool in the management of periodontal health.

Study on the Link Between Self-Esteem and Team Identity as Major Factors in Tackling Competitive Anxiety in Performance Athletes

Sports competition and athletic performance are of major interest in sports psychology. Throughout the history of sports, researchers have sought to identify the modifiable factors that could help those who take part in competition to adapt to it as best as possible. In this study, we will focus on identifying certain psychological factors described in the specialized literature as having a consistent link to decreasing competitive anxiety, while looking for implementable techniques to improve these factors. The aim of this study was to identify effective methods for decreasing competitive anxiety, reaching a state of flow and influencing the dimensions of mindfulness (awareness, refocus, non-judgment). The study included a total number of 27 female subjects and was conducted over a period of 4 months (21.07.2022-21.11.2022). In the study, the subjects were divided into two groups: one working group where the intervention took place and in which 15 female footballers from League 1 were randomly assigned, and one control group with 12 female footballers. The two groups underwent an evaluation aimed at identifying the achievement of the state of flow and the reduction of competitive anxiety after a few mental and physical relaxation exercises. The results of the statistical processing of data show some differences between the two groups in terms of score for the tracked parameters, but also between the results of each group in the pre- and post-tests. However, statistically significant differences between the two groups were obtained only for the state of flow and somatic anxiety. The state of flow, of mental wellbeing, should be considered before, during and after each sports competition, regardless of its level, in order to achieve a satisfactory performance in the world of sports, correlated with the expectations and the training of each athlete. Keywords: competitive state anxiety, mindfulness, state of flow

The psychological implications of COVID-19 over the eighteen-month time span following the virus breakout in Italy.

In a short time, the COVID-19 pandemic has exerted a huge impact on many aspects of people's lives with a number of consequences, an increase in the risks of psychological diseases being one of them. The aim of this experimental study, based on an eighteen-month follow-up survey, is to assess the psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, in particular, changes in stress, anxiety and depression levels, and the risks of developing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). A follow-up survey was performed on a sample of 184 Italian individuals to collect relevant information about the psychological impact of COVID-19. Predictors of the components of the psychological impact were calculated based on the ANCOVA model. The analysis of the online questionnaires led to the conclusion that a high percentage of the participants suffer from levels of stress, anxiety and depression higher than normal as well as an increased risk of PTSD. The severity of such disorders significantly depends on gender, the loss of family members or acquaintances due to the pandemic, the amount of time spent searching for COVID-19 related information, the type of information sources and, in part, on the level of education and income. The time factor had a more severe effect on the low-income population. COVID-19 has entailed a very strong psychological impact on the Italian population also depending on the coping strategies adopted, the level of mindful awareness, socio-demographic variables, people's habits and the way individuals use the available means of communication and information.

The Effects of Social Anxiety on Subjective Well-Being among Adolescents: The Mediating Roles of Mindfulness and Loneliness

Adolescence is an important period characterized by various transitions and changes. Experiencing social anxiety is a growing phenomenon among adolescents and affects their well-being and mental health. It is necessary to pay attention and understand the factors related to social anxiety to improve the subjective well-being of adolescents. The current study aimed to examine the mediating roles of mindfulness and loneliness in the association between social anxiety and subjective well-being among adolescents. Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents, Mindful Attention Awareness Scale Adolescent Form, UCLA Loneliness Scale Short Form, Adolescent Subjective Well Being Scale and General Information Form were used to collect data. 543 Turkish adolescents (53.6% female) participated in the study. The age range of the participants was 15 to 18 years, with a mean age of 16.45 years (SD=1.10). The results demonstrated that social anxiety was negatively associated with mindfulness and subjective well-being, and positively associated with loneliness. It has been determined that social anxiety had an indirect effect on subjective well-being through mindfulness and loneliness. Mindfulness mitigated the adverse impacts of social anxiety on subjective well-being whereas loneliness exacerbated this association. These results have shown that adolescents with high levels of social anxiety have lower mindfulness and higher loneliness, which in turn lead to less subjective well-being. The findings of the current study suggest that this situation may be ameliorable with mindfulness-based and loneliness-based interventions.

Healthcare Workers' Anxiety Levels and Mindful Attention Awareness Towards the COVID-19 Pandemic

Aim: Mindful attention awareness and anxiety levels of healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic were unknown. In this study, we aimed to measure the behavioral changes of healthcare workers together with their anxiety and mindful attention awareness levels during the pandemic. Methods: A brief mental health examination was conducted on healthcare workers who were actively involved in the COVID-19 pandemic to identify any dysfunctional anxiety issues associated with COVID-19. A survey containing behavioral changes, as well as a coronavirus anxiety scale and mindful attention awareness scale were administered to healthcare workers during the pandemic. Results: A total of 146 healthcare workers, 56.2% of women were included in the study. The coronavirus anxiety scale score values of the participants were a mean of 4±4.4 (Min=0-Max=20), and 13.7% of them had high levels of anxiety. The mean score for the mindful attention awareness scale score was a mean 59.4±13.9 (Min=22-Max=90). Females had higher coronavirus anxiety scale scores (p=0.003), but males had greater mindful attention awareness scale scores (p=0.001). It was determined that the coronavirus anxiety scale total scores averages of healthcare workers whose sleep (p=0.001), out-of-hospital clothing (p=0.006), and eating habits (p=0.017) changed during the pandemic were statistically significantly higher (p<0.05). Healthcare workers with higher coronavirus anxiety scores used more prophylactic drugs and supplements/vitamins after contact with COVID-19 patients. Conclusions: Although the coronavirus anxiety scale score was below average and the mindful attention awareness scale score was above average, healthcare workers' behaviors changed during the pandemic. Coronavirus anxiety and mindful attention awareness scale levels affected the behaviors of healthcare workers. Psychosocial support programs must be provided to healthcare workers during the pandemic.

Kinesiophobia, exercise addiction and mindfulness in athletes

Background and Study Aim. Since athletes tend to be addicted to exercise, they are at a higher risk of experiencing sports injuries compared to others. Exercise addiction and kinesiophobia, which is the fear of (re)injury and movement after an injury, are distinct but related concepts for athletes. It has been stated that mindfulness helps individuals to diminish their kinesiophobia. However, little is known about the relationship between exercise addiction, kinesiophobia, and mindfulness among athletes. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate kinesiophobia, exercise addiction, and mindfulness among athletes and to examine the effect of certain variables on these three concepts. Material and Methods. The sample of the study consisted of 313 athletes over the age of 18. Participants were included in the study on a voluntary basis, using the convenience sampling method. Study data were collected with the 'Demographic Form', the 'Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia', and the 'Exercise Addiction Scale'. Results. The study discovered that national athletes exhibited statistically higher levels of exercise addiction compared to non-national athletes. Similarly, athletes suffering from chronic pain showed higher exercise addiction scores than those without chronic pain. Furthermore, athletes who had sustained sports injuries demonstrated higher exercise addiction levels compared to those who had not. It was also determined that athletes with pain or movement limitations due to sports injuries exhibited increased levels of kinesiophobia compared to those without such limitations. In addition, athletes with chronic pain reported higher levels of kinesiophobia compared to their counterparts without chronic pain. Female athletes were found to have higher levels of mindful awareness compared to male athletes. Additionally, when analyzing the relationship between these three parameters, a negative correlation was observed between kinesiophobia and mindfulness among athletes. Conclusions. While kinesiophobia and exercise addiction are not directly related, there is a negative relationship between kinesiophobia and mindfulness. Furthermore, chronic pain and limitations in movement after a sports injury are identified as risk factors for kinesiophobia. Additionally, being a national athlete, experiencing chronic pain, and sustaining sports injuries are considered risk factors for exercise addiction.

Effect of applying nursing-based cognitive defusion techniques on mindful awareness, cognitive fusion, and believability of delusions among clients with schizophrenia: a randomized control trial.

Applying cognitive defusion techniques to enduring psychotic symptoms, such as delusions, presents both a challenge and a promising opportunity for psychiatric nurses to manage delusions among schizophrenia clients. This study aimed to examine the impact of cognitive defusion techniques on psychological flexibility, mindful awareness, cognitive fusion, and the believability of delusions in schizophrenia clients. This study used a single-blind, parallel-arm Randomized Controlled Trial design. Over five weeks, 70 clients with schizophrenia were randomized to either the cognitive defusion intervention group (n = 35) or the control group (n = 35). The participants showed significant reductions in the believability of delusions, cognitive fusion, and psychological inflexibility immediately after the intervention and at follow-up. Notable enhancements were observed in cognitive defusion and mindfulness awareness abilities. Cognitive defusion techniques positively affect schizophrenia clients who struggle with persistent delusional beliefs. This underscores the importance of further investigating this approach to decrease the intensity of delusions as part of a comprehensive therapeutic intervention. Psychiatric nurses must receive training in "cognitive defusion skills" to aid schizophrenia clients in becoming more aware of their emotions and modifying their coping strategies for delusional beliefs. On August 3, 2023, the research was retrospectively registered under the reference number NCT05759091 as a randomized clinical trial. https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05759091, identifier NCT05759091.