Mimusops Elengi Research Articles

Vegetation Dispersion in Green Open Space of Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

A study on the implementation of eco-campus in terms of vegetation suitability in green open spaces at Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia (UPI) had been conducted. The purposes of the study were to analyze the actual condition the vegetation in green open spaces at UPI and to analyze the suitable vegetation to be implemented in green open spaces at UPI to support eco-campus. The study employed a descriptive design using cross section approach which studies a certain object in a certain period of time. To distribute the plants, this study used block unit mapping with the help GPA and a program namely ArcGIS. The results of the study show that most (43.51%) of the existing plants at UPI were herbs; 32.82% of them were trees, 18.32% were shrubs, and 2.29% were bushes. In the meantime, in terms of the plants’ function, most of the vegetation at UPI were decorative plants (34.35%), followed by medicinal plants (15.27%) and crops (14.5%). In addition to the aforementioned categories, there were 131 species of vegetation around UPI which mostly lied in the east side of the campus particularly around Isola building. Some of them were Filicium decipiens, Pinus merkusii, Barringtonia asiatica, Artocarpus altilis, Terminalia catappa, Agathis dammara, Lagerstoemia flos-reginae, Tabebuia capitata, Cassuarina equisettifolia, Mangifera indica, Delonix regi), Bougainvillea spectabillis, Muntingia callabura, and so on. Some were also plants that could only found in certain places such as Elaeocarpus grandiflorus, Mimusops elengi, Altingia exelsa, Elaeocarpus sphaericus, Pterocarpus indicus, Samanea saman, Claoxylon polot, Tectona grandis, Flacourtia inermis, Garcinia mangostana, Ponentia pinnata, Sandoricum koetjape, Brunfelsia uniflora, and Alstonia sholaris. Based on the results of the study, it was also proven that the distribution of the vegetation at UPI was uneven; it focused on certain areas such as gardens and main roads.

Pharmacokinetics of gallic acid from the topical ointments of standardized extracts of Chrysophyllum cainito and Mimusops elengi in rats

Pharmacokinetics of gallic acid from the topical ointments of standardized extracts of Chrysophyllum cainito and Mimusops elengi in rats

Analysis of Antioxidant Activities, Phenolic and Other Metabolites of Some Biomass Waste (Leaves) of India

Background: Antioxidants have important role on human health as well as in food industry. Natural antioxidants are preferred to synthetic antioxidants. Objective: In this study attempt was made to explore the leaf biomass, generally wasted and burnt, as sources of important antioxidant compounds. Methods: Extracts of leaves from five plants e.g. Artocarpus heterophyllus, Haldina cordifolia, Magnolia champaca, Mimusops elengi and Syzygium cumini were analyzed for their antioxidant properties by four different systems of assays. Identification and quantification of important components were performed using GC-MS. Results: All the extracts scavenged DPPH radical, superoxide radical, and chelated metal. S. cumini showed strongest antioxidant activities in all systems of assays. Many important phenols and other metabolites were identified. Correlation between activity and metabolite profile helped to identify important antioxidant compounds in the extracts. Important phenolic antioxidants identified were catechin, epicatechin, protocatechuic acid (from S. cumini), gallic acid, myricetin (from S. cumini, M. elengi), arbutin, 4-hydroxycinnamic acid (from M. elengi). Conclusion: Thus, the leaf biomass may be used as an alternative source of these important phytochemicals having antioxidant activity.

Ecological factors affecting host plant and shelter preferences of Tetraponera rufonigra (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in urban ecosystem

Abstract Host-plant preferences of Tetraponera rufonigra Jerdon (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) were assessed by field measurement in relation to the types of trash found in the surrounding tree perimeters. The correlations between the density of T. rufonigra and the plants (types of trash and levels of infestation) were determined based on the data gathered at 34 study sites in the Eastern part of the Penang Island to clarify the density differences of T. rufonigra among the sites. A simple linear regression analysis was also employed to assess the effects of environmental parameters i.e. UV light, temperature and humidity on the density of T. rufonigra. No significant difference was found between the infestation level at each site and the types of trash. Six species were identified as host-plant preferences of T. rufonigra i.e. Cassia fistula L., Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Mimusops elengi L., Delonix regia (Hook), Cerberra odollam Gaertn and Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.). These tree species were recorded for the first time as the most preferred host trees by T. rufonigra in Malaysia. The results also identified that T. rufonigra preferred the trees with high humidity level, suitable surrounding temperature and UV light as their habitats.

Impact of various blends of Mimusops elengi methyl esters on performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine

ABSTRACTThe basic objective of the research work was to study the effect of various blends of Mimusops elangi methyl ester (MEME) on engine performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of a single-cylinder direct-injection compression ignition engine, running at constant speed. The raw oil was extracted from Mimusops elangi seeds through mechanical crusher. The neat MEME was obtained through transesterification process and mixed with diesel in versatile proportions of 10% of MEME (10% MEME–90% Diesel), 20% of MEME(20% MEME–80% Diesel), 30% of MEME(30% MEME–70% Diesel), 40% of MEME(40% MEME–60% Diesel), and 100% MEME on a volume basis. Their properties were validated based on ASTM standards. Experimental investigation revealed that the 20% blend resulted in 4.18%, 5.12% more prominent performance characteristics of brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption, and superior emission diminution of 5.26% of HC, 16.6% of CO, 6.2% of smoke when compared with base diesel fuel, despite marginal penalty of 5.26% of carbon dioxide and 4.8% of oxides of nitrogen emission at full load condition. Characteristics of combustion parameters like pressure inside the cylinder and rate of the heat released were superior for 20% blend of MEME at the peak load condition.

Isolation of Organic Compounds from Medicinal Plant (Mimusops elengi) and Their Chemical Analysis

Isolation of Organic Compounds from Medicinal Plant (Mimusops elengi) and Their Chemical Analysis

Investigation of Antioxidant Activity in Mimusops elengi

Mimusops elengi is an ornamental plant, famous for its fragrant flowers. Its bark and fruit are astringent in nature. The different parts of the plants are frequently used in medicine. The extracts of fruits, bark and leaves were studied presently. The extract of fruit and bark confirmed the presence of both hydrolysable and condensed tannins. The crude and purified fractions of the fruit and bark was subjected to the antioxidant and antifungal activity by using simple Thiocyanate and agar diffusion method respectively. The tannins present in the fruit especially shows marvelous antioxidant activity which was not reported before.

Phytochemical Studies and Quantification of total content of Phenols, Tannins and Flavonoids in selected endangered plant species

Four endangered plant species Mimusops elengi, Erythroxylum monogynum, Holoptelea integrifolia and Catha edulis were selected to estimate phytoconstituents and quantify total phenols, tannins and flavonoids. Healthy leaves were collected from Mahatma Gandhi Botanical garden and Herbarium, GKVK, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru and after drying the leaves were subjected for extraction using methanol as solvent and dissolved in 100ml of methanol and stored in air tight bottles for further phytochemical analysis. Total content of phenols, tannins with Gallic acid curve and flavonoids with quercetin by standard methods were estimated. The leaf extract of Mimusops elengi contained maximum amount of tannins and Erythroxylum monogynum contained minimum amount. Maximum amount of phenols was found in Holoptelea integrifolia. Maximum flavonoids was recorded in Catha edulis. It is further suggested that leaves of Mimusops elengi, Erythroxylum monogynum, Holoptelea integrifolia and Catha edulis prove to potential plants for bioprospection evaluation due high content of phenols, tannins and flavonoids. Simultaneously the conservation of these species must be indicated in our localities, since these are highly important plants and are being exploited due to which these have gained endangered status.

Degradation of Crude Oil Using Biodiesel Produced from Seeds of Mimusops Elengi and Waste Beef Tallow

This paper deals with the study of degradation of crude oil using biodiesel from two different sources having different degree of saturation. Biodiesel is normally produced for meeting the energy demand in the market, can also be used for the degradation purpose because of its solvent nature on hydrocarbons. This property is used to degrade the crude oil by dissolve the complex hydrocarbon chains in it, thereby reducing its viscosity and enhancing its handling. The feedstocks used for biodiesel production are oil from seeds of Mimusops elengi (unsaturated oil) and waste beef tallow (saturated Fat). The biodiesel was produced by the means of base catalyzed methanol transesterification reaction. The most optimized blending ratio between crude oil to biodiesel was found to be 1:1.95 (crude oil: biodiesel) for elengi biodiesel and 1:1.85 (crude oil: biodiesel) for tallow biodiesel and the retention time for elengi oil and tallow biodiesel was found to be 16 days and 24 days respectively. The maximum degradation rate that was achieved by this technique was 95%. This method proves to be a renewable option for degrading the spilled crude oil during wreckages with limited environmental concerns in ecofriendly manner.

Two new aromatic glycosides, elengiosides A and B, from the flowers of Mimusops elengi.

Two new aromatic glycosides, elengiosides A (1) and B (2), were isolated from the methanolic extract of the flowers of Mimusops elengi (Sapotaceae) together with 26 known compounds. Their stereostructures were elucidated based on their spectroscopic properties and chemical evidence. Among the isolates, a phenylethanoid glycoside, undatuside C (14), was found to exhibit hyaluronidase inhibitory activity.

Mimusops elengi Seed Shell Powder as a New Bio-Filler for Polypropylene-based Bio-Composites

Mimusops elengi seed shell powder (MESSP) was introduced as a new bio-filler in polypropylene (PP). The MESSP was characterized using a particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and a thermogravimetric analyzer. MESSP was successfully melt mixed with polypropylene to produce bio-composite at various MESSP loading. The processability and properties of the bio-composites were characterized by using processing torques, differential scanning calorimetry, tensile test, water absorption, and SEM. The processability of PP was not affected by the addition of MESSP, which was revealed from the minimum changes in the processing torques, melting temperature, crystallization temperature, and degree of crystallinity. The tensile strength and elastic modulus of the bio-composites were improved with an addition of MESSP of up to 10 wt.%. However, the elongation at break and resistance to water absorption decreased slightly with increased MESSP loading. Morphological observations revealed that the MESSP showed good dispersion and adhesion in the PP matrix of up to 5 wt.% MESSP. Above 5 wt.% MESSP, agglomerates formed, which influenced the physical-mechanical properties of the PP and MESSP bio-composites. Results indicated that PP/MESSP composites can be used to replace PP in applications such as car dashboards and door panel, furniture, and rigid packaging.

Optimization of Biodiesel Production From Bakul Oil

In this paper, biodiesel production from Bakul oil (Mimusops Elengi) by three-step method and optimization were studied by the application of factorial design. Bakul Oil (BO) was extracted from Bakul seeds by press method and soxhlet extraction method. Bakul seed was collected from the local sources. The raw oil, containing 11.1 wt% Free Fatty Acid (FFA) and viscosity was 76.62 mm2/s. Because of higher FFA content of BO transesterification method can’t be applied, so three-step method was conducted for biodiesel production and optimization. In the three-step method, the first step was saponification of the oil followed by acidification to produce FFA and finally esterification of FFA to produce biodiesel. The reaction parameters in saponification, acidification and esterification reaction were optimized. Silica gel was used during esterification reaction to adsorb water produced in the reaction and silica gel to FFA ratio was 1:10 wt/wt. Hence the reaction rate was increased and finally the FFA was reduced to 0.70 wt%. A factorial design was studied for esterification reaction and developed to obtain the higher yield of biodiesel. Finally various properties of biodiesel such as FFA, viscosity, specific gravity, cetane index, pour point, flash point were measured and compared with biodiesel and petro-diesel standard.Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 29, No. 1, 2017: 14-18

Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical Evaluation of Leaves of Mimusops elengi L.

Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical Evaluation of Leaves of Mimusops elengi L.

Study of the effectiveness of several tree canopy types on roadside green belt in influencing the distribution of NO2 gas emitted from transportation

Transportation is one significant factor which contributes to urban air pollution. One of the pollutants emitted from transportation which affect human’s health is NO2. Plants, especially trees, have high potential in reducing air pollutants from transportation through diffusion, absorbtion, adsorption and deposition. Purpose of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of several tree canopy types on roadside green belt in influencing distribution of NO2 gas emitted from transportation. The study conducted in three plots of tree canopy in Jagorawi Highway: Bungur (Lagerstroemia speciosa), Gmelina (Gmelina arborea) and Tanjung (Mimusops elengi). The tree canopy ability in absorbing pollutant is derived by comparing air quality on vegetated area with ambience air quality at control area (open field). Air sampling was conducted to measure NO2 concentration at elevation 1.5m, 5m and 10m at distance 0m, 10m and 30m, using Air Sampler Impinger. Concentration of NO2 was analyzed with Griess-Saltzman method. From this research, the result of ANOVA showed that tree plot (vegetated area) affected significantly to NO2 concentration. However the effect of distance from road and elevation was not significant. Among the plots, the highest NO2 concentration was found on Control plot (area without tree canopy), while the lowest NO2 concentration was found in Tanjung plot. Tanjung plot with round shape and high density canopy performed better in reducing NO2 than Bungur plot with round shape and medium density canopy, regardless the sampling elevation and distance. Gmelina plot performed the best in reducing horizontal distribution of NO2 concentration at elevation 1.5 and 5m, but the result at elevation 10m was not significant.

First Report of Leaf Blight of Bakul (Mimusops Elengi Linn) Caused by Pestalotiopsis Clavispora (G.F. Atk.) Steyaert in India

First Report of Leaf Blight of Bakul (Mimusops Elengi Linn) Caused by Pestalotiopsis Clavispora (G.F. Atk.) Steyaert in India Pestalotiopsis clavispora (G.F. Atk.) Steyaert was recorded for the first time on Mimusops elengi trees in the University of Mysore campus during 2015-2016. The fungus was isolated from the wilted plant parts and subsequent re-inoculation of the same to healthy plants and its pathogenicity confirmed. Pathogenicity tests showed that Pestalotiopsis clavispora could infect M. elengi, which developed the same symptoms under artificial inoculation conditions to that observed in the field. The fungus was identified based on morphological and culture characteristics as Pestalotiopsis clavispora. Identifications were confirmed using comparisons of DNA sequences of internal transcribed spacers (ITS) regions 1 and 4. This is the first report of Mimusops elengi leaf blight disease caused by P. clavispora.

The Effectiveness of Canopi to Reduce Rainfall Acidity in the Industrial Area at Medan

The term of acid rain is referred to the mean rainfall with a pH less than 5.65. The element of SOx and NOx are the major sources of acid rain. These two elements are oxidized into S04 and N03 respectively in the air. Sulfate and nitrate are water soluble and the primary sources of hydrogen ions in acid precipitation. Rain passing through a tree canopy may lose or gain mineral elements through some combination of natural process of absorption and leaching. By this process, the canopy may reduce rainfall acidity and negative effects of the acid rain which will enter into the soil. Due to characteristic differences among tree canopies, a study to evaluate effectiveness of the trees in reducing rainfall acidity was done. In this study, rainfall and through fall were collected every single rain and the pH measured by portable pH-meter. Based on data collection during 3 months in Medan Industrial Estate, it found that the mean pH of rainfall was 5, 15. The highest pH of through fall was found from Gnetum gnemon, that was 5.70, following by Mimusops elengi, Filicium decipiens, Adacia mangium and the lowest was Nephelium lappacum. G. gnemon was able to reduce 11% of rainfall acidity, but N. lappacum caused 13 %increasing rainfall acidity. In this study, the main source of rainfall acidity was hydrogen from sulfate acid (54%), following by chloride acid (30%) and nitrate acid (16%).

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles, Characterization, Screening of Phytochemicals, Assessment of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity Using the Bark Extracts of<I> Mimusops elengi L.</I>

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles, Characterization, Screening of Phytochemicals, Assessment of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity Using the Bark Extracts of<I> Mimusops elengi L.</I>

Wound Healing Efficacy of Mimusops Elengi L. Flowers in Albino Wistar Rats using Excision Wound Model

Introduction: Mimusops elengi L. (Sapotaceae), known as Bakul in Ayurveda, is an evergreen tree found throughout India. M. elengi flowers (MEF) are reported to possess immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, skin whitening, anti-anxiety and wound healing activities which may be attributed to its phytochemical constituents including triterpenoids, alkaloids, phenolics, volatile oils, etc. Although the flowers have been traditionally used as a wound healing agent, there is a paucity of scientific data in support of its efficacy. Methods: An ethanolic extract of MEF was evaluated for its wound healing potential in male Albino Wistar rats using an excision wound model. The ethanolic extract of MEF was standardized in terms of its gallic acid content using a validated HPTLC technique. The antioxidant activity of MEF was also evaluated in vitro. The wound healing potential of the ethanolic extract of MEF was studied on the basis of wound contraction data, epithelialization period, the effect on biochemical parameters from the granulation tissue and histopathological observations. The results were compared with the traditional drug Jatyadi Taila (JT) and the modern drug Betadine (BTD). Results: Topical application of the standardized ethanolic extract of MEF on excision wounds caused a significantly faster reduction in the wound area as compared to JT and BTD. Similarly, it also showed the significant increase in the tissue hydroxyproline, hexosamine and protein biochemical parameters when compared with the untreated control. Conclusion: The findings of the present study provide data on wound healing and antioxidant potential of MEF and supports their traditional therapeutic claim.

Large Scale Screening of Ethnomedicinal Plants for Identification of Potential Antibacterial Compounds.

The global burden of bacterial infections is very high and has been exacerbated by increasing resistance to multiple antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance leads to failed treatment of infections, which can ultimately lead to death. To overcome antibiotic resistance, it is necessary to identify new antibacterial agents. In this study, a total of 662 plant extracts (diverse parts) from 222 plant species (82 families, 177 genera) were screened for antibacterial activity using the agar cup plate method. The aqueous and methanolic extracts were prepared from diverse plant parts and screened against eight bacterial (two Gram-positive and six Gram-negative) species, most of which are involved in common infections with multiple antibiotic resistance. The methanolic extracts of several plants were shown to have zones of inhibition ≥ 12 mm against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration was calculated only with methanolic extracts of selected plants, those showed zone of inhibition ≥ 12 mm against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Several extracts had minimum inhibitory concentration ≤ 1 mg/mL. Specifically Adhatoda vasica, Ageratum conyzoides, Alangium salvifolium, Alpinia galanga, Andrographis paniculata, Anogeissus latifolia, Annona squamosa, A. reticulate, Azadirachta indica, Buchanania lanzan, Cassia fistula, Celastrus paniculatus, Centella asiatica, Clausena excavate, Cleome viscosa, Cleistanthus collinus, Clerodendrum indicum, Croton roxburghii, Diospyros melanoxylon, Eleutherine bulbosa, Erycibe paniculata, Eryngium foetidum, Garcinia cowa, Helicteres isora, Hemidesmus indicus, Holarrhena antidysenterica, Lannea coromandelica, Millettia extensa, Mimusops elengi, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, Oroxylum indicum, Paederia foetida, Pterospermum acerifolium, Punica granatum, Semecarpus anacardium, Spondias pinnata, Terminalia alata and Vitex negundo were shown to have significant antimicrobial activity. The species listed here were shown to have anti-infective activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These results may serve as a guide for selecting plant species that could yield the highest probability of finding promising compounds responsible for the antibacterial activities against a broad spectrum of bacterial species. Further investigation of the phytochemicals from these plants will help to identify the lead compounds for drug discovery.

Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Mimusops elengi Flower Extract and Its Synergistic Antimicrobial Potential

Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Mimusops elengi Flower Extract and Its Synergistic Antimicrobial Potential