A multiple-input multiple-output ( MIMO ) extreme learning machine ( ELM ) is introduced for short-term forecasting of seven grid variables in Corsica (France): total demand and generation from solar, wind, hydropower, thermal, bioenergy, and imports. Based on six years of hourly data, the model integrates sliding windows and cyclic time encodings to handle non-stationarity and seasonal effects without heavy preprocessing. At a 1-hour horizon, solar and thermal achieve nRMSE of 0.179 and 0.051 with R 2 > 0.98 , while total demand forecasts remain reliable up to 5 h ahead. Wind and bioenergy remain challenging due to high intrinsic variability, but overall accuracy is robust across sources. Compared with persistence and an LSTM configured under realistic tuning budgets, MIMO − ELM consistently improves skill, offering small but stable gains over Single-Input Single-Output models ( SISO ). Beyond accuracy, the closed-form solution ensures fast training and suitability for real-time updates, enabling potential use in online learning contexts. A key advantage of the MIMO formulation is internal coherence between aggregate demand and its components, an important requirement for operators. The methodology adapts to local constraints such as grid characteristics, resource availability, and market structures, ensuring transferability beyond the Corsican case. The study shows that a parsimonious approach such as MIMO − ELM can deliver forecasts that are accurate, coherent, and computationally efficient, providing a practical decision-support tool for energy management and renewable integration. • A novel Extreme Learning Machine-based Multi-Input Multi-Output ( MIMO ) framework for short-term energy forecasting is proposed. • The model accurately predicts energy outputs from multiple renewable and non-renewable sources, achieving high accuracy up to five hours ahead. • Performance is evaluated using normalized RMSE , MAE , and R 2 , demonstrating significant improvements over the persistence SISO model and deep learning-based LSTM approaches. • Accurate forecasting can be a powerful decision-support tool, optimizing dispatch and aiding renewable integration within operational constraints.

Assessment of a flexible Polyimide-Based Quad-Port MIMO antenna for wideband Sub-6 GHz 5G applications

The rapid advancement of wireless communication technologies, particularly fourth-generation (4G) and fifthgeneration (5G) systems, has created a growing demand for compact and high-performance antenna solutions for modern smartphone applications. To address these requirements, this work presents the design and analysis of a compact multi-element Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna system using a MATLAB-based simulation approach. The proposed antenna is developed within standard smartphone printed circuit board (PCB) dimensions and is optimized to support multi-band operation across both sub-6 GHz (4G) and millimeter-wave (5G) frequency ranges. The antenna system employs a multi-element configuration with optimized geometry and orthogonal placement to minimize mutual coupling and improve isolation between closely spaced antenna elements. The design focuses on achieving good impedance matching, stable radiation characteristics, and enhanced diversity performance without increasing structural complexity. MATLAB is used for antenna modeling, simulation, and evaluation of key performance parameters such as Sparameters (S₁₁ and S₂₁), current distribution, radiation patterns, gain, and MIMO performance metrics. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed antenna achieves good impedance matching (S₁₁ < −10 dB) and high isolation between antenna elements, ensuring efficient multi-band operation. The antenna exhibits omnidirectional radiation patterns at lower frequencies and more directive behavior at higher frequencies, making it suitable for both conventional mobile communication and high-data-rate 5G applications. Overall, the proposed MIMO antenna system provides a simple, compact, and efficient solution for next-generation smartphone communication systems, offering improved performance in terms of bandwidth, isolation, and signal reliability.

Massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (Massive MIMO) technology, a fundamental part of the fifth-generation (5G) wireless networks, and a component of next-generation (6G) networks, provides unprecedented spectral efficiency and space multiplexing advantages in large-scale antenna arrays. The achievement of such gains is basically conditional to the correct channel state information (CSI) measurements. The paper provides a systematical and exhaustive overview of channel estimation algorithms of Massive MIMO systems including Least Squares (LS), Minimum Mean Squared Error (MMSE), compressed sensing (CS) algorithms with channel sparsity, angle-domain and two-stage hybrid algorithms of frequency-division duplex (FDD) systems, and deep learning (DL)-based estimators such as convolutional neural networks (C The techniques are evaluated relative to normalized mean squared error (NMSE), computational complexity, pilot overhead, pilot contamination robustness and deployability. The open literature is used to consolidate quantitative comparisons. The problem of open research such as near-field estimation of XL-MIMO, RIS-assisted channel, grant-free access, and federated learning are outlined and critically examined.

ABSTRACT In this paper, a compact ultra-wideband (UWB) dual-port MIMO dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) with defected ground plane is proposed for on-body wireless body area network (WBAN) applications. The antenna employs a U-shaped dielectric resonator, two microstrip feeds, and parasitic strips to achieve wide impedance bandwidth and enhanced port isolation. Results reveal that wider and longer slots significantly improve impedance matching and inter-port isolation, while increasing slot depth in the dielectric enhances bandwidth and reduces coupling by suppressing surface currents. The fabricated prototype was experimentally validated on both rectangular and cylindrical tissue phantoms, as well as on animal tissue, demonstrating good agreement with simulations. The proposed antenna covers the UWB frequency range of 3.1–10.6 GHz with return loss below −10 dB and mutual coupling below −20 dB across the band. Furthermore, radiation analysis confirms broadside coverage with opposite phases for dual ports, ensuring reduced fading and improved channel capacity. The results confirm that the proposed antenna is robust for wearable and biomedical IoT devices requiring high data rates, low power consumption, and reliable UWB MIMO communication.

Abstract A compact 8-port 2×2 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) Microstrip Patch Antenna (MPA) is designed for Ku-band (14.5 GHz) applications, offering a simplified yet highly efficient structure. The antenna, built on an FR4 substrate using square patches and microstrip feeding, effectively addresses mutual coupling and gain challenges in closely spaced MIMO systems. Performance is optimized through orthogonal feed placement, Defective Ground Structures (DGS), and parasitic patch elements. Simulation results demonstrate strong performance, with isolation better than –20 dB, peak gain of 5.7 dB, and a 1.02 GHz bandwidth. Key MIMO parameters, including envelope correlation coefficient (< 0.02), diversity gain (~10 dB), and channel capacity loss (< 0.4 bps/Hz), confirm the antenna’s suitability for high-data-rate applications. Fabrication and experimental testing in an anechoic chamber show good agreement with simulation outcomes. The proposed design provides an effective, low-cost solution for compact, high-performance antennas in satellite communication, vehicular networks, and next-generation wireless systems.

As wireless communication systems evolve rapidly, leading to an increasing demand for compact multi-band antennas. These designs must support services such as WLAN, WiMAX, and X-band operations simultaneously reducing system complexity and physical size. However, a significant challenge in developing such multi-channel MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) systems is the presence of multi-path fading and the high mutual coupling between closely spaced antenna elements, both of which can severely degrade overall performance. To address these issues, this project presents a compact quad-band MIMO antenna designed on an FR4 substrate with overall dimensions of L=60mm, W=60mm, H=0.8mm. The design utilizes two horizontally placed, slotted F-shaped radiation patches fed by microstrip lines. To achieve the four required operating bands, we implemented a strategy of slotting the main patches to create a third band for the 5.25 GHz band, while the two original branches of the F-shape handle the 3.5 GHz and 7.5 GHz bands and 8-12GHz X-band. Furthermore, to overcome the challenge of mutual interference, a Defected Ground Structure (DGS) is integrated into the design, ensuring high isolation between the ports and reliable MIMO performance.

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) are regarded as a transformative technique for future wireless networks. Currently, the majority of research efforts have focused on channel estimation scenarios in communication systems assisted by a single passive RIS. However, single-RIS-assisted systems suffer from limited coverage performance, with significant performance degradation observed in dense obstacle environments. To mitigate the adverse impacts imposed by environmental factors, a dual-RIS-assisted communication system exhibits superior adaptability to practical scenarios. This work focuses on investigating such a system. It is worth noting that fully passive RISs lack the capability to process signals independently. Furthermore, when employing pilot-aided algorithms to acquire channel state information (CSI), wireless systems often encounter challenges arising from large channel matrix dimensions, thereby leading to substantial pilot overhead. To address the aforementioned issues, this paper proposes a novel semi-blind channel estimation method for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems aided by double reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (D-RISs). Specifically, we construct two tensor models, namely the Parallel Factor (PARAFAC) model and the Parallel Tucker2 model, for the received signal in two separate stages. By means of tensor decomposition, the joint channel estimation and symbol detection problem is reformulated as a least squares problem and solved using a two-stage algorithm. In the first stage, the ALS algorithm is adopted to estimate the transmitted symbols and provide initialization for the second stage. Then, in the second stage, the TALS algorithm is employed to obtain the final estimation results of the three sub-channels. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed receiver.

The rapid development of 5G wireless communication networks, driven by the increasing demands of mobile internet and the Internet of Things (IoT), necessitates innovative solutions to meet stringent performance requirements. Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) has emerged as a promising technology to address these challenges by enabling efficient use of spectral resources through the sharing of resource blocks by multiple users. This survey comprehensively analyses various user pairing and power allocation strategies in NOMA, highlighting their effects on system capacity, spectral efficiency, and user fairness. Additionally, the integration of NOMA with advanced 5G technologies such as MIMO, cognitive radio, and cooperative communication is explored, addressing key challenges and potential solutions. The survey identifies significant research gaps, including the need for scalable user pairing algorithms, advanced power allocation methods, effective interference management, and robust security mechanisms. This review aims to provide insights into optimizing NOMA performance and guiding future research to enhance 5G networks.

Spatial index modulation, which utilizes the antenna spatial domain to exploit the additional information, is a promising technique for improving the spectral efficiency in next wireless communication network. In this paper, to exploit more additional information from the antenna spatial domain, with the dimensions of the three dimension (3D) signal constellation, Space Modulation with design of Expanded antenna Index Vectors (EIV) by modulating Two types of 3D signal Constellations (SM-EIV-T3DC) is developed. In the proposed SM-EIV-T3DC, with the aid of two types of 3D signal constellations, an extended antenna index (AI) vector set Γ is first designed, in which one part of vectors is used to modulate the conventional 3D signal constellation points (CPs) and another part of vectors is used to modulate the secondary 3D signal CPs. Then, on the basis of modulating three components of one 3D signal CP by the designed set Γ, four AI vector sets: [Formula: see text] are designed to expand the number of AI vectors, whose vectors contain one or two non-zero elements equaling to "j". All vectors from two sets [Formula: see text] are with two non-zero elements, while all vectors from two sets [Formula: see text] only contain one non-zero element. Furthermore, the specified vector from the set Γ with one part of AI bits and the specified vector from the set [Formula: see text] with the other one part of AI bits are constructed into one space vector to modulate one 3D signal CP symbol, resulting in one transmitted space vector (TSV). Furthermore, to increase the squared minimum Euclidean distance between the TSVs, the modified secondary 3D signal constellation is designed. Finally, the bit error probability is analyzed and experimental verifications are provided to prove that the proposed SM-EIV-T3DC outperforms the existing schemes such as signed quadrature spatial modulation (SQSM), spatial modulation with spatial constellation (SM-SC), quadrature index modulation with three dimension constellation (QIM-TDC) in terms of bit error rate (BER) performance.

ABSTRACT A compact triple‐band two‐element symmetric‐meander line textile multiple‐input–multiple‐output (MIMO) antenna (S‐MLTMA) with meta‐material is presented for WBAN/WLAN/ISM/wearable applications. The S‐MLTMA is comprised of two rectangular‐shaped resonators and meander line structures that produce resonances at 2.45 GHz and 5.80 GHz. Under the S‐MLTMA, a dual‐band meta‐material layer operating at 2.45 GHz and 5.80 GHz is introduced. The meta‐material layer consists of six unit cells arranged in an array of 2 × 3. The meta‐material offers circular polarization at 5.80 GHz and improves impedance matching at 4.05 GHz due to the additional current path at this frequency. The designed S‐MLTMA offers an impedance matching bandwidth (S11 ≤ −10 dB) in 2.42–2.57 GHz, 3.98–4.10 GHz, and 5.69–5.88 GHz bands, circular polarization in 5.74–5.85 GHz band, isolation greater than 24.2 dB, envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) < 0.24, diversity gain (DG) ∼ 10.1 dB, total active reflective coefficient (TARC) < −10 dB, and multiplexing efficiency between ±3.0. The peak gains of the antenna at frequencies 2.45 GHz, 4.05 GHz, and 5.80 GHz are 6.11 dBi, 5.81 dBi, and 6.09 dBi, respectively. The proposed antenna is also investigated for different human‐body situations including specific absorption ratio (SAR). The size of the proposed S‐MLTMA is 40.0 mm × 86.0 mm. The proposed antenna could be a good candidate for wearable electronic devices in body area networks due to its small size, all textile layers, easy integration into clothes, and reasonable off‐body and on‐body performances.

A novel analog energy efficient single-radio-frequency (RF) architecture combining load modulated array (LMA) and electronically steerable parasitic array radiator (ESPAR) is proposed. This architecture exploits the advantage of low peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) for power amplifier (PA) in LMA and compactness in ESPAR for constructing single-RF multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas. Therefore, it is superior to conventional MIMO in sixth-generation (6G) integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) system with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme by reducing power consumption on RF chain and MIMO antenna size at the transmitter side. Specifically in this work, the overall system model for the proposed architecture is analyzed where far-field radiation patterns are used to transmit beamspace OFDM symbols. Based on the model, efficient optimization approaches to find the optimal load reactances that excite the required radiation patterns are provided. Simulation results on symbol correlation, PAPR, spectral efficiency (SE), energy efficiency (EE) and sensing accuracy of the proposed architecture are provided. It is shown that MIMO antenna with the proposed architecture has higher SE, EE and smaller PAPR with only minor compromise on symbol and sensing accuracy when compared to conventional MIMO antenna with same size, demonstrating the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed architecture.

The Fluid Antenna System (FAS), which enables flexible Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) communications, introduces new spatial degrees of freedom for next-generation wireless networks. Unlike traditional MIMO, FAS involves joint port selection and precoder design, a combinatorial NP-hard optimization problem. Moreover, fully leveraging FAS requires acquiring Channel State Information (CSI) across its ports, a challenge exacerbated by the system’s near-continuous reconfigurability. These factors make traditional system design methods impractical for FAS due to nonconvexity and prohibitive computational complexity. While deep learning (DL)-based approaches have been proposed for MIMO optimization, their limited generalization and fitting capabilities render them suboptimal for FAS. In contrast, Large Language Models (LLMs) extend DL’s capabilities by offering general-purpose adaptability, reasoning, and few-shot learning, thereby overcoming the limitations of task-specific, data-intensive models. This article presents a vision for LLM-driven FAS design, proposing a novel flexible communication framework. To demonstrate the potential, we examine LLM-enhanced FAS in multiuser scenarios, showcasing how LLMs can revolutionize FAS optimization.

In the realm of free-space optical (FSO) communication systems, the utilization of orbital angular momentum (OAM) multiplexing has garnered significant attention. However, OAM beams are subject to atmospheric turbulence (AT) during transmission in free space, resulting in distortions of the phase front, intermodal crosstalk, and mode-dependent loss (MDL). While techniques such as adaptive optics and digital signal processing can mitigate these effects, inconsistencies in OAM mode performance persist due to MDL. Some studies have evaluated an MDL-impaired mode division multiplexing system for non-unitary multiple input multiple output (MIMO) channels based on maximum likelihood detection. Nevertheless, the computational complexity remains considerably higher compared to simpler yet suboptimal advanced MIMO decoders, such as successive interference cancellation (SIC) with zero-forcing/minimum mean square error (ZF/MMSE). On the other hand, an OAM mode and radial index are two distinct indices of Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) modes, with the potential to carry a large amount of information. To the best of our knowledge, no prior studies have explored the impact and mitigation strategies for MDL induced by atmospheric turbulence in an FSO system utilizing both OAM mode and radial index multiplexing with MMSE-SIC receiver. This paper introduces OAM multiplexing holography to generate OAM modes. We perform both analytical and numerical analyses of the orbital angular momentum spectra associated with distorted single-mode and multiplexed LG beams. This is achieved by generating holograms, incorporating random phase screens along the propagation path, and varying the refractive index structure constants. We mathematically develop and simulate an MMSE-SIC receiver for OAM multiplexed FSO for different radial values for the first time and compared its BER to Zero Forcing-SIC and K-best detectors. Additionally, orthogonal space-time block coding is employed at the transmitter to enhance the overall performance of the system.

ABSTRACT A novel low‐profile dual‐band 8‐antenna multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) array is presented for the fifth‐generation (5G) smartphone antenna design. The proposed 8‐antenna array consists of four pairs of monopole antennas that are vertically printed along with the two long side‐edge frames of the 5G smartphone, while each pair of monopole antennas is composed of two symmetrical bending monopoles linked via a meandering neutralization line (NL), which can effectively reduce the overall antenna size. Here, each bending monopole (array element) can effectively excite the desired dual‐band (3.3–3.6 GHz and 4.8–5.0 GHz) operations planned by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) of China. Notably, even though the two adjacent bending monopoles have a low profile of only 5 mm (0.058λ 0 @ 3.5 GHz) and the separation gap distance between them is very narrow at 3 mm (0.035λ 0 @ 3.5 GHz), good isolation (> 10 dB) can still be achieved across the two bands of interest due to the NL. Furthermore, the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) between any two array elements is below 0.1, indicating good independence in far‐field radiation characteristics.

The hydrogen circulation system (HCS) with a circulation pump improves the percentage of hydrogen utilization, efficiency, and peak power of proton exchange membrane fuel cells by regulating the hydrogen excess ratio (HER) and the supply manifold pressure (SMP). However, achieving reliable synchronous control of HER and SMP remains challenging due to the inherent nonlinearities and uncertainties in the HCS. In this study, a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) resilient regulation strategy based on the control barrier function (CBF) is presented to address these challenges. Firstly, taking into account the MIMO coupling nonlinearities and parameter uncertainties of the circulation pump, two baseline adaptive controllers are designed, in which the controller gains and adaptive law are derived utilizing a bound estimation method to ensure stability. Subsequently, a prescribed performance control (PPC) approach formulated using the CBF guarantees the desired convergence rates and tracking error bounds for the HER and SMP. This is achieved by modulating the BACs-based control inputs via a quadratic programming policy. Finally, the robust safety of the CBF-based controllers is proved by quantifying the estimation-error bounds. Compared with the baseline controller, the proposed approach is validated through a hardware-in-the-loop experiment using a high-fidelity model, demonstrating reductions of 7% in HER overshoot and 79% in its root mean square error under varying load currents.

A polarization controlled dual-polarized multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with enhanced isolation for full-duplex wireless body area network (WBAN) in the 5.8 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band is proposed. The advanced polarization control of each antenna element comprising the MIMO antenna is realized by embedding tailored T-shaped strips within the transversal slots of a main diagonal cut in the ground plane, which effectively steer the surface currents to a favorable direction to achieve the desired polarization with enhanced isolation. By slotting the twin circular patch radiating elements and incorporating twin capacitively coupled stepped elements adjacent to their feeding terminals, the proposed low-profile design realizes good impedance matching, return loss, and bandwidth. Experimental results demonstrate isolation greater than 5 dB compared with existing designs, and we report inter-port isolation that exceeds 33 dB for the 150 MHz bandwidth, with a peak isolation of approximately 67 dB. As a result, the proposed antenna exhibits low envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), high diversity gain (DG), and acceptable total active reflection coefficient (TARC) and channel capacity loss (CCL). A prototype antenna was tested under structural deformation by bending it along a -45∘ direction, with a simulated specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0.258 W/kg on a human phantom, thereby validating the antenna’s compliance with safety standards. The findings of this study demonstrate that the proposed design effectively addresses critical challenges in full-duplex WBAN antennas by enhancing port isolation, minimizing mutual coupling, and advancing polarization control, while maintaining a low-profile and low-complexity feeding network structure.

The evolution of Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technology has significantly strengthened wireless communication performance; however, persistent challenges remain in interference mitigation, computational complexity, and spectrum efficiency. Filter Bank Multicarrier with Offset Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (FBMC-OQAM) has emerged as a viable alternative to Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). This non-orthogonal waveform is attractive because of its low out-of-band radiation and high spectral efficiency. Nevertheless, inter-symbol and inter-carrier interference arising from the non-orthogonal nature of FBMC-OQAM signals and computational complexity degrade system performance. To address these challenges, this paper will present a new framework which is a synergistic integration of Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), FBMC-OQAM, and space-time coding in MIMO. There are three major goals of the suggested strategy. To reduce mitigation of interference, the incorporation of CDMA spreading sequences is done to reduce inter-symbol and inter-carrier interference. Second, the space-time coding is designed with the aim of minimizing the number of computations made without affecting the performance. Third, the framework's objective is to improve bit error rate and other performance indicators, spectral efficiency, and robustness against multipath fading, ensuring reliable communication in MIMO environments. Performance of the proposed method is assessed and contrasted with additional benchmark models. Experimental results show that integrating CDMA with FBMA-OQAM and space-time coding significantly reduces interference, minimizes complexity, and enhances spectral utilization. The developments will ensure that future wireless networks can enjoy quality and dependable communication procedures. The proposed work establishes a solid foundation for the practical implementation of FBMC-OQAM in MIMO systems.

This work presents a self-radiating dual-port electromagnetic near zero (EMNZ) metamaterial, acting as a small two-element multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) aperture without the use of typical antenna elements.The proposed design comprises a Split Ring-slot (SRS) unit cell array arranged in 10 by 10 configuration printed on a single layer FR-4 substrate and excited directly using two SMA ports with microstrip feed networks located on opposite edges of the structure.Each port initiates a different guided surface mode that couples to the EMNZ medium and radiates using controlled leaky wave behavior where it itself becomes the radiating element.Full-wave simulations and experimental measurements prove the existence of four strongly defined resonant bands with frequencies of 5.18, 5.48, 6.17, and 7.23 GHz with deep return-loss minima of -46.89 dB.The two port configuration has good intrinsic MIMO characteristics, such as envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) is about 0.02, diversity gain is about 10 dB and isolation level is more than 40 dB across the resonant bands The reduced spatial correlation enables an improved eigenvalue distribution of the effective MIMO channel, resulting in approximately 15-18% enhancement in ergodic channel capacity compared to a correlated dual-port reference.Electromagnetic safety evaluations also provide additional assurance of full FCC and ICNIRP SAR and power density compliance.The proposed dual-port EMNZ metamaterial is a low-cost, scalable and compact radiating solution for multiband sub-6 GHz MIMO platforms, which serves as an alternative to conventional antenna array for 5G, Wi-Fi 6E, IoT gateways and massive-MIMO communication systems.

Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) technologies utilize multiple antennas at the transceivers and enable enhanced diversity or multiplexing gain. The first implementations of MIMO technology appeared in cellular communication and Wi-Fi systems. One of the main problems with early MIMO systems is their limited performance in meeting the requirements of next generation communication systems. Specifically, the parameters like peak data rates, spectrum efficiency and energy efficiency constraints cannot be met with existing MIMO architectures. Hence, early MIMO techniques evolved to massive MIMO (mMIMO) type of communication as the number of antennas at both transmitters and receivers increased. Included in 5G New Radio standard, mMIMO enabled an increase the spectral efficiency and coverage compared with earlier MIMO techniques. Nowadays, there exists an ever-increasing interest in the application of advanced MIMO technologies in 6G networks. These applications include ultra massive MIMO (mMIMO), holographic MIMO and intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) assisted MIMO. These new advanced MIMO techniques either employ larger number of antennas or extremely large aperture arrays compared with mMIMO and are named as extremely large-scale MIMO. This paper presents a detailed overview of all these techniques. Joint design of wireless communication and radar sensing, named as integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) as well, has shown to improve spectrum efficiency and reduce power consumption. Recent novel research on ISAC exploits the application of MIMO technology specifically in joint communication and radar sensing (JCS) systems. In this aspect, the other objective of this work is to exploit MIMO communication and MIMO radar coexistence. After summarizing the current state of the art on MIMO radar systems, this paper exploits joint application of advanced MIMO communication and radar sensing. Finally, it aims to offer a perspective on future research directions and the potential of overall MIMO systems discussed in the paper.