Types Of Mills Research Articles

Особенности использования возобновляемых источников энергии в сельском хозяйстве Cтавропольской губернии в пореформенный период

Introduction. The article studies the peculiarities of the use of renewable energy sources in the Stavropol province of the post-reform period, mainly in the field of flour milling, which added most to the well-being of both local population and the population of adjacent regions. Materials and research methods. The study analyzes historical statistical data reflecting the state of the flour milling industry of the Stavropol province in the post-reform period. The research is based on open literary sources of the XIX–XX centuries. Research results and their discussion. In the course of the study, the dynamics of the number and territorial features of the placement of windmills and watermills of the Stavropol province for the post-reform period were analyzed. The state of flour milling in the Stavropol province of the XIX and early XX centuries is characterized, and an overview of the features of the use of various types of mills in agriculture is given. Data on the current state of alternative energy in the Stavropol Krai are presented. Conclusions. The use of renewable energy sources in the Stavropol province for grain processing prevailed until the second half of the XIX century, and the various territories of the Stavropol province were heterogeneous in the quantitative composition of the types of mills used. By the beginning of the XX century, water and windmills were being replaced by steam mills, the stability of which was less affected by the weather and climatic conditions of the territory.

Определение коэффициента демпфирования ударного импульса при измельчении горных пород

Introduction. The physical properties of rocks, which determine the choice of the type of mill, as well as its operating parameters, are considered. The importance of studying the damping properties of the crushed material and their influence on the energy intensity of the grinding process is noted. Research methods and materials. The differential equation of motion of the crack wall, previously obtained by the authors of the article, is applied when it is exposed to a shock wave with amplitude σ and duration τ. The classical theory of damped oscillations of the system is used to determine the damping decrement of the shock pulse amplitude. A series of experimental studies was carried out on a laboratory sample of a drum mill to determine the magnitude of the shock pulse damping coefficient. Rocks from various deposits in Russia with strictly defined strength characteristics were used as the crushed material. Research results. Dependences of the amplitude of the shock pulse on time are constructed for the grinding of granite raw materials, carbonate rocks and soft rocks (gypsum) in a drum mill. The following conclusions were drawn: 1. When grinding strong and very hard rocks in a drum mill, a strong impact occurs (with a large amplitude and duration of the shock pulse) and with its weak damping when propagating in the rock. 2. When grinding carbonate rocks, doubling the angular velocity of rotation of the grinding chamber leads to an increase in the amplitude of the shock pulse by about 1.5 times. 3. The duration of shock wave propagation in both cases is approximately equal. 4. The frequency of grinding media collisions increases significantly. This indicates a sharp increase in the energy intensity of the grinding process. 5. When grinding soft rocks in a drum mill, almost half of the input energy is spent on overcoming the damping properties of the material, and small, frequent pulses, which consume half of all energy, are not able to grind the material to the desired size. Discussion. Based on the conducted studies, graphs of dependencies between the main parameters of the drum mill were constructed. The dependences of the duration of the shock pulse on the average diameter of the particles of the crushed material are constructed. The analysis of these dependences made it possible to conclude that the duration of the shock pulse is in a parabolic dependence on the value of the average particle diameter of the crushed material. The dependences of the damping coefficient on the damping decrement of the shock pulse amplitude are constructed. The analysis of these dependences allowed us to conclude that the shock pulse damping coefficient increases almost linearly with an increase in the damping decrement of the shock pulse amplitude. The dependences of the damping coefficient of the shock pulse on the average diameter of the particles of the crushed material are constructed. The analysis of these dependences allowed us to conclude that the shock pulse damping coefficient is in a quadratic dependence on the value of the average particle diameter of the crushed material. Conclusion. In this article, based on the classical theory of damped oscillations of such system, the principle of determining the damping coefficient of the shock pulse propagating from the grinding body deep into the grinding load of the drum mill is scientifically substantiated. Resume. Experimental determination of the value of the damping factor of the shock pulse, along with the use of the energy criterion for the destruction of the rock, makes it possible to calculate the amount of energy required to destroy the rock particles to a given size. Suggestions for practical application and direction for future research: The results of the research can be used at the enterprises of the mining sector of the industry to improve the efficiency of processing mineral resources and reduce the energy intensity of the process of grinding rocks in drum mills.

A new kind of segmented mill from Africa Proconsularis

AbstractThis paper attempts an overview of new kind of segmented mill, examples of which have been found at Thysdrus (El Jem) and Zama in Africa Proconsularis. These grain mills are quite different morphologically and technically from other mills in the ancient Mediterranean world. These rare archaeological finds are not discussed in the ancient literature or in modern scholarship, leaving them difficult to understand. This article explores the history of segmented mills and the operation and dating of this African mill type.

Microscopic and structural study on the formation of mechanochemical synthesized BaTiO3 and ZnTiO3 perovskites

AbstractIn this work, the properties of mechanochemically produced (by using mills made from different materials) barium-titanate (BaTiO3) and zinc-titanate (ZnTiO3) perovskites are compared. Mechanochemistry is a process that can cover the energy demand of some reaction pathways between solid materials. This process is called “high-energy milling”, for which not all types of mills are suitable. In our case, a planetary ball mill provided the necessary energy. Using a model, the required energy is determinable; the energy released during an impact of a milling ball (Eb – ball-impact energy), as well as during the whole milling (Ecum – cumulative milling energy). Thus, a milling-energy map was created, with which the applied Eb and Ecum values were visualized depending on the different grinding parameters. The parameters changed were the material of the grinding vessels, the number of grinding balls, and the rotational speed. The transformation was tracked by X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, and electron microscopic images (TEM and SEM) of the perovskites produced were taken. This study aimed to draw conclusions that will help later in the synthesis of materials with other perovskite structures by choosing optimal milling parameters.

Milling performance and bread‐making aptitude of the new soft kernel durum wheat variety Faridur

SummaryFaridur is the first ‘soft kernel’ durum wheat variety released in Italy. This variety has not yet been evaluated for its end‐use quality. In the present study, the milling performance (using two different mills) and bread‐making ability of Faridur were compared with Svevo. An effect of the mill type on flour properties was observed, with the Chopin CD1 mill leading to finer particle size, higher starch damage and water absorption than Bühler MLU 202. Protein and gluten content was significantly higher in Faridur, but gluten quality was lower, as indicated by alveograph and farinograph analyses. The softer nature of Faridur facilitated milling, reducing energy consumption and starch damage. The baking test led to a compact product, with low specific volume, needing adjustments in processing and formulation. As energy saving has become a key competitive factor in the milling sector, Faridur has potential for expanding the use of durum wheat.

The influence of workpiece surface texture on visual measurement of roughness

Abstract In view of the universal applicability of color information index and the ability of spectrum index to measure small roughness, this paper studies the influence of machined surface texture on roughness machine-vision measurement. Based on the micro-topography of different types of texture surface, the correlations between the average color difference, five typical spectral indices and the surface roughness parameters of two types of texture representative workpiece milling and grinding are focused on in the discussion. On this basis, the influences of the angle of light source and camera relative to the surface normal of the sample and the sample surface texture direction on roughness measurement are further discussed, and the reasons for the difference in index to characterize different process roughness are analyzed from the mechanism. The experimental results show that the different surface textures have different effects on light scattering, which in turn affects the sensitivity of the index to the roughness parameters.

Towards Large Particle Size in Compound Feed: Using Expander Conditioning Prior to Pelleting Improves Pellet Quality and Growth Performance of Broilers.

Simple SummaryThe poultry meat industry is an important producer of high-quality protein. Broilers require well-balanced and processed diets, which should be environmentally friendly and produced in a sustainable way. The current study was designed to explore opportunities in the feed processing line; it aimed to improve resource savings and broiler performance by changing the particle size of the major ingredients in the diet using hammer or roller mills, and then, pelleting the compound diet using two different conditionings, with an expander or without, prior to pelleting. The hypothesis was that broilers perform better when fed diets processed using a combination of grinding the coarse particles with a roller mill and expanding them before pelleting. The results show that the processing line promotes intense secondary grinding, reducing the particle size. The use of a roller mill, coarse particles and an expander resulted in increased energy utilization, nutrient digestibility and feed conversion ratio of the broiler chickens. During the processing of compound feed for broilers, several changes occur that affect the physical and probably the nutritional properties of pellets, influencing animal performance. The effects of mill type, particle size (PS) and expander conditioning prior to pelleting (E + P) were combined to generate pellets. A 2 × 3 × 2 factorial arrangement was designed with two mill types (a hammer mill (HM) or roller mill (RM)), three PSs (0.8, 1.2 or 1.6 mm) and two E + Ps (with or without expander processing prior to pelleting), with six replications of 12 unsexed Ross 308 broilers each. All the processing lines reduced the PS from mash to finished pellets via secondary grinding, by 2.35 times on average. However, RM grinding required less electric power (p < 0.001). The intended PS (0.8, 1.2 or 1.6 mm) did not affect this energy consumption. E + P and the PS interacted for the pellet durability index (PDI) (p = 0.006). The worst PDI in the pellets was observed when a PS of 1.6 mm without E + P was used. Only E + P positively affected starch (p < 0.001) and amino acids’ ileal apparent digestibility (p < 0.01). Organic matter (OM) (p = 0.02) and fat (p < 0.001) digestibility, as well as AMEN (p = 0.005) content, were influenced by the PS (main effect), whereas E + P and mill type interacted with these values (p < 0.005). Lower OM digestibility and AMEN content were observed when RM without E + P was used (p = 0.001). The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was enhanced and feed intake (FI) was improved with E + P. The combination of the RM mill, a 1.6 mm mean PS, and E + P improved FCR (three-way interaction, p = 0.019)), showing that for a higher PS, E + P is necessary for animal performance. Carcass yield was, on average, 80.1%. No effects on commercial cuts (breast, legs and wings) were observed. In contrast, abdominal fat was affected by mill type * PS (p = 0.012) and E + P * PS (p = 0.048) in a two-way interaction. The highest abdominal fat indicated an imbalance in the amino acid (AA)-to-AMEN ratio. Coarse PS promoted heavier gizzards (p = 0.02) but E + P tended to reduce them (p = 0.057). The processing steps improved pellet quality and feed efficiency associated with RM, coarse PS and E + P, highlighting the positive effects of E + P on abdominal fat and AMEN content, which should be adjusted to AA or reduced at formulation. However, these results are for an experimental processing plant and may not necessarily apply to larger plants, so the use of these data and methods should be considered as guidelines for replication at production sites.

Novel Alumina Matrix Composites Reinforced with MAX Phases-Microstructure Analysis and Mechanical Properties.

This article describes the manufacturing of alumina composites with the addition of titanium aluminum carbide Ti3AlC2, known as MAX phases. The composites were obtained by the powder metallurgy technique with three types of mill (horizontal mill, attritor mill, and planetary mill), and were consolidated with the use of the Spark Plasma Sintering method at 1400 °C, with dwelling time 10 min. The influence of the Ti3AlC2 MAX phase addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the obtained composites was analyzed. The structure of the MAX phase after the sintering process was also investigated. The chemical composition and phase composition analysis showed that the Ti3AlC2 addition preserved its structure after the sintering process. The increase in fracture toughness for all series of composites has been noted (over 20% compared to reference samples). Detailed stereological analysis of the obtained microstructures also could determine the influence of the applied mill on the homogeneity of the final microstructure and the properties of obtained composites.

Oyster shell reuse: A particle engineering perspective for the use as emulsion stabilizers

Oyster shells are an important bioresource that causes serious environmental problems and is currently only partially repurposed. Its versatile nature is reflected in the manifold studies already proposed for the material. In this study, we add to this effort by first grinding the material with a hammer mill, beater disc mill, pin mill and wet media mill, treating part of it in a muffle furnace, noting the shift in its properties such as particle size, morphology, surface free energy, specific surface area and choosing a fraction to incorporate in a particle stabilized emulsion. The particle stabilized emulsions were prepared with oyster shells grinded by the agitated wet media mill at 2000 rpm for 30 min, with a media at x 50 = 0.79 μm, a SSA at 17.16 m 2 /g, a SFE at 32.53 mN/m and with particles resembling a spherical shape. The emulsion was studied in terms of particle concentration, ranging from 2 to 10 wt% with the 8 wt% showing the best stability. The 8 wt% oyster shell formulation was tested and compared with a formulation using 2 wt% Aerosil particles and a surfactant store-bought product. The oyster shell particle formulation exhibited minor viscosity changes in the studied period of 8 weeks, a constant LVE range and promising behaviour in the proposed application. • Description of applications suggested for waste oyster shells in different sectors. • Grinding experiments for oyster shells performed with four different types of mills. • Characterization of the physicochemical properties of the grinded fractions including size, shape and surface interactions. • Proposition of an innovative application for oyster shells as emulsion stabilizers. • Rheological analysis to support suitability of the particles as stabilizers.

Effect of tempering conditions and mill type on physicochemical and functional properties of sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) flour

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of mill type and moisture content of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) grains on the flour yield and the physicochemical and functional properties of flour. Three commercial hybrids of sorghum grains were tempered between 8.2% and 15.5% of water content and milled by both roller and pearling-impact processes. The increase in pearling time decreased the milling yield and the ash content of the flour, reaching values between 47.20–78.02% and 0.44–0.76%, respectively, at 180 s of pearling time. A similar effect was shown in flours produced by roller milling with high moisture content; obtaining values between 47.99–55.82% flour yield, and 0.42–0.64% ash content, at 15.5% moisture content. The pasting viscosity and lightness of the flour ranged from 1197.5–2971.5 cP and 65.5–87.0 respectively; both parameters increased with higher pearling times and moisture content. Practical applications In this research, we produce sorghum flours from two hybrids of brown and one white sorghum. The pearling process followed by impact milling, and roller milling are commonly used in the industry, but there is not enough in-depth knowledge about the characteristics of the sorghum flour produced. This work emphasizes the different alternatives for grain conditioning before milling and also evaluates the physicochemical and technological properties of the flours obtained. We consider that the results represent a very important contribution to the sorghum flour industry. These provide relevant information to choose the most suitable milling conditions to obtain flour with the desired characteristics depending on its final use.

Features of Implementing Thermomechanical Rolling in Various Types of Mills

Features of Implementing Thermomechanical Rolling in Various Types of Mills

Conversion Study on the Formation of Mechanochemically Synthesized BaTiO3

Mechanochemistry is a method that can cover the energy demand of reaction pathways between solid materials. This requires enough energy to maintain the reactions between the starting materials. This is called “high-energy milling”. In our case, a planetary ball mill provided the required energy. Using the Burgio-equation, the required energy is determinable; the energy released during a single impact of a milling ball (Eb), as well as during the whole milling process (Ecum). The aim of this work was the one-step production of BaTiO3 from BaO and TiO2 starting materials. Whereas during mechanochemical reactions it is possible to produce nanoparticles of up to 10 nm, the essence of this study is to develop the preparation of BaTiO3 with a perovskite structure even without subsequent heat treatment, since sintering at high temperatures is associated with a rapid increase in the size of the particles. By describing the synthesis parameters and their energy values (Eb and Ecum), it is possible to transpose experimental conditions, so that in the case of other types of planetary ball mills or grinding vessel made of other materials, the results can be used. In this study, the mechanical treatment was carried out with a Fritsch Pulverisette-6 planetary ball mill and the transformation of the starting materials was investigated by X-ray diffractometric, Raman and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopic, and transmission electron microscopic measurements.

Revisiting the Existence of Mills in the Village of Komarivka, Flooded by the Waters of Kaniv Reservoir

The article provides information about the existence of different types of mills in the village of Komarivka (evicted in 1972 in connection with the construction of Kaniv Reservoir), reveals information about the mills in the 18th and 20th centuries. The purpose of this study is to identify information about the existence of mills in the village. This article is the first attempt to collect and systematize information about the owners of mills in Komarivka village and their structure.Particular attention of the study is paid to the location of mills within the village. The sizes of the given constructions are specified; the origin of toponymic names of the village from the owners of mills is identified. To achieve this goal, the author has determined the following tasks: to search for a source database on the topic, to systematize the information obtained about the mills in the village of Komarivka. The method of search, description, and generalization was used during the research.The article provides not only information about the mills but also known families who owned these objects, and their inheritance. In particular, such well-known figures as the Maksymovych family are mentioned.Also, the article investigates a number of topographic maps on which mills are marked. The study of these maps made it possible to analyze the chronological boundaries of the existence of mills in the village.The study of the topic provided the analysis of the following: Acts of the Pereiaslav Regiment of the 17th–18th centuries from the Motyzhyn Archives “Little Russian Genealogy”; description of the Left Bank of Ukraine for 1765–1769; "Essays on Pereiaslav Antiquity: Research, Documents, and Notes" of the historian, public and political figure of Poltava region A. Storozhenko (1857–1926); acts of the evaluation commission at the executive committee of Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyi district council of deputies for the collective farm “Komunar” of the village of Komarivka for 1967–1970, and other sources.

Performance and duty types of lump peat machine moulding mill with regard to the final product quality

Wide-spreading of peat deposits allows long-term and promising production of lumpy peat for the purposes of energy generation, i.e. as a local municipal fuel, which, in turn, can reduce fuel shortage, especially in the non-gasified regions of Russia. The analysis of a small-size peat milling flowsheet, from the point of view of both energy cost saving and final product quality enhancement, allows development and expansion of the local municipal peat fuel production. During the study, the qualitative characteristics of small-size lumpy peat produced by moulding mill in various types of duty and the values of these characteristics at the minimum energy input are examined. To this effect, the peat strength testing procedure and machine are developed to simulate loading process similar to the real-life production conditions. The resultant values of lumpy peat strength and density are reflective of the efficient mode of moulding milling at the minimum energy input at the head coefficient of 2.22. A variant is proposed for the combination of design variables and duty types of the existing small-size lumpy peat machine moulding mills by the final product quality criteria, which should be taken into account in the machine design and operation. Small-size lumpy peat production in efficient duty modes ensures minimum energy input of milling at the required quality of the final product, and reduces losses of peat during milling. The proposed efficient duty types and design options of peat milling equipment can be correlated with this research findings in terms of lumpy peat machines that are both in operation and under design.

Monge—Ampère Functionals for the Curvature Tensor of a Holomorphic Vector Bundle

Let E be a holomorphic vector bundle on a projective manifold X such that det E is ample. We introduce three functionals ΦP related to Griffiths, Nakano and dual Nakano positivity respectively. They can be used to define new concepts of volume for the vector bundle E, by means of generalized Monge—Ampère integrals of ΦP(ΘE,h), where ΘE,h is the Chern curvature tensor of (E,h). These volumes are shown to satisfy optimal Chern class inequalities. We also prove that the functionals ΦP give rise in a natural way to elliptic differential systems of Hermitian-Yang—Mills type for the curvature, in such a way that the related P-positivity threshold of E ⊗ (det E)t, where t> −1/rank E, can possibly be investigated by studying the infimum of exponents t for which the Yang—Mills differential system has a solution.

Workers Perception of Welfare Facilities:A Comparative Study of Sugar Mills of Punjab

Purpose: The study aims to examine and compare the workers’ perception towards various labour welfare facilities provided in the co-operative and private sugar mills of Punjab state of India. The study also examines the association of perception scores for welfare facilities with the personal characteristics of workers. Methodology: Data was collected from 490 workers (280 from co-operative sugar mills and 210 from private sugar mills) with the help of a structured questionnaire. The sample was drawn using referral sampling method. Findings: Results showed that out of 29 welfare facilities examined in this study, facilities like canteen, medical, sitting, drinking water, housing and cycle sheds are found satisfactory in both the types of sugar mills. The study also found that workers’ perception scores on welfare facilities were associated with most of their personal characteristics. Implications: The study emphasizes on provision of need based valuable welfare facilities which can enhance the efficiency of workers that will ultimately lead to increased individual and organizational productivity. Limitations: The main limitation is the size of sample which restricts the generalization of results in Punjab state and secondly, the use of random sampling might have improved the results of the study.

Comparisons between flour qualities produced by three different mills: buhler, quadrumat, and industry mills

Three types of mills (Buhler, Quadrumat, and industry mill) have been used to determine the effect of mill type on the quality of the produced flour. Quadrumat and Buhler mills are usually used to produce flour at a laboratory level. Flour quality has been determined physically, chemically, and rheologically. Results showed that the particle size of flour produced by Buhler mill (FPB) was finer (mostly less than 132 μm) than other produced flour, while flour produced by Quadrumat mill (FPQ) had 8% particle size bigger than 50gg, which is more than Iraqi accepted limit (5%). The moisture content of FPQ exceeded the moisture content limit (14%). While, all flour produced by industry mills (FPI) was within the Iraqi standard in term of particle sizes and moisture content. Gluten content of FPB was higher than other produced flours; however, most increments were not significantly different. The results also showed that using different mills has no clear effect on the gluten index and alpha-amylase activity. Farinogram and extensogram results showed that FPQ was stronger than other produced flour followed by FPI. In conclusion, the quality of FPQ was closer to the quality of FPI, however, Quadrumat mill needs to be adjusted to produce flour with finer particle sizes and lower moisture content. The Buhler mill, on the other hand, needs to be adjusted to produce flour with bigger particle size. Both laboratory mills (Quadrumat and Buhler) need to be adjusted to produce flour that expresses FPI correctly.

Electric pulse method of processing cullet

The article considers the issue of obtaining a recycling resource during the processing cullet, which harms the environment. During the preparation of raw materials in the household waste recycling stages, the material is crushed to the right size. This is implemented in mills based on various methods of destruction. In this regard, analyses of the currently existing types of mechanical mills were carried out and their disadvantages were investigated. To solve glass recycling problem, this study presents the results of processing cullet by the electric pulse method. We provide a description of operation principle of the experimental setup and the design of the working chamber for processing the material under study. In this technology, the processing cullet is carried out with an increase in the discharge voltage of the storage from 25 kV to 35 kV, the capacitor capacity from 0,25µF to 1 µF, the number of pulse discharges from 100 to 600. By using the electric pulse method particles cullet with an initial fraction of 2 mm and 5 mm were crushed from 1 mm to 0.1 mm. The dependence of the output of the final product on the electrical parameters of the installation and the diameter of the obtained glass powder were received. The results of the grinding raw materials with the formation of pulsed electric discharges in a liquid medium allowed assessing the degree of grinding of the material. According to the obtained research data, optimal parameters of cullet grinding were established.

Microstructure and Hardness of Hollow Tube Shells at Piercing in Two-High Screw Rolling Mill with Different Plugs.

AA6060 ingots were pierced in a two-high screw rolling mill (MISIS-130D) with guiding shoes (Mannesmann mill type). Three different plugs, i.e., a conventional entire plug, a plug with a cavity, and a hollow plug, were used for piercing. We established that the grain size decreases after piercing, by order of magnitude, compared to the initial non-pierced annealed bill, with a grain size of 100–400 μm, and the hollow shell grains are elongated along the piercing direction. The produced hollow shells had 30% higher hardness than the initial billet. The highest hardness values were obtained after piercing the conventional entire plug. The most uniform hardness distribution through the hollow shell’s volume was obtained after piercing the hollow plug. The cross and longitudinal section hardness measurements demonstrate that the hardness decreases from the outer surface to the inner surface of the hollow shells.

Quantifying the Value of Log Sorting Based on the Location of Timber Harvest Sites Across Wisconsin

Abstract It is generally understood that sorting logs based on grade generates maximum value for all stakeholders. However, the benefits of sorting logs may depend on the location of a timber sale and distances to manufacturing mills. The objective is to quantify the potential value of log sorting through scenario-based analysis in different areas with divergent forest and mill types. An optimization model was developed to allocate logs from the timber sale to the highest profit-yielding mills. Factors considered by the model included logging and transportation cost, timber sale tract-to-mill distances, mills’ acceptance criteria, and price at the mill gate. Four timber sales from across Wisconsin were selected for the study. Three scenarios were tested, with each scenario yielding different proportions of log sorts. The results showed that log sorting increased profit by up to $41.10 per cord in certain locations but was not profitable in other locations. Study Implications The methods proposed in this study can help foresters and landowners increase the value of harvested timber. Practitioners can use the proposed method to systematically assess the gain or loss in profit associated with log sorting at each timber sale. It also provides directives on the best mill for each log sort to be sent. The proposed method should be adopted to minimize underutilization of timber, especially in areas where profits are marginal.