Mill Installation Research Articles

Water Accounting for Food Security: Virtual Water and Water Productivity in the Case of Tunisian Olive Oil Value Chain

To achieve food security goals, water accounting seems to be one of the most powerful tools to deal with water scarcity management. Thus, indicators, such as virtual water and water productivity, can be considered complementary rather than competing indicators to assess water demand efficiency use. Water computation is, therefore, a crucial tool to understand the overall tendency of water consumption and to assist the decision makers in their decisional process about water efficiency use in different phases of production. In this perspective, this paper aims to evaluate water use throughout the value chain of the olive oil sector, which is the first strategic agro-industrial sector in Tunisia. This evaluation will be undertaken while taking into account various crucial issues concerning the main two production phases in terms of the importance of water consumption (agriculture and processing phase). In the agriculture phase, the rainfed and irrigated modes will be compared, and in the processing phase, three different processing systems will be evaluated. Thirty surveys with farmers and nine surveys with olive oil mill owners were undertaken in the arid region of Sfax: one of the most important olive oil producers in Tunisia. The results show the importance of the theoretical framework adopted in clarifying the state of water consumption in a strategic sector, such as the Tunisian olive oil sector. In addition, the different calculated indicators highlight the importance of the application of a whole technical package and a controlled and efficient use of water to improve the economic profitability and the necessity to revise the irrigated olive growing extensions’ policies under arid conditions. In addition, in the processing phase, the continuous-two phase system is emphasized as the most relevant system in terms of water efficiency use. This system is proposed to be encouraged by policy makers in future olive mill installations.

Moara hidraulică cu roată verticală și aducţie superioară a familiei Cojan din localitatea Covasna, jud. Covasna/ Hydraulic mill with vertical wheel and top feed of the Cojan Family from Covasna, Covasna County

In the Black River basin there has been an impressive number of grains milling installations over the years. Among them is the mill of the Victor Cojan Family in the old village Voinești, nowadays part of Covasna town, Covasna County. Built at the end of the 19th century by Ion Cojan, the hydraulic mill with a vertical wheel and top feed was part of the series of grain milling installations built along the Covasna River and was the last to operate in the locality of the same name. The mechanism of the mill, similar to those found in other areas of Transylvania, consisted of a vertical wheel with cups, which transmitted the movement to the horizontal spindle on which was the wheel with the grinding wheels, which set in motion the vertical spindle fixed in the running stone. The milling installation, which became part of the heritage of the National Museum of the Eastern Carpathians in 2001, will be included in the exhibition plan of the future Open-Air Museum in Covasna.

On-Line Optimization of Energy Consumption in Electromagnetic Mill Installation

Milling is one of the most energy consuming stages of the value production chain in many industries. To minimize the specific energy required, new and more efficient devices and circuits are designed and dedicated optimizing control strategies are applied. This research presents the results of innovative electromagnetic mill energy consumption reduction with dedicated supervisory on-line optimizing control algorithm. The paper describes an algorithm that uses the active power measurement and searches for the minimum on the active constraints of the optimization problem. The constraints follow from the product quality, mill supply voltage and magnetic induction requirements. Algorithm performance was tested in simulations, but the main validation was performed on a semi-industrial dry grinding and classification circuit equipped with an electromagnetic mill. The results of the experiments presented in this paper show that the application of the on-line optimization algorithm allows for even a 40% reduction in the electromagnetic mill energy consumption when compared to the nominal operating point.

Wind Resource Potential Assessment and Implication for Climate Change Mitigation: The Case of Bale Zone, South Eastern Ethiopia

Wind power assessments as well as forecast of wind energy production potential are key issues in the wind energy industry. One of the necessary conditions for the development of wind power generation is to choose the optimal site. Alternative energy plays a great role for climate change mitigation, environmental protection and sustainable development. The objective of this study was to assess the distribution of wind resource based on WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) model and its implication on climate change mitigation in Bale zone, south eastern Ethiopia. In this study, one year wind speed and wind direction at 6- hour intervals at a height of 10, 50 and 100 m were used. The data source is National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). In addition observational wind speed and wind direction data from National Meteorological Agency (NMA) of Ethiopia from ground based stations were used. The analysis result of the NCEP and NMA data by downscaling the model to 20 km by 20 km spatial resolution enabled to map the wind resource potential sites of Bale Zone applicable for wind mill installation. This study showed that most of the Bale zone areas have significant wind power potential to augment its current power generation. The analysis result revealed that wind resource potential is high during summer than winter season. Have a potential of installed 10,329MW wind capacity in Bale zone. If this potential wind resource will installed, so far environment as an estimation of about more than 5 thousand hectare of forest land per year would be preserved, and subsequently, equivalent amount of about 66,294 of CO 2 would be stored per year. Keywords: Wind speed; Wind direction; Wind power; WRF model; Bale zone DOI: 10.7176/JETP/11-1-01 Publication date: January 31 st 2021

The influence of the roll gap of the aggregate mill “Melnik 100 Lux” on the yield and quality of wheat, rye and triticale flour

Research has been carried out to determine the effect of the roll gap of the aggregate mini mill “Melnik 100 Lux” on the yield of wheat, rye and triticale flour. The technological scheme of a mini-mill consists of only 3 systems - two torn and one grinding, which are clearly not enough to separate the grain of various crops into anatomical parts during grinding to obtain high-quality bakery flour. Based on the results of the studies, the optimal roll-to-roll clearances of the aggregate mill installation "Melnik 100 Lux" were established. For wheat milling, they were 0.25 mm on the I torn system and 0.15 mm on the II torn system, for rye milling they were 0.25 mm on the I torn system and 0.15 mm on the II torn system and triticale grinding was 0.20 mm on the I torn system and 0.10 mm on the II torn system. The highest total yield of wheat bakery flour with optimal parameters of the roll gap was 71.7 %, incl. 44.4 % premium flour and 27.3 % first grade flour; the highest total yield of rye bakery flour with optimal parameters of the roll gap was 70.0 %, incl. 52.2 % seeded premium rye flour and 17.8 % special rye flour; the highest total yield of triticale bakery flour with optimal parameters of the roll gap was 72.2 %, incl. 48.1 % triticale flour of the highest grade T-60 and 17.8 % triticale flour T-80.

Integral transform analysis of radionuclide transport in variably saturated media using a physical non-equilibrium model: application to solid waste leaching at a uranium mining installation.

The Generalized Integral Transform Technique (GITT) was employed to simulate transient one-dimensional flow in variably saturated porous media, as well as radioactive waste transport within different layers (a solid waste pile, nearby soil, and a granular aquifer) towards the edge of a uranium mining installation under institutional control. Computational codes, written using the Mathematica software system, were implemented and tested for solution of the coupled advection-dispersion equations for an arbitrary number of daughter products within a radioactive chain migrating in saturated and unsaturated soil layers. The computer simulations were verified in great detail against results obtained using the built-in routine NDSolve of the Mathematica platform and the HYDRUS-1D software system. The present work reports the main results for 238U chain radionuclide transport using data extracted from a safety assessment of solid waste repositories at a uranium mining and milling installation in Caetité, state of Bahia, Brazil, operated by INB (Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil). Concentration evolutions of the various radionuclides obtained with the simulations were analyzed for five different cases to explore variations in the infiltration and recharge rates, the effect of assuming physical equilibrium or non-equilibrium transport conditions, and of different initial concentrations of some of the radionuclides.

Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Market Sustainable Growth in Indian Scenario, Needs and Suggestions

A report by Frost and Sullivan mentions that Indian Electric vehicle market will accelerate by 7% in 2019-20. Honda has announced one electric vehicle model by 2020 and has plans to launch a B segment vehicle in India by 2023. Certainly, Indian Automobile Industry will see many changes and challenges in the near future. Electric Vehicle (EV) technology will have impact on other infrastructure industries like electrical grid, road side electric vehicle charging stations among many others. EV mobility is the new change that the Indian automobile industry is going through. EV mobility will impact the urban as well as the rural landscape in terms of infrastructure. EV charging load will be random and will certainly impact the grid. Promotion of renewable energy at load centre, such as Solar Photo Voltaic or Wind Mill installation will most likely be observed. Electrical infrastructure capacity has to be increased. Such capacity building is an investment and energy is revenue. As vehicle sharing has been well received by Indians; the paratransit options such as Ola, Uber will be equipped with common charging stations. New smart cities will have to be allocated certain space for vehicle parking and charging stations. This paper reads about what infrastructure changes might occur in Indian scenario for sustainable development; by using Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) technique to understand how to consolidate the decisions

Expansão do cultivo de cana-de-açúcar em Mato Grosso do Sul: a crise da usina São Fernando e implicações territoriais na região de Dourados (MS)

Neste trabalho analisamos a expansão da produção da cana-de-açúcar em Mato Grosso do Sul, em uma tentativa de compreender as implicações territoriais relativas ao funcionamento de uma usina do setor sucroenergético em um município. A recente instalação de inúmeras usinas em Mato Grosso do Sul, acompanhando uma nova expansão do setor sucroenergético, trouxe ao mesmo tempo desenvolvimento econômico e uma certa vulnerabilidade social nos municípios envolvidos com produção de cana-de-açúcar. Assim, almejamos entender o impacto do setor sucroenergético em uma região, abordando o caso da instalação e falência da usina São Fernando na cidade de Dourados, buscando compreender o impacto nos serviços terceirizados, terras arrendadas, conflitos em terras indígenas e insegurança na contratação de mão de obra da população local. São considerações acerca da extrema concentração do plantio da cana-de-açúcar nos municípios do sul do estado, o que só aprofunda a situação atual de extrema especialização produtiva, definida pela produção de commodities selecionadas para exportação.

Application of numerical modelling in stream metrology on the example of primary air installation

Measurements of stream flows are very common in the power industry. High parameters of the fluid, its impurities or the complexity of the flow installation make often such measurement problematic. Flow disturbances are a factor that significantly increases measurement uncertainty. The paper presents an example the measurement problem solution based on mathematical modelling and digital flow simulation. The problem was the measurement of the air stream in a complex mill air flow installation. A measuring system based on a probe averaging dynamic pressure has been developed. The location of the probe was determined by numerically modelling the flow in the considered section of the mill air installation. Monthly observations of the measuring system operation confirmed its high usefulness in the operation of the mill installation.

O setor sucroenergético no Triângulo Mineiro: crescimento econômico e manutenção das desigualdades sociais nas “cidades da cana”

O trabalho visou avaliar alguns antagonismos existentes no processo de expansão das atividades do setor sucroenergético (produção de cana-de-açúcar e derivados) no Triângulo Mineiro, porção oeste do estado de Minas Gerais. Tais antagonismos se expressam através de um crescimento econômico, assentado no incremento das atividades produtivas resultante da instalação de usinas sucroenergéticas nesta fração do território, em contraste com a manutenção das desigualdades sociais e da pobreza de parcela significativa da população. Tal condição pode ser verificada particularmente nos municípios mais especializados e dependentes da cultura, cujas sedes estamos reconhecendo como “cidades da cana”. São avaliados aspectos do crescimento econômico resultante do ingresso da atividade em municípios especializados, bem como os que evidenciam a manutenção das desigualdades sociais e a produção de vulnerabilidades territoriais.
 Palavras-chave: Setor sucroenergético, Desigualdades socioespaciais, Cidades da cana, Triângulo Mineiro.

Multi-Objective and Multi-Rate Control of the Grinding and Classification Circuit with Electromagnetic Mill

The paper presents an innovative construction and installation of dry grinding in electromagnetic mill that provides a significant reduction of energy consumption when compared to traditional mills. The installation constitutes complex multi-objective plant. To gain control over all the objectives, hierarchical structure of control system was developed where different time-horizons involve multi-rate scheme of steering. The paper presents solutions for the direct regulation, supervisory control, and optimization level. The electromagnetic mill installation constitutes a unique setup that causes open loop instability and implies the application of novel control schemes at all of the levels. The paper presents these solutions and illustrates them with the results of experiments carried out on the electromagnetic mill installations.

Biofuels from broom clearings: Production and combustion in commercial boilers

Abstract Shrub lands could provide an almost unexplored biomass resource of increasing potential in the EU, particularly in Mediterranean countries. Its collection and transformation into solid biofuels will help to reduce the adverse effects associated with frequent shrub land fires. The objective of this study is to examine the pre-treatment and combustion of biomass obtained from broom plant clearings to assess the feasibility of utilising it as a fuel in commercial combustion applications. Above ground broom biomass was collected with a harvester-baler machine. Afterwards, in a milling installation and a pilot pelletisation plant two fuels were obtained: 30 mm milled material and pellets, which were used in two commercial grate boilers (40 kWth and 500 kWth). We conclude that biomass from broom clearings could be used to produce solid biofuels for commercial boilers. Milling and pelletisation did not entail difficulties and the pellets could be classified as B (ISO 17225-2:2014). During combustion, no operating problems related to the fuel were observed. However, due to its high potassium content, special attention should be paid to the tendency to produce deposits and to particle emission and it would be advisable to control the working temperature to avoid slag formation in the burner.

Study of Energy Conservation and Energy Management Techniques to Be Adopted in YIC Campus

In this paper, the scarce energy resources, energy conservation has become an important area worldwide. Energy conserved is energy generated. So many companies are putting efforts in this area. Again with the advent of many non-conventional resources, the energy dependence on conventional resources can also be reduced. The project aims at studying one building in YIC campus so that some suggestions can be put forth for conservation. Again energy audit can be carried out to mark the probable areas for energy savings. Energy management techniques can be suggested which may be in the form of installation of wind mills or solar panels to reduce the energy bill.

Modelling and simulation of raw material blending process in cement raw mix milling installations

AbstractA series of multivariable models composed from linear differential equations, integrals, and delays has been developed to describe the dynamics of mixing of the raw materials during the cement raw meal milling. The dynamics between the main oxides and chemical modules of raw mix in mill outlet and the materials proportions in mill entrance is investigated. The distributions of model parameters (gains, time constants, delays, steady state values) are determined. In this way, the structure of the parameters' uncertainty is clearly expressed, explained by the raw materials composition uncertainty and can be used in process simulation. A successful attempt is made to simulate the mill operation by including the main components of the process concerning mixing and dynamics. The simulator calculates the chemical analyses and modules of raw meal in the mill outlet, and also the dynamics of the main module characterizing raw meal and cement i.e., the lime saturation factor (LSF). Thus, the effect of the raw materials compositions and their uncertainty on LSF dynamics is studied. The dynamical models analyzed can be used to build robust controllers, while the simulator constitutes a tool to evaluate the efficiency of the control strategies.

Determinantes da localização da agroindústria canavieira nos municípios de Minas Gerais

Durante quase toda a sua história, a economia canavieira de Minas Gerais sempre se apresentou como complementar em relação a outras atividades econômicas nucleares, tanto dentro do próprio estado quanto em relação aos demais estados do Centro-Sul do Brasil. A partir dos anos 1990, a importância econômica dessa atividade no estado aumentou, atraindo grandes investimentos e fazendo com que a região ocupasse posição de destaque na produção canavieira nacional. Especificamente nos municípios mineiros, muitos fatores podem ser atrativos para a instalação de usinas e destilarias, trazendo vantagens e desvantagens econômicas, sociais e ambientais. Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de verificar a evolução da agroindústria canavieira em Minas Gerais e quais elementos têm estimulado a localização das usinas e destilarias em determinados municípios deste estado. Com uma análise multivariada de regressão logística, verificou-se que a produtividade, o acesso aos recursos hídricos, a concentração fundiária, as áreas arrendadas, a disponibilidade de mão de obra formal e a renda mais elevada dessa mão de obra são os fatores que determinam a presença de usinas e destilarias nos municípios mineiros, podendo gerar benefícios ou malefícios, que devem ser verificados em estudos posteriores.

Environmental Impact Assessment of Liquid Waste Ponds in Uranium Milling Installations

A detailed environmental impact assessment is required in many countries when considering the disposal of wastes containing radioactive materials. In this paper we present hybrid numerical-analytical solutions for the sub- surface transport of radioactive contaminant decay chains that may be used for such an assessment. The model involves the advective-dispersive transport of multiple radionuclide species within separate but coupled saturated and unsaturated soil domains. The resulting partial differ- ential equations were solved using the Generalized Integral Transform Technique to yield analytical expressions for the concentration distributions versus distance, and ana- lytical or numerical solutions as a function of time. The potential of the hybrid modeling approach is illustrated by means of an environmental impact assessment of an ura- nium milling liquid waste pond near Caetite ´, Brazil. Cal- culated radionuclide concentration distributions were for this purpose used in subsequent radiation dose calculations. Several scenarios were analyzed, including operational, human intrusion, farmer/road builder, and leaching sce- narios. Numerical results show that for all scenarios analyzed the total dose is less than the Brazilian regulatory dose limit of 0.3 mSv/year above natural background for a period of 10,000 years.

Fábricas de Celuloses o Rio Uruguai e a Cooperação Internacional Ambiental

O objeto do presente trabalho consiste na análise dos debates travados entre a República Argentina e a República Oriental do Uruguai e a decisão final proferida pela Corte Internacional de Justiça no caso conhecido como Fábricas de Celulose no Rio Uruguai. Os princípios gerais de direito ambiental são realçados, com atenção especial ao princípio da cooperação internacional acolhido no Estatuto do Rio Uruguai, subscrito pelas duas Nações em 1975.

Xylan deposition onto eucalypt pulp fibers during oxygen delignification

Abstract A novel alternative was investigated for elevating the xylan content of eucalyptus pulp through xylan deposition in the course of the oxygen delignification stage. The pH in the range of 10–13 was the only variable evaluated, while the other variables were kept constant in a range similar to industrial practice. Xylans were obtained from unbleached and bleached eucalyptus pulps by cold caustic extraction (CCE), giving rise to brown xylan liquor (BXL) and white xylan liquor (WXL), respectively. The liquors were added to a commercial brown pulp during oxygen delignification. The xylan-enriched pulps were subsequently bleached to 90% ISO with the D(EP)D sequence, beaten in a PFI mill and evaluated for their physical and mechanical properties. Xylan deposition occurred at variable degrees depending upon the pH. Pulp bleachability was not impaired by WXL xylan deposition but was slightly negatively affected by BXL xylan. Pulp beatability was improved by both WXL and BXL xylan deposition. The deposited xylan was more stable across bleaching and beating with the WXL xylan than the BXL xylan deposits. At low energy consumption, the deposited xylan improved pulp physical and mechanical properties. Xylan extraction by CCE with subsequent deposition in the oxygen delignification is an interesting technique to manufacture eucalypt pulps of high xylan content. The potential for industrial application is high as no significant modification of current pulp mill installations is needed.

Ingenios habaneros del siglo XVIII: mundo agrario interior

En el siglo XVIII la tierra, la fuerza de trabajo y el molino eran considerados los elementos productivos de mayor importancia en el ingenio, pero sobre todo la tierra, ya que de su fertilidad dependía en gran medida la producción. El estudio muestra la composición, características físicas y organización productiva del llamado fundo de ingenio. Explica el proceso de demolición de las haciendas ganaderas que garantizó una gran disposición de tierras para el azúcar; así como la especulación con los bienes raíces, los precios, las formas de venta o arriendo de tierras, los gravámenes impuestos sobre estas fincas, y analiza si el ingenio, desde el punto de vista agrario, logró ser o no autosuficiente.

Continuous Analysis of Suspended Materials Gives Better Control of Pulp and Paper Processes

This paper deals with an optical method for continuous analysis of suspended materials. It will find its main use in the pulp and paper industry e. g., for the analysis of pulp, white water and effluents from a mill. The instrument is based on the transmit measuring method. One of the unique features of the instrument is the possibility to simultaneously obtain separate values for the large particle (fibers) and fine particle content (fillers/fine) of the suspension. Changes in particle size will therefore have practically no influence on the total consistency measurement. This is normally a large problem for optical consistency meters. especially instrument for the measurement of turbidity.The sensor is based on fiber optics and its design guarantees high reliability with a minimum of maintenance. Clogging of the measuring gap is practically impossible. Furthermore, the sensor is equipped with a device for automatic cleaning. This means that the measurement neither will be affected by variation in light intensity nor by contamination of the optical surface.These analyzers have been installed. in different positions in the pulp and paper industry, with good experience. After presenting the great advantages of the measuring method. this paper will then explain different applications and mill installations.