Mill In Order Research Articles

Fabrication of aqueous asymmetric supercapacitor device by using spinel type (FeCoNiCuZn)3O4 high entropy oxide and green carbon derived from plastic wastes

As the world shifts towards renewable energy and more efficient energy storage systems, the demand for advanced materials that can support these technologies has increased. One such promising material class is High Entropy Alloys (HEAs). Unlike conventional alloys, which are typically composed of one or two principal elements, HEAs consist of multiple principal elements in near-equiatomic proportions. Their unique atomic structure, characterized by high configurational entropy, endows them with enhanced stability, tunability, and a high specific surface area—qualities that are highly desirable in supercapacitor applications. HEAs offer significant advantages as supercapacitor electrodes, including increased energy storage capacity, superior electrochemical stability, and the potential for synergistic effects that improve overall performance such as higher energy density, longer cycle life, and greater reliability. FeCoNiCuZn)3O4 has been synthesized by utilizing multiple induction melting process in a quartz tube at 1100 °C, followed by ball milling in order to transform the small pieces into nanostructured powder. The highest specific capacitance obtained is 245.7 F g−1 at 1.5 A g−1 in three electrode measurement system. In addition, plastic biochar was prepared using pyrolysis techniques from plastic wastage. Moreover, it is utilized for supercapacitor application, which shows a maximum specific capacitance of 180 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 for three electrode system. The combing above two electrode materials, the fabricated asymmetric device shows a maximum specific capacitance of 58 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 for 3M KOH electrolyte with maximum specific energy of 23.44 Wh kg−1 at specific power of 1700 W kg−1.

Tool Concept for a Solid Carbide End Mill for Roughing and Finishing of the Tool Steel Toolox 44

In tool and mold making, components are typically first pre-machined in a soft state with residual stock allowance, as economical production is not possible in a hardened state due to the enormous tool wear. This extends the process chain and therefore also the throughput times. This paper presents an innovative tool concept for a solid carbide end mill in order to be able to carry out roughing and finishing in a hardened state. First, the structure of the innovative solid carbide end mill is described. Afterwards, the results of experimental tests are presented and discussed. These describe the suitability of the tool concept and include further investigations that examine the influence of the helix angle on the process behavior during the machining of the tool steel Toolox 44. To evaluate the process behavior, the development of process forces, chip formation, tool wear and component quality over the tool life are analyzed.

Experimental study and mathematical modelling of face milling forces of high-strength high-viscosity shipbuilding steel

Mechanical processing of hole edges in large-size hull structures of single and double curvature for welding saturation parts into them is an urgent task of shipbuilding. A considerable amount of such machining has to be performed directly on the slipway on a fully assembled structure. To perform such works non-stationary technological machining complexes are used, which have reduced rigidity in comparison with stationary equipment. The article summarizes the results of mathematical modeling of cutting forces during face milling of a workpiece made of high-strength high-viscosity shipbuilding steel. The application of high-speed face milling in order to reduce the value and non-uniformity of cutting forces is theoretically substantiated. Recommendations for selection of technological cutting modes and tool geometry are determined. The obtained experimental data confirm the possibility and expediency of high-speed face milling of hull structures made of hard-to-machine materials under conditions of a low-rigid technological system.

МЕРОПРИЯТИЯ ПО УТИЛИЗАЦИИ ОТХОДОВ, ПРЕДПРИНЯТЫЕ НА БАЙКАЛЬСКОМ ЦЕЛЛЮЛОЗНО-БУМАЖНОМ КОМБИНАТЕ

The problem of disposal of the contents of the sludge accumulators of the Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill in order to improve the environmental situation in the Baikal region is considered. A retrospective review of the technical, technological and organizational measures taken by the administrative and engineering corps of the enterprise and aimed at economically affordable and environmentally friendly disposal of sludge waste from sedimentation tanks was carried out

Recovering Lignin in a Real-Case Industrial Kraft Pulp Mill: Pilot-Scale Experiment and Impact on the Mill Commodities

Existing industrial Kraft mills can be the basis for the deployment of lignin valorization into added-value products. Lignin can be recovered by its precipitation from black liquors. However, it is of tremendous importance to better determine the impact of lignin extraction on the overall chemical and energy balances of the mill. Therefore, we have sampled the black liquors from an industrial Kraft mill (treating softwood), which is a typical European mill. Lignin has been precipitated by CO2 at a pilot scale in order to quantify the consumption of chemical commodities. Black liquors and lignin cakes were comprehensively characterized in order to evaluate the mineral and organic balances. The experimental results were implemented in a global simulation of the industrial Kraft mill in order to assess the impact of lignin recovery from the black liquor on the chemical and energy balances. The additional consumptions of chemicals are 258–266 kg of H2SO4 and 163–195 kg of NaOH/t of produced lignin. The pulp mill capacity can be increased by 1.5 t of pulp/t of lignin to overcome the steam loss (i.e., 6.7–7.1 t of steam/t of lignin).

Effect of ball milling on hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and development of Al-hBN nanocomposites by powder metallurgy route

Abstract This study reports on the exfoliation of bulk hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) by high-energy ball milling and the development of Al-hBN (alumninum-hexagonal boron nitride) nanocomposites by the powder metallurgy (PM) route via the incorporation of the exfoliated hBN in the Al matrix as a nanoreinforcement. The effect of ball milling on the morphology, crystallite size, lattice strain, and thermal stability of hBN powder have also been reported in this paper. Commercially available bulk hBN was ball milled for up to 30 hours in a high-energy planetary ball mill in order to exfoliate the hBN. Although no new phases were formed during milling, which was confirmed by the XRD (x-ray powder diffraction) spectra, ball milling resulted in the attachment of functional groups like hydroxyl (OH) and amino (NH2) groups on the surface of the hBN, which was confirmed by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) analysis. HRTEM (high resolution transmission electron microscopy) analysis confirmed the synthesis of hBN having few atomic layers of hBN stacked together after 20 hours of milling. After 20 hours of milling, the hBN particle size was reduced from ~1 μm to ~400 nm, while the crystallite size of the 20-hour-milled hBN powder was found to be ~18 nm. Milling resulted in a flake-like structure in the hBN. Although milling involved both exfoliation as well as reagglomeration of the hBN particles, a significant decrease in the diameter of the hBN particles and their thickness was observed after a long period of milling. The average thickness of the 20-hour-milled hBN flakes was found to be ~32.61 nm. HRTEM analysis showed that the hexagonal structure of the milled hBN powder was maintained. Al-based nanocomposites reinforced with 1%, 2%, 3%, and 5% by weight hBN were fabricated by PM route. The Al-hBN powder mixtures were cold-compacted and sintered at 550°C for 2 hours in argon (Ar) atmosphere. The maximum relative density of ~94.11% was observed in the case of Al-3 wt.% hBN nanocomposite. Al-3 wt.% hBN nanocomposite also showed a significant improvement in hardness and wear resistance compared to the pure Al sample that was developed in a similar fashion. The maximum compressive strength of ~999 MPa was observed in the case of Al-3 wt.% hBN nanocomposite and was approximately twice that of the pure Al sample developed in a similar fashion.

Bran from composite grain mixture as an object of deep processing. Part 1. Protein-proteinase complex

Deep processing of grain bran is an important, promising direction that allows the use of by-products (secondary products) of flour milling in order to obtain valuable food components for the creation of enriched food products, as well as specialized grain-based products. Polycomponent bran, obtained during the joint processing of cereals (wheat), legumes (lentils) and oilseeds (flax), in terms of its chemical composition and the state of the proteinproteinase complex, is a unique raw material that can be used for further processing. In particular, it is suitable for the use in producing hydrolysates and other structurally modified products using enzymatic biocatalytic methods. An assessment of the chemical composition and biochemical characteristics of new types of bran showed a high protein content, in which the proportion of the albumin-globulin fraction predominated (78.5-86%), while a significant part of the protein (7.6-10%) was strongly bonded to other biopolymers. The bran proteolytic enzymes acting in the neutral (pH 6.8) and acidic (pH 3.8) pH zones were isolated and studied. It was shown that lentil-flax bran was characterized by the highest proteolytic activity, while the activity of neutral proteinases exceeded the activity of acid proteinases in all three variants: 1.32, 1.37 and 1.56 times, respectively. It was established that protein inhibitors of trypsin and their own proteinases were present in all studied bran types. They inhibited the activity of acid proteinases to a greater extent than neutral ones (% inhibition): 37.5 versus 28.2 (option 1); 32.3 versus 24.5 (option 2); 48.6 versus 32.4 (option 3). The molecular weight, according to gel chromatography, was as follows: neutral proteinases 250,000 200,000 Da, acid proteinases 100,000 75,000 Da. Protein inhibitors isolated from multicomponent bran had a molecular weight of 25,000-20,000 Da. The data obtained will be used in experimental studies on targeted biocatalysis in order to obtain products of a given composition and properties.

Adaptive Pass Scheduling for Roughness Control in Cold Rolling

Modern metal forming poses increasing requirements on the surface properties of metallic strips, as these determine not only appearance but also processability during subsequent processing steps such as deep drawing or painting. In this context, an online scheme for pass scheduling of a rolling mill is presented that optimizes the gap adjustments of both roll stands on a tandem rolling mill in order to independently control the geometric and surface properties of the strip, more precisely its thickness and mean surface roughness. The optimization integrates three process models describing the entire rolling process. All models are adapted online to address process disturbances, such as material property variations or the wear of the roughened work rolls. Model adaption is carried out based on sensor data using Gaussian process regression for model identification. Hereby, the control loop is closed by the online adaptation of the underlying process models. Finally, the adaptive pass scheduling is validated on a tandem rolling mill with a DC04 steel of dimensions 1mm × 8.1mm. The experimental results indicate high tracking performance of the proposed optimization scheme as the outgoing strip thickness is successfully kept constant at a level of (0.920±0.008)mm for a thickness reduction of 8% while controlling the surface roughness between 1.1µm and 2.5µm.

Improved TM Dual-Mode Filters With Reduced Fabrication Complexity

This work presents an alternate and improved approach for the design of dual-mode filters that utilize transverse magnetic (TM) and nonresonating modes. The method that is proposed in this work allows for an improvement of the typical TM dual-mode filter design through the reformation of the coupling irises that connect the TM dual-mode cavity to the source/load waveguide ports, where the new interconnection means takes the form of resonate slot-irises. In this manner, a fourth-order quasi-elliptic response can be achieved within a very limited physical geometry and able to cover more than double the usable fractional bandwidth than previously reported. Furthermore, the selectivity and insertion loss of the filter response is significantly improved when compared to the typical single-cavity TM dual-mode filter response that uses coupling irises, while on the comparison of equal-order structures, a reduction in fabrication complexity and improved insertion loss is achieved. A characterization of the dimensional variations and effects of altering one of the source/load port positions in the proposed filter design is investigated in order to demonstrate notable effects on the rejection characteristics and positions of transmission zeros. A presentation on the design theory is given and formulations of various filter responses are examined. The fabrication of an experimental prototype with approximately 7.3% fractional bandwidth (FBW), centered at 90 GHz is conducted using high-precision computer numerical control (CNC) milling in order to demonstrate that the unique simplicity and overall compaction of this method can be easily applied at millimetre-wave frequencies without the need of tuning means. The results which are presented demonstrate highly accurate measurements throughout the W-band range, while an additional Q-factor analysis is provided in order to compare the improved filter scheme with other known design methodologies.

ВАРИАНТЫ УТИЛИЗАЦИИ СОДЕРЖИМОГО КАРТ-ОСАДКОНАКОПИТЕЛЕЙ БАЙКАЛЬСКОГО ЦЕЛЛЮЛОЗНО-БУМАЖНОГО КОМБИНАТА

The variants of using the contents of the sedimentation maps of the Baikal pulp and paper mill in order to improve the ecological situation in the Baikal region are considered. It is shown that sludge-lignin can be used as a raw material to produce a variety of products

Structural, Microstructural and Magnetic Properties of SmCo5/20wt%Fe Magnetic Nanocomposites Produced by Mechanical Milling in the Presence of CaO

In this work, we demonstrate the possibility of using a soluble ceramic material, 5 wt% CaO, as an additive for an SmCo5/20wt%Fe exchange-coupled nanocomposite obtained by mechanical milling in order to inhibit the grain growth of the soft magnetic phase during annealing, which results in a more stable microstructure and an implicit improvement in the hard–soft interphase exchange coupling. Moreover, we show that the additive improves the phase stability of the composite material, reducing the amount of Sm2Co17-type phases formed during the synthesis process, an important aspect because Sm2Co17 is detrimental to the magnetic performance of the SmCo5/20%Fe nanocomposite. These effects are reflected in a nearly 13% increase in the coercive field (Hc) and a 20% increase in the energy product, (BH)max, for the powders produced using CaO as compared to pure SmCo5/20%Fe nanocomposites processed in the same manner.

Fabrications: Using Knitted Artworks to Challenge Developers’ Narratives of Regeneration and Recognise Manchester’s South Asian Working Class Textiles Businesses

Manchester’s relationship to industrial textile production is often framed in the far past, however, this nostalgic framing ignores the active presence and growth of South Asian knitwear businesses in Manchester since the 70 s, and their role in maintaining the historic architecture and industrial heritage of the city. Crusader Works in Manchester was home to a long-standing community of South Asian textile businesses, who had been present since the 1980s, as well as Rogue Artists’ Studios, of which I was a member. When the building was sold to developers Capital & Centric in November 2015, both communities were faced with eviction. I worked with two knitting factories (Unique Knitwear and Imperial Knitwear), developing a series of projects that sought to mark the long-standing presence of the textile workers. The historical narrative has been increasingly articulated by the developers Capital & Centric, through frequent press releases, authored local news articles, relentless social media, and even a BBC documentary “Manctopia” (2020) all whilst omitting any reference (present or historical) to the South Asian knitwear community. This article reexamines the artworks as a means to pull together the threads of recent history at Crusader Mill in order to form a cohesive counter-narrative.

Evaluation of the Relationship between the Milling Breakage Parameters and Mineralogical Data: A Case Study of Three Copper Ores from a Multi-Mineralised Deposit

The study evaluated the milling kinetics of three copper ores, from a multi-mineralised deposit, which were identified as sulphide 1 (with bornite as a dominant copper mineral), sulphide 2 (mainly composed of chalcopyrite) and oxide (with malachite as a dominant copper mineral) and related the breakage parameters to the mineral composition data. Five mono-size fractions between 1000 µm and 212 µm were dry milled for short grinding times in the laboratory ball mill in order to obtain data for predicting breakage rate parameters. The analytical and mineralogical characterisation of the ores were performed using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis, scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) analysis, optical microscopy analysis and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The mineralogy data showed that quartz was the abundant gangue mineral (average for each ore was above 60% (w/w)), followed by K-feldspar minerals (orthoclase and microcline) which constituted between 4% (w/w) and 6% (w/w) and the remainder are the minor calcite and dolomite minerals which are also in the host rock. The experimental milling kinetics parameters and mineralogical data were used to assess the robustness of the heterogeneous (two-component) and homogeneous (single-component) first-order rate breakage models. The mineral composition data were used for setting up the predictions of breakage parameters in the two-component and single-component first-order breakage models. The experimental data fitted better on the two-component breakage model than the single-component breakage model. These results highlighted the influence of two groups of minerals (generally classed as valuable and gangue minerals). The breakage data showed that the selection function for the hard component (the gangue minerals) has a dominant contribution to the overall selection function of the ores, with SiA correlating fairly well with experimental Si. The parameter a in the Austin empirical breakage model was relatively similar (approximately 1) for all three ores, which confirms similar milling conditions to which the ores were subjected to. The data suggests that there is a relationship between breakage parameter α (material-specific parameter) in the Austin empirical breakage model and brittleness index βi (calculated from the mineralogical composition of the gangue phase). No clear trends could be deduced from the cumulative breakage distributions of the three ores. This highlights the complexity of developing relationships between the mineralogical composition data and breakage distributions of the ores which are extracted from the same deposit and with comparable gangue composition.

Lithium oxide loss of lithium niobate nanocrystals during high-energy ball-milling

Congruent lithium niobate (LiNbO 3 ) prepared by sintering was ground under wet conditions in a planetary mill in order to produce nanocrystals. By using gradually lower sizes of the balls in the mill, the final particle size of the crystals could be reduced to about 12–15 nm. The particle size achieved as well as the lithium oxide (Li 2 O) loss of the lithium niobate particles were followed as a function of the grinding time. Lithium oxide was found to be released throughout the entire milling procedure, even in the case when the particle size no longer changed upon the grinding with a particular ball size. About 12% and 20% Li 2 O loss was detected upon grinding with 3 mm and 0.5 mm balls, respectively. X-ray diffractometry revealed the formation of a lithium-deficient phase, LiNb 3 O 8 , the presence of which was confirmed by means of Raman spectroscopy. The LiNb 3 O 8 :LiNbO 3 volume ratio achieved for 70 nm particle size as calculated from both the diffractograms and the lithium oxide loss determined by coulometric titration was assessed to be 0.39 (± 0.03). Correlation was revealed between the composition change of the nanopowder and the total surface area of the particle assembly calculated from dynamic light scattering measurements. • Lithium niobate nanopowders were produced with the help of a planetary mill. • The loss of lithium oxide and formation of LiNb 3 O 8 were observed upon milling. • The lithium loss during the wet grinding process was quantitatively characterized. • Particle size determined by SEM and DLS were in good agreement. • The surface area increase of the particle assembly correlated with the Li 2 O release.

Improvement of the structure of a ball mill with the purpose of increasing the efficiency of material crushing

The object of research is the design of a ball mill for grinding dry materials, the subject of research is the efficiency of grinding material based on improving the design of a ball mill. One of the important problems for ball mills is the problem of reducing the efficiency of grinding material. The degree of grinding of materials in ball mills ensures the quality of the product. That is why this work is aimed at choosing a way to improve the design of the ball mill in order to increase the efficiency of grinding material. This will provide a better process of grinding the material in the ball mill. The study used the analysis of the features of the ball mill designs, literature and patent review of existing ways to improve the designs of the ball mill to improve the efficiency of grinding material. As a result of the literature-patent review the method of improving the ball mill based on the prototype, which has a rotating drum with longitudinal partitions and grinding bodies, longitudinal partitions are located diametrically at right angles with windows alternating on both sides from the intersection. It is shown that the proposed method of improving the design of the ball mill will increase the efficiency of grinding dry materials. This is due to the fact that when moving the grinding bodies and the material on the partitions there is a collision of flows, and this will increase the productivity of the ball mill. Also at the same time there will be a decrease in the moment of resistance to rotation of a drum of a ball mill that will provide economy of the electric power for its work. In comparison with the known designs of the ball mill, the execution of diametrical partitions at right angles with prisms in the drum of the mill all the grinding bodies, and the material is moved along the partition, then half of the drum. This will increase the efficiency of grinding the material in the improved design of the ball mill.

Numerical investigation of cutting stability and surface roughness in orthogonal milling

The vibrations produced by the chatter phenomenon are harmful for productivity in material removal machining. Some of the intolerable effects are: workpiece poor surface quality, tool wear, machine lifetime reduction. The flexibility of the cutting system favors vibrations especially when the cutting conditions are inconvenient. The flexibility is mainly linked to the cutting tool, which explains the consideration of the cutting tool as flexible in most of the analytical and numerical literature works. This work presents a numerical approach to investigate the orthogonal metal milling in order to study the chatter phenomenon effect on cutting stability and surface roughness. The proposed approach for numerical simulation uses the ABAQUS software, and includes a flexible tool on the immersion direction as well as on the feed direction. An explicit scheme and a Lagrangian formulation are retained, and the Johnson-Cook laws of behavior and damage are considered. The validation of the numerical results is conducted using experimental results.

열간압연 코일러 시스템의 코일 장력에 대한 최적 서보 제어

This paper designs an optimal servo controller for the coiler system in hot rolling mill in order to suppress the tension fluctuation of the tail-end part after a steel plate leaves the final stand of hot rolling mill. The state space model of the coiler system is firstly modeled. Next, the optimal servo controller combined with a disturbance observer is designed using the inverse LQ optimal control method and the full state observer algorithm. Finally, it is shown by a computer simulation that the proposed control system is very effective to control tension fluctuations between the pinch roll and the mandrel under disturbances.

Application of Mechanochemically Treated Waste Materials for Water Remediation

The possibility to reuse damaged Fe‐based metallic glasses with heterogeneities in their amorphous structure for wastewater remediation is investigated. Fe81B13.5Si3.5C2 ribbons are treated in a planetary ball mill in order to improve their catalytic behavior. Their efficiency in model Fenton reaction of Methyl orange azo‐dye degradation is registered. It reveals significant variations of their performance as a result of material transformation under mechanical treatment. Detailed physicochemical analysis is made to follow material changes after ball milling and catalytic tests. It is obtained that the formation of local atomic Fe‐rich and Fe‐deficit clusters randomly distributed in the amorphous alloy is highly beneficial for increasing catalyst dye degradation ability. Catalytically active centers in studied redox reaction are Fe‐rich clusters due to their strong affinity for donating electrons. Additional important result of this study is that mechanochemical treatment of metallic glasses at appropriate conditions can lead to material homogenization and relaxation of amorphous structure, as it can be observed after temperature annealing. This study demonstrates the possibility to apply mechanochemical method for rearrangement of the amorphous structure of damaged metallic glasses. Such waste materials can be in fact successfully reused as green and sustainable catalysts for effective purification of contaminated industrial waters.

Development and characterization of cookies using passion fruit from the caatinga (Passiflora cincinnata Mast.)

The objective of this study was to use the passion fruit peel P. cincinnata Mast., as a viable alternative to produce food (flour and cookies) that is rich in fiber and environmentally sustainable. For this, fruit peels were obtained, which were hygienized, dehydrated and ground in a knife mill in order to develop the flour, which was then used in different concentrations in three formulations of chip cookies (using 10%, 20% and 30% of the flour developed). Analyzes physicochemical and microbiological composition were performed for both flour and for the cookies developed and a sensorial acceptance test was performed for the cookies. It was possible to observe that the flour had an adequate centesimal composition, when it was about quality and safety, as well as health benefits. As for the physicochemical composition, the flour had 5.79 ± 0.11% of ashes; 78.23 ± 0.84% of total carbohydrates; 5.78 ± 0.11% moisture; 4.83 ± 0.00% acidity; 3.74 ± 0.04 pH; 1.66 ± 0.06% lipids; 8.59 ± 0.82% protein and 58,3 g/100g dietary fiber. The study demonstrates its nutritional quality by reducing the lipid content of the final product, by comparing the formulation with 30% of the flour developed to the standard formulation, as well as increasing the ash content and acidity and reducing its pH when compared to the standard formulation, promoting the safety and quality of food. Flour presented promising capacity in the development of functional foods, health promoters, and environmental conservation by avoiding its inappropriate disposal.

A study of conditions of surface defects formation when bar rolling at a bar and wire mill and methods of their elimination

Quality of long products surface is an important consumer property of it. In the process of measures elaboration aimed at the increase of long products surface quality, in particular of bars produced at the mill 370/150 of ОJSC “BMZ – managing company of holding “BMK”, studies were accomplished by metallographic laboratory. It was established that defects being revealed at the bars finishing, don’t relate to the quality of continuously casted billet (CCB), but formed in the process of deformation. Studies of the mechanism of surface defects formation on hot-rolled bar of rolling origin – deformation fissure and wrinkles were carried out. Results of numerical simulation of rolling in roughing group of stands at various temperature-deformation parameters presented. Regularities of formation of surface defects on the bar in the finished product were revealed. It was shown that the reason of the surface defects of rolling origin – deformation fissure and wrinkles was a high temperature gradient between the core and the surface of billet, originated from local overheating of surface in the angles zone of CCB resulted in nonuniformity of drawing out of different layers of the billet being deformed. To eliminate the defects, minimum possible temperature gradient between the surface and the core of a billet by controlled rolls cooling should be provided. By calculation, the maximum permissible temperature of the working surface of the rolls of the rough group of stands was established, and empirically the actual temperatures of the rolls with the current production technology, as well as the temperature of the rolls support bearings seats of the rolls were measured. The technical and technological possibilities for improving of rolling technology on a bar and wire mill in order to improve the surface quality of rolled bars were demonstrated. The existing technology was adjusted and new technological modes of rolling with controlled cooling of the rolls were established, which made it possible to significantly reduce the rejection of the finished product due to defects in rolling production. A device was proposed for the roughing group of stands, which enables to minimize the ingress of coolant onto the bar rolled.