Millimeter-wave Research Articles

Predicting 5G throughput with BAMMO, a boosted additive model for data with missing observations

Abstract To deliver on the promise of 5G, network providers and application developers need to understand the factors impacting millimetre wave (mmWave) 5G throughput. Missing data, however, pose significant challenges for modelling throughput. Even in controlled settings, signal strength data may be only intermittently observed when a device’s connection is weak, leading to missing predictor values in model training. In addition, users may choose not to share their data once the model is deployed, meaning that key predictors may be missing when we want to predict throughput for their devices. To address these challenges, we introduce boosted additive model for data with missing observation (BAMMO), a novel additive model estimator obtained via a componentwise boosting algorithm that naturally incorporates data with missing values in model fitting. We validate BAMMO’s approach to handling missing data by comparing it with competing methods on real 5G network data with a high proportion of missing values and in simulations, finding that it delivers more accurate predictions and takes less time to compute. To identify key predictors of mmWave 5G throughput, we develop a novel extension of sparsity oriented importance learning for BAMMO, giving us a measure of variable importance based on the entire boosting solution path rather than a single selected model.

Channel estimation via compressed sampling matching pursuit for hybrid MIMO architectures in millimeter wave communication

ABSTRACT In recent times, there are considerable research efforts in utilising millimetre wave cellular system for meeting rising mobile traffic volume and escalating data rate demand. In this regard, several analytical models have been developed for obtaining Channel State Information (CSI) for the design of combiner and precoder architectures for millimetre wave communication. One prominent method that has caught the attention of most researchers is the Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) which performs poorly in noisy condition. As a result, this work introduces Compressed Sampling Matching Pursuit (CoSAMP) as alternative to OMP for obtaining CSI for the design of hybrid combiner. A comparative analysis of all the cases examined reveals that CoSAMP surpasses OMP and Least Square (LS) across SNR range of −30 dB to −10 dB, recording lowest Normalized Mean Square Error (NMSE), highest Spectral Efficiency (SE) and bit rate. For instance at −20 dB, NMSE of CoSAMP exhibits 95% and 86% gain over LS and OMP, respectively while SE and bit rate of CoSAMP are better than OMP and LS by 21% and 91%, respectively. It is therefore seen that CoSAMP is a better technique for estimating CSI and for combiner design in such condition.

5G network performance using novel MIMO mixed FSO/MMW communication systems under pointing errors effect: test analysis using image transmission

Abstract Millimeter waves (MMW) enable high data rates over short distances; free-space optical (FSO) provides high-capacity optical wireless transmissions; and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) maximizes antenna utilization. These are the three leading technologies that work harmoniously to deliver 5G’s superior performance. This collaborative effort results in 5G’s ability to offer high connection capacities, low latency, and rapid speeds, creating new opportunities for industrial and internet of things applications. In this paper, the proposed system combines FSO links and MMW radio frequency (RF) links to enhance the performance of mixed FSO/RF systems. FSO experiences turbulence and pointing errors (PE), while MMW undergoes fading. Using both FSO and MMW provides diversity against channel fading. Furthermore, both the FSO and MMW links utilize MIMO technology to combat fading through spatial diversity. The FSO link is modeled with a Gamma-Gamma Turbulence model and PE. The MMW link is modeled with Rayleigh fading. By combining these two types of links with MIMO, the system can achieve improved performance compared to using either FSO or MMW alone. The dual nature of the system provides robustness against different types of channels fading effects. Overall, the goal is to enhance performance by capitalizing on the complementary channel characteristics of optical and RF links and exploiting MIMO’s spatial diversity benefits. In the present work, closed-form formulas accounting for the influence of PE are generated for the bit error rate (BER). This article also explores the MIMO mixed FSO/MMW system with multiple modulation techniques under various turbulence situations. The suggested system is ultimately verified by transmitting images with suitable fixed BER.

Miniaturized tri-band integrated microwave and millimeter-wave MIMO antenna loaded with metamaterial for 5G IoT applications

This study presents a revolutionary tri-band combined microwave (MW) and millimeter wave (MMW) multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna. The antenna is built on a Rogers RT-5880 substrate with dimensions of 32 × 32 × 1.6 mm³. This integration increased the isolation from 18 dB to 27 dB in the MW band and 28 dB–40 dB in the MMW band. The effective bandwidths for the MW and MMW bands were initially 3.3–3.7 GHz, 5.45–9.2 GHz, and 24–28 GHz, respectively. The MTM increased these bandwidths to 2.6–4.1 GHz, 5.3–11.3 GHz for the MW band, and 22.5–29.3 GHz for the MMW band. In addition, the realized gain increased significantly, from 1.5 dBi, 3.5 dBi, and 6.5 dBi to 4.5 dBi, 6.1 dBi, and 11 dBi at 3.5 GHz, 6.9 GHz, and 28 GHz. The antenna's overall efficiency increased by 10–12 % across all operational bandwidths. The suggested antenna has excellent diversity performance, with an envelope correlation coefficient of less than 0.0002, a diversity gain greater than 9.998, and a channel capacity loss of less than 0.12 bits/s/Hz. The proposed antenna addresses the increasing demand for IoT devices by efficiently supporting both MW and MMW frequency bands, offering high performance in wireless communication and modern infrastructures. The proposed design not only improves connectivity and efficiency in IoT devices but also supports the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by contributing to the development of smart city infrastructure (SDG 11) and fostering innovation and sustainable industrial practices (SDG 9), thereby promoting sustainable development and industrial innovation.

The influence of eyelashes on electric field distribution and absorbed power density in the cornea under millimeter-wave exposure.

As millimeter wave (MMW) technology, particularly in fifth-generation (5G) devices, gains prominence, there is a crucial need for comprehensive electromagnetic (EM) models of ocular tissues to understand and characterize EM exposure conditions accurately. This study employs numerical modeling to investigate the interaction between MMW and the cornea, aiming to characterize EM field distributions and absorption within an anatomically accurate eye model while considering the influence of eyelashes. Using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, we conduct simulations of EM radiation interactions from 20.0 to 100.0 GHz with a human eye model. Moreover, we analyze the temperature distribution increase within the eye model using a thermal sensor in XFdtd, employing a scheme based on the finite difference (FD) method. Our findings reveal a nonuniform distribution of the EM field, particularly intensified in corneal regions adjacent to eyelashes and eyelids. Despite similar EM field patterns, the presence or absence of eyelashes has minimal impact on temperature differences. However, the study highlights increased radiation absorption by the eyelid's epidermis at 100.0 GHz, reducing the rise in the cornea's temperature.

Temporal-enhanced Radar and Camera Fusion for Object Detection

Recently, object detection methods based on multimodal fusion have gained widespread adoption in autonomous driving, proving to be valuable for detecting objects in dynamic environments. Among them, millimetre wave (mmWave) radar is commonly utilized as an effective complement to cameras, as it is almost unaffected by harsh weather conditions. However, current approaches that fuse mmWave radar and camera often overlook the correlation between the two modalities, failing to fully exploit their complementary features. To address this, we propose a temporal-enhanced radar and camera fusion network to explore the correlation between these two modalities and learn a comprehensive representation for object detection. In our model, a temporal fusion model is introduced to fuse mmWave radar features from different moments, thus mitigating the problem of mmWave radar point-object mismatch due to object movement. Moreover, a new correlation-based fusion strategy using the dedicated mask cross attention is proposed to fuse mmWave radar and vision features more effectively. Finally, we design a gate feature pyramid network that selects shallow texture information based on deep semantic information to obtain more representative features. The experimental results on the nuScenes benchmark demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method.

Rydberg-atom-based system for benchmarking millimeter-wave automotive radar chips

Rydberg atomic sensors and receivers have enabled sensitive and traceable measurements of rf fields at a wide range of frequencies. Here, we demonstrate the detection of electric field amplitude in the extremely-high-frequency (EHF) band, at 131GHz. In our approach, we propagate the EHF field in a beam, with control over its direction and polarization at the detector using photonic wave plates. This way, we take advantage of the highest detection sensitivity, registered for collinear propagation and circular polarization. To exhibit the potential for applications in this kind of Rydberg-atom-based detection, we perform test measurements on the EHF field emitted from an on-chip radar, which is designed to be used in the automotive industry as a vital sign detector. Our work elucidates practical applications of Rydberg-atom media and photonic metamaterial elements. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Dual-band millimetre wave MIMO antenna with reduced mutual coupling based on optimized parasitic structure and ground modification

In this study, a high-isolation dual-band (28/38 GHz) multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) antenna for 5G millimeter-wave indoor applications is presented. The antenna consists of two interconnected patches. The primary patch is connected to the inset feed, while the secondary patch is arc-shaped and positioned over the main patch, opposite to the feed. Both patches function in the lower 28 GHz band, while the primary patch is accountable for inducing the upper 38 GHz band. An expedited trust-region (TR) algorithm is employed to optimize the dimensions of the antenna components, ensuring the antenna operates efficiently with high reflection at both bands. The antenna demonstrates a gain exceeding 7 dBi at both frequencies. An array of four antennas is configured orthogonally to create a MIMO system with isolation surpassing 19 dB. The isolation is further enhanced through the addition of a circular parasitic patch at the front and modifications made to the ground. The TR method is employed again to optimize their parameters and achieve the desired isolation, exceeding 32 dB at both bands. The MIMO system demonstrates outstanding diversity performance at both frequencies, characterized by low values of the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) (< 10 − 4), channel capacity loss (CCL) (< 0.03 bit/s/Hz), and total active reflection coefficient (TARC) (< − 10 dB). Additionally, it secures a diversity gain (DG) exceeding 9.99 dB. The MIMO system is manufactured and tested, showing good alignment between simulation and measurement data for all performance metrics.

Effects of High Temperature and High Humidity on the Degree of Ocular Damage Caused by 60 GHz Millimeter Wave Exposure.

Millimeter waves (MMW) are pervasive in society; however, studies on the biological effects of MMW exposure are usually performed in laboratory settings not reflecting global environmental diversity. We investigated the effects of a 6-min exposure to 60 GHz MMW (wavelength, 5.0 mm) at incident power densities of 200 and 300 mW cm-2 in eyes (exposed right eyes vs. unexposed left eyes) under various ambient temperature/relative humidity environments (24 °C/50%, 45 °C/20%, and 45 °C/80%) using an in vivo rabbit model. Correlations were examined with adverse ocular events, including corneal epithelial damage (assessed using fluorescein staining), corneal opacity (evaluated by slit-lamp microscopy), and corneal thickness (measured via optical coherence tomography). Our findings indicate that higher temperatures and humidity tend to exacerbate MMW-induced ocular damage, albeit not significantly in the present study. Further research with a larger sample size is warranted. Incident power density emerged as a factor that was directly linked to the ocular damage threshold. High ambient temperature and humidity tended to exacerbate ocular damage from MMW exposure, although the effect was secondary. Ocular damage in a high-temperature (45 °C), high-humidity (80%) environment was increased to the same extent as that by incident power density increased by approximately 100 mW cm-2 in an ocular damage model in a standard environment (24 °C, 50%). In a high-humidity environment, the internal ocular tissue temperature increased at a high ambient temperature of 45 °C, suggesting that the eyeball may respond differently compared to other tissues.

Advancing spectroscopic understanding of HOCS+: Laboratory investigations and astronomical implications

Sulphur-bearing species play crucial roles in interstellar chemistry, yet their precise characterisation remains challenging. Here, we present laboratory experiments aimed at extending the high-resolution spectroscopy of protonated carbonyl sulphide (HOCS+), a recently detected molecular ion in space. Using a frequency-modulated free-space absorption spectrometer, we detected rotational transitions of HOCS+ in an extended negative glow discharge with a mixture of H2 and OCS, extending the high-resolution rotational characterisation of the cation well into the millimetre wave region (200–370 GHz). Comparisons with prior measurements and quantum chemical calculations revealed an overall agreement in the spectroscopic parameters. With the new spectroscopic dataset in hand, we re-investigated the observations of HOCS+ towards G+0.693−0.027, which were initially based solely on Ka = 0 lines contaminated by HNC34S. This re-investigation enabled the detection of weak Ka ≠ 0 transitions, free from HNC34S contamination. Our high-resolution spectroscopic characterisation also provides valuable insights for future millimetre and submillimetre astronomical observations of these species in different interstellar environments. In particular, the new high-resolution catalogue will facilitate the search for this cation in cold dark clouds, where very narrow line widths are typically observed.

Low permittivity germanate LaAlGe2O7 ceramics: Synthesis, sintering behavior, spectral characteristics and microwave dielectric properties

Novel low permittivity LaAlGe2O7 ceramics was prepared by a solid-state reaction method, and the relationship between microstructure and microwave properties was revealed. XRD and Rietveld refinement confirmed that the crystal structure of LaAlGe2O7 is monoclinic P21/c space group. Raman spectroscopy reflects the trend of internal structural order and phonon-damping behavior of LaAlGe2O7 ceramics. The ceramic sintered at 1250 °C exhibited the best surface morphology and optimum microwave dielectric properties of εr = 9.22, Q × f = 33417 GHz, τf = −71.68 ppm/°C. The lattice energy and packing fraction are used to explain the change of Q × f value. The relationship between phonon damping behavior and microwave dielectric properties was revealed. The temperature stability was studied by bond valence. The LaAlGe2O7 ceramics is a strong candidate for the substrate material of millimeter wave communication.

Synchrotron radiation far infrared spectrum of the astrophysically significant Ethanol (CH3CH2OH) molecule in the gauche states in the vibrational ground state and other infrared observations

In this communication, the analyses of synchrotron radiation far infrared (FIR) spectrum corresponding to the gauche- (e1ando1) states of Ethyl Alcohol are reported. Detailed assignments have been performed for b-type transitions for K values ranging from 5 to 32 and up to a maximum J value of 50. The assignments confirmed the earlier microwave (MW) and millimeter wave (MMW) spectroscopic results. The transition wavenumbers have been used to determine the term values for the gauche-states involved for all the K and J values for which observation has been made. About 2000 spectral lines have been assigned, including some accurately calculated lines that fall in the MW and MMW regions. Although transitions between the trans-species and gauche species are not allowed in Ethanol, many resonances and level crossings of energy levels cause forbidden transitions. One such system of level crossings between K=10o1 and 12ee00 has been analyzed in detail, and the interaction coefficient determined. The state mixing seems quite strong and causes forbidden transitions (ΔK=0,2,3), including transitions for trans↔gauche, have been found. In addition, many new strong transitions have been assigned, which belong to the trans-species. To extend our work to higher wave numbers to facilitate observations made by the infrared detector on board the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), the analysis of the torsional fundamental band transitions (around 220cm-1) for o2←e0 and o2←e1 has been taken up. Some of the assignments are discussed here. Lastly, the lower-lying vibrational bands centered around 425cm-1 (CCO– bending mode) and the band at around 800cm-1 (CH3- rocking mode) have been recorded. The CCO bending band shows an unmistakable parallel character for the trans-species. The assignment work on the CCO-bending band is in progress, and the assignments for K=0andK=1(+and-) are included in this report. Accurate term values for the CCO-bending mode could be obtained. The results allowed the determination of the leading rotational constants for the trans-species in the excited vibrational state of the CCO-bending state. The complete known assigned lines of about 16,000 lines for the parent isotopomer and about 650 lines for 13 -C1 and 13−C2 (see graphical abstract) substituted Ethanol isotopomers are gathered in Appendix I and II, respectively. These atlases should be a valuable tool for further energy level analysis and astronomical detection of Ethanol in interstellar space.

Rotor unmanned aerial vehicle localization in the building sheltered area based on millimetre‐wave frequency‐modulated continuous wave radar

AbstractRotor unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) play an important role in both military and civilian fields nowadays. The safety risks associated with the UAVs increase the urgent need for detecting UAVs in urban environments as well. Moreover, UAVs are easily located in the non‐line‐of‐sight (NLOS) building sheltered area relative to the radar, making it very challenging to detect and localise. A novel algorithm for localising the rotor UAV in the common L‐shaped street building sheltered area is proposed. First, the authors establish a multipath signal model for a rotor UAV hovering over an L‐shaped street scene, leveraging the frequency‐modulated continuous wave signal. Then, the multipath information of the UAV is extracted by identifying the rotating periodicity of the blade embedded in the time‐frequency spectrum of the received signal. The back projection imaging is then conducted on the UAV‐related multipath. After extracting multipath ghosts in the image, the street area, where the UAV locates, can be determined, and the UAV is further localised using the path reflection characteristics of this area. Simulations and practical experiments based on millimetre waves indicate that the proposed method can enable high‐accuracy estimation of rotor UAV in the NLOS building sheltered area.

Photonics-aided D-band 64-QAM MMW transmission utilizing modified multi-symbol output neural network equalization

We propose a modified multi-symbol output (MSO) neural network (NN)-based equalization scheme. In this scheme, the multi-label realization is optimized to support high-order 64-QAM MSO, and the performance is enhanced by adding residual connections, which split linear and nonlinear equalization in one model. The proposed scheme is utilized in a 70-m D-band photonics-aided millimeter wave (MMW) transmission system. We successfully realized 12-Gbaud 64-QAM transmission with Q-factor satisfying SD-FEC.

Heading estimation algorithm for pedestrian navigation using a dual-foot-mounted IMU with a millimetre wave radar

Heading estimation is crucial in pedestrian navigation systems based on IMUs, but accuracy often suffers degradation due to error accumulation. This study introduces a novel heading estimation algorithm using dual-foot-mounted IMUs with a millimeter-wave radar to enhance accuracy. The algorithm includes a Single-foot Multiconditional Constraint Algorithm (SMC-A), adaptive step length constraint, and bipedal maximum heading difference constraint. Firstly, the SMC-A utilizes zero speed correction, zero angular rate updates, and self-observing heading error corrections through extended Kalman filtering. Then, the adaptive step length constraint limits pedestrian motion, and the bipedal constraint corrects heading errors. Finally, the Bipedal Multiconditional Constraint Algorithm (BMC-A) incorporates millimeter-wave radar measurements of foot distance. Experiments show heading deviations of 3.74° and 4.03° are obtained for the left and right feet over a 30-minute, 1.45 km trial. The new algorithm improves heading accuracy by 68.19 % and 70.67 % for the left and right feet, respectively, compared to traditional SMC-A.

Development of a High-Sensitivity Millimeter-Wave Radar Imaging System for Non-Destructive Testing.

There is an urgent need to develop non-destructive testing (NDT) methods for infrastructure facilities and residences, etc., where human lives are at stake, to prevent collapse due to aging or natural disasters such as earthquakes before they occur. In such inspections, it is desirable to develop a remote, non-contact, non-destructive inspection method that can inspect cracks as small as 0.1 mm on the surface of a structure and damage inside and on the surface of the structure that cannot be seen by the human eye with high sensitivity, while ensuring the safety of the engineers inspecting the structure. Based on this perspective, we developed a radar module (absolute gain of the transmitting antenna: 13.5 dB; absolute gain of the receiving antenna: 14.5 dB) with very high directivity and minimal loss in the signal transmission path between the radar chip and the array antenna, using our previously developed technology. A single-input, multiple-output (SIMO) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging system was developed using this module. As a result of various performance evaluations using this system, we were able to demonstrate that this system has a performance that fully satisfies the abovementioned indices. First, the SNR in millimeter-wave (MM-wave) imaging was improved by 5.4 dB compared to the previously constructed imaging system using the IWR1443BOOST EVM, even though the measured distance was 2.66 times longer. As a specific example of the results of measurements on infrastructure facilities, the system successfully observed cracks as small as 0.1 mm in concrete materials hidden under glass fiber-reinforced tape and black acrylic paint. In this case, measurements were also made from a distance of about 3 m to meet the remote observation requirements, but the radar module with its high-directivity and high-gain antenna proved to be more sensitive in detecting crack structures than measurements made from a distance of 780 mm. In order to estimate the penetration length of MM waves into concrete, an experiment was conducted to measure the penetration of MM waves through a thin concrete slab with a thickness of 3.7 mm. As a result, Λexp = 6.0 mm was obtained as the attenuation distance of MM waves in the concrete slab used. In addition, transmission measurement experiments using a composite material consisting of ceramic tiles and fireproof board, which is a component of a house, and experiments using composite plywood, which is used as a general housing construction material in Japan, succeeded in making perspective observations of defects in the internal structure, etc., which are invisible to the human eye.

Multi‐band millimetre wave indoor directional channel measurements and analysis for future wireless communication systems

AbstractSingle‐input single‐output (SISO) three‐dimensional (3D) wideband indoor directional measurements collected in a factory environment and an office environment at 38 and 70 GHz are presented. 3D single‐input multiple‐output (SIMO) dual polarised measurements with 1 × 2 antenna configurations were also carried out in a meeting room, a conference room, and an office room at the 60 GHz band. The measurements cover both azimuth and elevation by rotating the directional antenna (RDA) at the receiver side. Different statistical channel parameters such as power delay profile, power angle profile, root‐mean‐square delay spread, angular spread, and path loss were estimated for different possible antenna orientations between the transmitter and the receiver, which include line‐of‐sight, obstructed line‐of‐sight, and non‐line‐of‐sight. The polarisation effects on path loss models and the delay and angular spread models based on the surface area of the environment are studied. The results will be valuable for the design of indoor millimetre wave cellular networks.

Miniaturized planar defected ground structure antenna enabled with Yagi directors for enhanced gain performance in mm-wave 5G applications

The compact and miniaturized high gain antenna for millimetre wave 5G applications is proposed in this paper. The antenna is designed on RT Duriod 5880 substrate with dielectric constant, tangential loss, and specific heat of 2.2, 0.0009, and 0.23 Cal/g/C respectively. The peak gain of 9.5 dBi in E-Plane is achieved for high gain characteristics by applying Microstrip circular Yagi Directors. The antenna operates over the frequency range of 26.5–28.5 GHz with a good reflection coefficient of −25.60 dB at a resonance frequency of 27.56 GHz. Moreover, Defected Ground Structures (DGS) are adopted in the structure to optimize the characteristics by widening the path of surface current. The proposed antenna structure is fabricated and the measured results are found in good agreement with the simulated results. The better performance of the proposed antenna makes it a viable candidate for 5G millimetre-wave communications.

Wideband meander-line-antipodal-vivaldi slot-antenna for millimeter-wave applications

An antipodal Vivaldi monopole radiator is employed in an innovative wideband planar slotted meander antenna. A quarter-wave microstrip feed is coupled to the antenna for a ground reflector plane over a meander line with five right and left antipodal Vivaldi (RLAV) slots on either side and a series of Z, inverted U and inverted Z-shaped turns. The FR4 substrate with a relative permittivity of 4.4 and modest dimensions of 50 × 20 × 1.6 mm3 is used to implement the proposed antenna. A 17.39% fractional bandwidth of -29.10dB (S11 <-10dB), an average radiation efficiency of 73%, and a gain of 6.7dBi at the central frequency of 28GHz. The outcomes of using RLAV arms at the centre of the meander structure enhance the antenna’s performance validated using the high-frequency structural software Ansys 2022R1, which is a finite element method (FEM) tool. The measured results indicate that the bandwidth enhancement has been fine-tuned for use in the 5G millimetre wave band in the Frequency Range 2 (FR2) n261 frequencies, the 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) band n257, and the Federal Communications Commission’s (5G) high-band spectrum (25-30GHz).

The backreaction of stellar wobbling on accretion discs of massive protostars

black In recent years, it has been demonstrated that massive stars see their infant circumstellar medium shaped into a large irradiated, gravitationally unstable accretion disc during their early formation phase. Such discs constitute the gas reservoir from which nascent high-mass stars gain a substantial fraction of their mass by episodic accretion of dense gaseous circumstellar clumps, simultaneously undergoing accretion-driven bursts and producing close-orbit spectroscopic companions of the young high-mass stellar object. We aim to evaluate the effects of stellar motion caused by the disc non-axisymmetric gravitational field on the disc evolution and its spatial morphology. In particular, we analyse the disc's propensity to gravitational instability and fragmentation and the disc's appearance in synthetic millimetre band images pertinent to the ALMA facility. We employed three-dimensional radiation-hydrodynamical simulations of the surroundings of a young massive star in the non-inertial spherical coordinate system, adopting the highest spatial resolution to date and including the indirect star-disc gravitational potential caused by the asymmetries in the circumstellar disc. The resulting disc configurations were post-processed with the radiation transfer tool RADMC-3D and CASA software to obtain synthetic images of the disc. We confirm that the early evolution of the accretion disc is notably different when stellar wobbling is taken into account. The redistribution of angular momentum in the system makes the disc smaller and rounder, reduces the number of circumstellar gaseous clumps formed via disc gravitational fragmentation, and prevents the ejection of gaseous clumps from the disc. The synthetic predictive images at millimetre wavelengths of the accretion disc that includes stellar wobbling are in better agreement with the observations of the surroundings of massive young stellar objects, namely black AFGL 4176 mm1, G17.64+0.16, and G353.273 than our simulations of numerical hydrodynamics that omit this physical mechanism. Our work confirms that stellar wobbling is an essential ingredient to account for in numerical simulations of accretion discs of massive protostars.