Millennium Summit Research Articles

Sustainability Indicators Applied to Water Resource Management: A Case Study of The Lower Course of The Paraíba do Sul River Watershed, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Objective: This paper presents an indicator system called "thrivability appraisal", developed based on the systemic view of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). This system combines seven dimensions of sustainability with principles of integrated and participatory water management. Theoretical Framework: The deprivation of resources, functions, and ecosystem services, which play a crucial role in the well-being and sustainability of communities, represents a challenge for development as established by the Millennium Summit. The publication of the United Nations' 2030 Agenda defined seventeen SDG, with the aim of promoting prosperity for all human populations. In the face of this challenge, water stands out as an essential chemical component for life, as well as for the health, well-being, and economic prosperity of populations. SDG 6 specifically addresses this issue, recognizing it as fundamental not only to achieve sustainability at the local, regional, and global levels but also to promote prosperity. Method: The thrivability appraisal methodology is based on an indicator system composed by 49 parameters chosen according to Ostrom’s seven sustainability principles. Secondary data from technical and academic documents were analyzed, complemented by primary data obtained through the environmental perception of representatives from the Watershed Committee of the IXth Hidrographic State Region (RH-IX). Results and Discussion: Water resources management sustainability evaluation in RH-IX revealed the existence of considerable challenges, as well as the need to strengthen participatory governance. Research Implications: The research showed that thrivability appraisal can be an important tool to suport decision-making definitions of the Committee.

Towards an integrative post-2015 sustainable development goal framework: Focusing on global justice – peace, security and basic human rights

Following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000, the adoption of the United Nations (UN) Millennium Declaration by 189 nations, including the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), has been hailed as a unique achievement in international development. Although the MDGs have raised the profile of global health, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, underpinned by the urgent need to address poverty worldwide, progress has been uneven both between and within countries. With over one billion people, Africa is a case in point. Aside from children completing a full course in primary school and achieving gender equality in primary school, none of the twelve main targets set for SS Africa has been met. A key reason suggested for this lack of progress is that the MDGs fall far short in terms of addressing the broader concept of development encapsulated in the Millennium Declaration, which includes human rights, equity, democracy, and governance.To strengthen the likelihood of realizing the post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly with regard to “planet and population” health and well-being , UN and other decision-makers are urged to consider the adoption of an integrated SDG framework that is based on (i) a vision of global justice - underpinned by peace, security and basic human rights; (ii) the development of interdependent and interconnected strategies for each of the eleven thematic indicators identified in the UN document The World We Want; and (iii) the application of guiding principles to measure the impact of SDG strategies in terms of holism, equity, sustainability, ownership, and global obligation. While current discussions on the SDGs are making progress in a number of areas, the need for integration of these around a common global vision and purpose seems especially crucial to avoid MDG shortcomings.

Dilemma of Developing Countries: Human Development Index vs Tax Burden

In what ways can the gap in economic welfare be explained as we move from the USA to Mexico? How does Smith’s economic theory transform today? It is not easy to foresee whether economic stability or social change will succeed to ensure human development by reaching a welfare society and playing a more efficient role in economic development in the long term. The relationships between growth, development, and distribution are among the social policy issues of both developed and developing countries. With the participation of 189 United Nations countries in 2000, the UN Heads of State and Government Summit (Millennium Summit) acknowledged the need to develop a global partnership for the development within the scope of 8 development goals to be achieved by 2015. The study aims to reveal that human development index needs to be taken into consideration as much as the tax burden and economics exists for "human". To this end, the repercussions of "welfare" perception in developing countries were analyzed in this study with comparative analysis method.

RESPONSABILIDAD SOCIAL EMPRESARIAL A LAS RESPONSABILIDADES EN DERECHOS HUMANOS

Este articulo tiene como objetivo explicar la relación asimétrica que se encuentra en la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial (RSE) y los Derechos Humanos (DH), iniciando con el origen de la Responsabilidad Social y como le da paso a la existencia Empresarial, tomando como base diferentes eventos claves como la Cumbre del Milenio y el Pacto Global de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU), así como documentos esenciales para expresar conforme a la teoría, como los Diez principios del Pacto Global, Los Principios Rectores de las Naciones Unidas; haciendo una reflexión acerca de los desafíos empresariales para cumplir con sus responsabilidades y no afectar los derechos humanos. La conclusión se centra en exponer esa estrecha relación de la RSE y Derechos Humanos, dando recomendaciones a futuros trabajos en la misma línea de investigación.

Human Rights for Women's Development in Multidimensional: A Step towards Gender Equality in Education

Women's educational human rights and gender equality is one of the burning topics nowadays. Following the gender equality framework proposed by United Nations in its Millennium Summit in 2000 declared "Gender equality and women empowerment". This present study tries to review gender equality for women in many aspects, including the major concern in this review, i.e., education and human right. After analyzing several documents in the net during the collection period, this study sees that women have achieved a lot. However, yes still they are lagging in terms of equality in education and human right. The fact showed women are far lagging and leave alone on the question of gender equality. The present paper explores and highlighted these issues as the central questions related to women's rights and also attempts to wrestle with the few challenges that faced by the women education system in India as a specific example. At last, this paper also try to highlight some strategy as to upgrade the status of women in society, ever since this study believes that Educating a woman will uplifts her life as well as the quality of the nation.

Critical barriers for preeclampsia diagnosis and treatment in low-resource settings: An example from Bolivia.

The goals of the United Nation's Millennium Summit for reducing maternal mortality have proven difficult to achieve. In Bolivia, where maternal mortality is twice the South American average, improving the diagnosis, treatment and ultimately prevention of preeclampsia is key for achieving targeted reductions. We held a workshop in La Paz, Bolivia to review recent revisions in the diagnosis and treatment of preeclampsia, barriers for their implementation, and means for overcoming them. While physicians are generally aware of current recommendations, substantial barriers exist for their implementation due to geographic factors increasing disease prevalence and limiting health-care access, cultural and economic factors affecting the care provided, and infrastructure deficits impeding diagnosis and treatment. Means for overcoming such barriers include changes in the culture of health care, use of standardized diagnostic protocols, the adoption of low-cost technologies for improving the diagnosis and referral of preeclamptic cases to specialized treatment centers, training programs to foster multidisciplinary team approaches, and efforts to enhance local research capacity. While challenging, the synergistic nature of current barriers for preeclampsia diagnosis and treatment also affords opportunities for making far-reaching improvements in maternal, infant and lifelong health.

UN ON THE PATH TO REFORM

UN ON THE PATH TO REFORM

Analysis of capital formation and foreign aid nexus in Nigeria

PurposeThe issue of foreign aid has continued to gain renewed economic cum political attention in the early years of the twenty-first century. At a summit, popularly known as the Millennium Summit, which took place in 2000, there was an agreement by the international community concerning some goals known as the Millennium Development Goals which were targeted to be reached by the year 2015 but have now been replaced by the Sustainable Development Goals. Against this background, it becomes pertinent to ascertain the contributions and impact of foreign aid in the form of Overseas Development Assistance (ODA) on capital formation in Nigeria. This is an area of foreign aid studies that has been ignored by many researchers. Most studies are seen delving into analyzing the aid-growth nexus without evaluating the transmission link through which foreign aid transmits to affect economic growth. There is paucity of studies on the aid-capital nexus. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approachThe empirical method used was autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model.FindingsThe empirical results from the ARDL model estimations show that foreign aid, which is proxied by ODA, has a positive and significant impact on capital formation in Nigeria for the years under analysis. The result of the Granger causality test shows that a bi-directional granger causality exists between foreign aid and gross fixed capital formation (GFCF).Originality/valueEmpirical results from the ARDL model estimations show that foreign aid, which is proxied by ODA, has a positive and significant impact on capital formation in Nigeria for the years under analysis. The result of the Granger causality test shows that a bi-directional Granger causality exists between foreign aid and GFCF. It is therefore recommended that government should make serious efforts toward the implementation and effective utilization of foreign aid. Appropriate policy measures that would monitor the maximum and effective utilization of foreign aid are also required.

Evaluación del estado de los objetivos del desarrollo del milenio –ODM7- en el oriente antioqueño

La apuesta internacional desde las Naciones Unidas para evaluar el estado actual de los retos que sugieren una transformación de las condiciones sociales y ambientales de los países, ha permitido medir, a partir de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM) formulados en la Cumbre del Milenio en 2000, las metas para mejorar la gestión ambiental y social en el planeta. En este artículo se exploran los alcances y retrocesos de los objetivos en la región del Oriente Antioqueño y, en particular, los asuntos más relevantes para atender en las subregiones que integran dicha región. Este análisis se hace a través de la exploración documental sobre el séptimo objetivo y la información disponible sobre el tema en las alcaldías asociadas a la región.

Addressing climate change through a nursing lens within the framework of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals

BackgroundIn 2000, the United Nations (UN) introduced the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), described as a global movement with the primary aim of ending world-wide poverty (“Millennium Summit,” 2000). The second phase of the project, known as the post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) agenda offers an increased emphasis on lessening the mitigating factors associated with climate change and adapting to the negative effects of climate change. Nurses are in the unique position to address the health-related impacts related to climate change through community health approaches aimed at education and promotion of environmental stewardship. PurposeThe purpose of this scoping review was to examine the relationships among the health consequences of climate change, nursing literature on climate change, and nursing implications. The following will be addressed: “What is nursing's role in policy, practice, and advocacy when addressing the effects of climate change? What is the importance of the SDGs as a framework for addressing climate change in the role of nursing?” MethodThis scoping review of the literature was conducted which included the evaluation of a broad range of articles using scoping methods as frameworks. FindingsAn overarching theme regarding the nursing community's responsibility in addressing the effects of climate change and their role as advocates, educators, and global citizens was extracted from the scoping review. DiscussionThere are many opportunities for nurses to become actively involved in efforts aimed at mitigation, adaptation, and resilience efforts in climate change, including becoming involved in policy, advocacy, research, and practice opportunities.

The UN World Water Development Report 2016, Water and Jobs: A Critical Review

The UN World Water Development Report 2016, <i>Water and Jobs</i>: A Critical Review

Multilateralism and Interdependence

Author’s e-mail: David.Donoghue@dfa.ie Irish Studies in International Affairs, Vol. 29 (2018), 13–16 doi: https://doi.org/10.3318/ISIA.2018.29.21 Multilateralism and Interdependence David Donoghue Former Irish Permanent Representative to the United Nations The fortunes of multilateral diplomacy as a means of addressing pressing global challenges have tended to ebb and flow over the years. The period from the early 1990s onwards marked a high point with the ending of the Cold War, which had polarised the world for decades and thwarted most efforts at international consensus-building. In the post-Soviet order, there were new opportunities to explore the scope for global solutions to increasingly global challenges. Changing power dynamics were at work as new regional players emerged to challenge the traditional hegemony of two super powers. The Beijing Platform of Action on gender equality and women’s empowerment (1995) was an early illustration of what multilateral diplomacy could achieve. The Millennium Summit a few years later unveiled new global goals for human development and poverty reduction. However, for a number of reasons the dividend expected from the new multilateralism was never fully realised. Considerable instability had accompanied the break-up of the Soviet Union. There was significant competition from, and among, the emerging regional powers. Violent extremism, religious fundamentalism and terrorism characterised the new century, with non-state actors playing a steadily greater role. Health epidemics, natural disasters and economic shocks also had destabilising effects from the late 1990s onwards. There was a proliferation of regional conflicts and humanitarian crises, along with mass displacement of people linked to these. Climate change and environmental degradation were aggravating factors. Even as some improvement was achieved in terms of overall poverty levels, inequalities within states deepened, adding to existing social and ethnic tensions. Disquiet about the impact of globalisation on employment also began to spread. A turning point came, however, with the ‘Rio plus 20’ conference which was held in Rio de Janeiro in 2012. Marking the twentieth anniversary of the first ‘Earth Summit’ which had taken place in the Brazilian city in 1992, this event gave renewed impetus to the concept of ‘sustainable development’ spanning three dimensions—the economic, social and environmental—and requiring a holistic approach to all three. From this point on there was much greater recognition of the interconnections between peace, human rights and sustainable 14 Irish Studies in International Affairs development—and of the capacity of the UN system and of multilateral diplomacy to deliver global agreements based on these interconnections. There was also clearer acceptance that we were long past the point where nation states, however powerful, could solve on their own challenges which were increasingly global in nature. Further insights followed. It was agreed that, when the period set for achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) expired in 2015, there wouldhavetobeanewsetof goalscoveringtheperiodfrom2015to2030.However, these could not be confined to the relatively narrow set of policy concerns addressed by the MDGs (poverty reduction in the traditional sense); instead, they would have to range much more widely so as to do justice to all three dimensions of sustainable development. Second, in contrast to the MDGs which had been drafted by a handful of UN officials and simply promulgated, the new set of goals would have to be ‘owned’ by all 193 member States; they would be subject to detailed negotiation and agreement, with each member State having a veto over each word. Third, the new development agenda which emerged would apply to all States, not just developing states (as had been the case with the MDGs). This would be a truly universal agenda; all 193 member States would undertake to implement the same set of commitments over the period from 2015 to 2030. Building on work done by a smaller group of states during 2014, the ambassadors of Ireland and Kenya were asked to lead the formal intergovernmental negotiations which would agree this new agenda in time for a special summit to launch it in September 2015. I set to work with my Kenyan counterpart, Macharia Kamau, and on 2 August of that year, some six weeks ahead of schedule ,wedeliveredagreementonanew2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment.It contained seventeen Sustainable Development Goals...

Línea base objetivos del milenio en Caldas

Definir una agenda mundial en torno a mejorar las condiciones de vida de los más pobres, representó un ideal de solidaridad y cooperación de 189 líderes mundiales presentes en la Cumbre del Milenio celebrada en el año 2000. Las metas cuantificables y con un horizonte temporal al 2015, definidas para avanzar hacia propósitos universales permiten hacer seguimiento para conocer la dinámica, pertinencia y logros alcanzados. Colombia ratifica su compromiso a través del Documento Conpes Social 91, denominado “Metas y Estrategias de Colombia para el logro de los Objetivos del Milenio - 2015”. La Línea Base para Caldas, refleja el esfuerzo y compromiso realizado desde diferentes sectores e instituciones por aliviar las condiciones de pobreza y exclusión de un importante grupo de la población y da fe de la existencia en Caldas de suficientes voluntades comprometidas en la construcción colectiva de un proyecto de región que brinde iguales oportunidades a todos

Global, Regional, and National Levels and Trends in Maternal Mortality Between 1990 and 2015, With Scenario-based Projections to 2030: A Systematic Analysis by the UN Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-Agency Group

(Lancet 2016;387: 462–674) World leaders at the landmark Millennium Summit in September 2000 agreed to adopt the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) with the goal of improving the lives of the world’s poor. Countries and international agencies agreed to monitor progress on these goals that addressed development and health outcomes between 1990 and 2015. One of the goals, MDG 5, strived for a reduction of 75% in the world-wide maternal mortality ratio over these 25 years. The objective of this current study was to project the levels and trends in maternal mortality for 183 countries for the period 2016 to 2030 based on the data obtained for MDG 5.

MAPPING POVERTY HOT SPOTS IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA USING SPATIAL AUTOCORRELATION ANALYSIS

In September 2000 The Millennium Summit adopted the UN Millennium Declaration, committing nations to a new global partnership to reduce extreme poverty with a deadline of 2015. Eight Millennium Development Goals were formulated of which the eradication of poverty given top priority. However, Malaysia’s participation with the UN in dealing with poverty, precede this when it committed itself with the United Nations Decade for the Eradication of Poverty (1997–2006) programme, which was then reinforced when the Millennium Declaration was made in 2000. Nationally, poverty eradication as well as bridging the inequality gap among the major ethnic groups and states has been the main development goal in Malaysia’s development agenda since independence. In this regards, the principle of “growth with equity” has been the central theme in all Malaysia’s development policies and efforts since independence. Although Malaysia has made significant achievements in reducing the incidence of aggregate poverty across the country from 8.9% in 1995 down to 1.7% in 2012, there still exist pockets of poverty in the rural areas, in certain states/regions and among ethnic groups, as well as in some urban areas. This shows that formulating planning and policy implementation to eradicate poverty now needs to be more spatially focused for the implementation to be more effective. Recognising the incidence of poverty through standard statistical data tables alone is no longer adequate in formulating planning and policy implementation. Through spatial autocorrelation analysis the pattern of distribution of poverty in space over a period of time can easily be visualised and hotspots of incidence of poverty identified. This paper attempts to show how this analysis can assist in focusing efforts to eradicate poverty in Malaysia.

MAPPING POVERTY HOT SPOTS IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA USING SPATIAL AUTOCORRELATION ANALYSIS

In September 2000 The Millennium Summit adopted the UN Millennium Declaration, committing nations to a new global partnership to reduce extreme poverty with a deadline of 2015. Eight Millennium Development Goals were formulated of which the eradication of poverty given top priority. However, Malaysia's participation with the UN in dealing with poverty, precede this when it committed itself with the United Nations Decade for the Eradication of Poverty (1997-2006) programme, which was then reinforced when the Millennium Declaration was made in 2000. Nationally, poverty eradication as well as bridging the inequality gap among the major ethnic groups and states has been the main development goal in Malaysia's development agenda since independence. In this regards, the principle of “growth with equity has been the central theme in all Malaysia's development policies and efforts since independence. Although Malaysia has made significant achievements in reducing the incidence of aggregate poverty across the country from 8.9% in 1995 down to 1.7% in 2012, there still exist pockets of poverty in the rural areas, in certain states/regions and among ethnic groups, as well as in some urban areas. This shows that formulating planning and policy implementation to eradicate poverty now needs to be more spatially focused for the implementation to be more effective. Recognising the incidence of poverty through standard statistical data tables alone is no longer adequate in formulating planning and policy implementation. Through spatial autocorrelation analysis the pattern of distribution of poverty in space over a period of time can easily be visualised and hotspots of incidence of poverty identified. This paper attempts to show how this analysis can assist in focusing efforts to eradicate poverty in Malaysia.

Sustainable youth community development in Egypt

Egypt passed through a critical political transitions and revolutions starting from early 2011 until the arrival of the democratically elected President Abdel-Fattah El-Sisi. The primary slogans of protestors during Egypt’s first 2011 Revolution were ‘bread, freedom, and justice for all (national dignity). These very same issues were addressed previously at the Millennium Summit in September 2000, where the largest gathering of world leaders in history adopted the UN Millennium Declaration, and set up the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), proceeded by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Both the MDGs and SDGs aim to extend the rights of each person to quality healthcare, basic education, shelter, and security. Although, achieving the Development Goals is a top priority on the agenda of Egyptian policy makers, some of the goals have not been achieved. In addition, the global economic crisis since 2008 has imposed new challenges and restrictions that decelerated achievement within the agreed time frame set by the United Nations.Egypt has strong potential growth possibilities, a significant human resource base, and a substantial quantity of un-recycled wastes that could be directed toward sustainable development.The intention of this paper was to discuss and propose a methodology, which promotes a productive workforce, and addresses environmental concerns in aims of supporting the UN Millennium Declaration.

Ethiopic maternal care data mining: discovering the factors that affect postnatal care visit in Ethiopia

BackgroundImproving maternal health and reducing maternal mortality rate are key concerns. One of the eight millennium development goals adopted at the millennium summit, was to improve maternal health in Ethiopia. This leads towards discovering the factors that hinder postnatal care visit in Ethiopia.MethodsIn this research, knowledge discovery from data (KDD) was applied to identify the factors that hinder postnatal care visits in Ethiopia. Decision tree (using J48 algorithm) and rule induction (using JRip algorithm) techniques were applied on 6558 records of Ethiopian demographic and health survey data. To construct essential target dataset attributes exploratory data analysis with frequency diagram is performed, missing value was filled and noisy value was corrected. Also the data are preprocessed using business and data understanding with detail statistical summary.ResultJ48 (93.97 % accuracy) and JRip (93.93 % accuracy) identifies places of delivery, assistance of health delivery professional, prenatal care health professional and age are the determinant factors. However, residence places also taken into consideration.ConclusionsIn this study, encouraging results were obtained by employing both decision tree and rule induction techniques. The rules generated by J48 and JRip algorithms are much understandable to explain the outcome easily. Thus, the result obtained highly supportive to construct, evaluate and update advertising and promotional maternal health policies. It is better to create a generic model with more coverage in terms of economic, demographic, social and genetic factors so as to integrate the result with knowledge based system.

Millennium Development Goals in Nigeria; Issues and Prospects: an Historical Paradox

The paper seeks to explore the recognition of importance of education to the development of a nation, as a means of poverty eradication which is regarded as the most important goal of human development. Ironically, in the time past in Nigeria, education delivery has suffered major setbacks ranging from inadequate frameworks policy, project duplication, gross inefficiency and corruption. In view of this and many others, the United Nations, comprising of Nigeria and other 188 members, in year 2000, in a meeting widely referred to as Millennium Summit in the United States of America, came up with the idea of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) especially for developing countries, for the purpose of poverty eradication, hunger reduction and education promotion for all (Mohammed, (2006). It is a shocking paradox that a significant proportion of Nigeria population is poor despite its enormous wealth as Adejuwon and Tijani (2012) argued. Therefore, this paper, through historical exploration, examines those issues that arose since the commencement of MDGs as it concerns Nigeria as well as prospects of achieving a remarkable impact within time-frame. The paper concludes that governments at all levels need to be sincere in the implementation of MDGs if the of illiteracy, poverty and hunger are to be eradicated by year 2015 as the year set out to achieve goals of the Millennium Development.

Tackling the Big Challenges of the Future

AbstractThe end of 2015 was the deadline that 189 countries gave themselves to achieve the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), a list of eight goals that were agreed upon and approved by the UN after the Millennium Summit in year 2000. Despite some legitimate criticism, the MDGs were revealed as an important tool towards building a more equitable and sustainable world. Yet our planet still faces many challenges. In September 2015, the UN approved a new set of 17 goals, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), aiming to develop and implement strategies to create “The Future We Want”; strategies that 192 countries agreed upon to work together towards a more sustainable planet [