Millennium Institute Research Articles

WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT THE EVOLUTION OF VACCINE PERCEPTION: STUDIES ON THE VACCINATION CONVERSATION IN CHILE

The text presents the evolution of communication. It highlights how the printing press and later digital technologies have expanded our ability to select and share information. In particular, social media and mobile telephony have given us all a voice to reach massive audiences. The text also presents what you know thanks to a study conducted by the Social Listening Laboratory of the Catholic University for the Millennium Institute in Immunology and Immunotherapy, IMII. Thisstudy analyzed the discussion about vaccination on Twitter. The study identified four main categories of users: pro-vaccine, promoters, inhibitors, and anti-vaccine. Although the anti-vaccine group was small and had little impact, the inhibitors were more numerous and had a significant impact on the conversation. The study also found that the conversation about vaccination changed dramatically in 2022, with the anti-vaccine and inhibitor groups domi­nating the discussion. This was partly due to the decrease in participation from the pro-vaccine and promoter groups. The text concludes by underlining the importance of the challenge of engaging in dialogue with inhibitors and anti-vaccine groups and suggests that scientists and science students can play a leading role in this dialogue.

Revealing the hidden biodiversity of Antarctic and the Magellanic Sub-Antarctic Ecoregion: A comprehensive study of aquatic invertebrates from the BASE Project.

Antarctica, its outlying archipelagoes and the Magellanic Subantarctic (MSA) ecoregion are amongst the last true wilderness areas remaining on the planet. Therefore, the publication, citation and peer review of their biodiversity data are essential. The new Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems (BASE), a Chilean scientific initiative funded by the National Agency of Research and Innovation, contributes 770 new records of aquatic invertebrates as a point of reference for present-day biodiversity research at these latitudes. The occurrence dataset presented here has never been released before and is the result of the systematic recording of occurrences of several taxa across the Antarctic, Subantarctic and Magellanic Subantarctic ecoregions. We collected data from marine and freshwater invertebrates across numerous samplings from 2008 to 2023. From the 770 occurrences, we identified 160 taxa, 125 at species level and 35 at the genus level. The database has been registered in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). The publication of this data paper was funded by the Belgian Science Policy Office (BELSPO, contract n°FR/36/AN1/AntaBIS) in the Framework of EU-Lifewatch as a contribution to the SCAR Antarctic biodiversity portal (biodiversity.aq).

A long but fruitful journey: From clinical psychoanalysis to public mental health in Chile

AbstractThe authors, both professors of psychiatry, trained as psychoanalysts according to the standards of the International Psychoanalytic Association (IPA), recount 30 years of conceptual and empirical research work for the construction of a model of brief and adaptive psychodynamic psychotherapy applicable at the Primary Health Care level. The many milestones of this journey are reviewed, starting with the difficulties and obstacles encountered when pursuing this task within IPA institutions. Once the authors decided to conduct the task outside the analytic institution, they created two training programs for psychodynamic therapists and a research group in psychotherapy, all of which have attained excellence. This effort gave birth to several institutions that are still in operation, such as the Chilean and Latin American chapters of the Society for Psychotherapy Research, the Chilean Congress of Psychotherapy, the PhD Program in Psychotherapy, and finally the Millennium Institute for Research and Personality (MIDAP). In its 8 years of existence, MIDAP has become a national and Latin American reference center for research in Mental Health, aimed at implementing preventive and psychotherapeutic interventions in vulnerable populations at the primary health care and community level. The article ends with a description of the main components and the final process of the construction of the Protocol of Psychotherapeutic Competences for the Treatment of Depression in Primary Health Care level.

Pneumoviruses can impair the central nervous system by different mechanisms

Abstract Pneumoviruses such as the respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and the human metapneumovirus (hMPV) are the leading cause of acute lower tract respiratory infection, mainly in infants, elderly and immunocompromised individuals, causing high morbidity and mortality rates. However, these viruses can cause neurological alterations, such as encephalitis and encephalopathy. Viral RNA and pro-inflammatory molecules have been found in patients with neurological signs, supporting the notion of neuroinvasion and/or neuroinflammation caused by hRSV and hMPV. Therefore, this work seeks to evaluate the effects of these viruses on the brain. Accordingly, mice were infected with either hRSV or hMPV or treated with non-infectious controls (mock). Despite detecting viral load in the lungs of hMPV-infected mice, no viral load was detected in their brains, as it was shown for hRSV. However, pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IFN-g were increased only in the sera of hMPV-infected mice. Also, we observed differential patterns in the increase of cytokines in the brain of hRSV or hMPV-infected mice, including IL-6, TNF-a, and IL-4. Moreover, increased blood-brain barrier permeability was observed in mice infected with both viruses. Additionally, after several weeks post-infection, a Marble Burying (MB) test was performed, and we observed an impaired cognitive performance in mice infected with both viruses. All these results suggest that infection with these pneumoviruses can cause long-term behavioral impairment in mice. Our work provides new insight into the effect of hRSV and hMPV on the central nervous system and underscores the need to further understand how respiratory virus can damage brain function in humans. This work was supported by ANID/FONDECYT grants #11221280; #1190830, ANID scholarship # 21210662, the Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy ACE 210015, ICN09_016 / ICN 2021_045; former P09/016-F.

Humoral and cellular response induced by a second booster of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in adults

The Omicron variant has challenged the control of the COVID-19 pandemic due to its immuno-evasive properties. The administration of a booster dose of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine showed positive effects in the immunogenicity against SARS-CoV-2, effect that is even enhanced after the administration of a second booster. During a phase-3 clinical trial, we evaluated the effect of a second booster of CoronaVac®, an inactivated vaccine administered 6 months after the first booster, in the neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 (n=87). In parallel, cellular immunity (n=45) was analyzed in stimulated peripheral mononuclear cells by flow cytometry and ELISPOT. Although a 2.5-fold increase in neutralization of the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 was observed after the second booster when compared with prior its administration (Geometric mean units p<0.0001; Geometric mean titer p=0.0002), a poor neutralization against the Omicron variant was detected. Additionally, the activation of specific CD4+ T lymphocytes remained stable after the second booster and, importantly, equivalent activation of CD4+ Tlymphocytes against the Omicron variant and the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 were found. Although the neutralizing response against the Omicron variant after the second booster of CoronaVac® was slightly increased, these levels are far from those observed against the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 and could most likely fail to neutralize the virus. In contrast, a robust CD4+T cell response may confer protection against the Omicron variant. The Ministry of Health, Government of Chile, the Confederation of Production and Commerce, Chile and SINOVAC Biotech.NIHNIAID. The Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy.

Federation of Clinical Immunology Societies Goes South 2021: advanced course on molecular and cellular translational immunology.

The Federation of Clinical Immunology Societies (FOCIS) regularly organizes scientific meetings to foster advances in immunology. A new event of this type is FOCIS Goes South, a course and workshop organized by FOCIS Centers of Excellence (FCEs) from across Latin America, which consists of a course on advanced immunology, a flow cytometry workshop and seminars on cutting-edge research in autoimmunity, tolerance, cancer, infectious diseases and vaccines. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the second version of FOCIS Goes South, hosted by the Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy in Chile, took place virtually from 15 to 18 November 2021, with more than 950 registered participants. The present article summarizes the key findings and insights discussed at FOCIS Goes South 2021.

Safety and immunogenicity evaluation of recombinant BCG vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase I clinical trial.

BackgroundRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is responsible for most respiratory tract infections and hospitalizations in infants and represents a significant economic burden for public health. The development of a safe, effective, and affordable vaccine is a priority for the WHO.MethodsWe conducted a double-blinded, escalating-dose phase 1 clinical trial in healthy males aged 18-50 years to evaluate safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine expressing the nucleoprotein of RSV (rBCG-N-hRSV). Once inclusion criteria were met, volunteers were enrolled in three cohorts in an open and successive design. Each cohort included six volunteers vaccinated with 5 × 103, 5 × 104, or 1 × 105 CFU, as well as two volunteers vaccinated with the full dose of the standard BCG vaccine. This clinical trial (clinicaltrials.gov NCT03213405) was conducted in Santiago, Chile.FindingsThe rBCG-N-RSV vaccine was safe, well-tolerated, and no serious adverse events related to the vaccine were recorded. Serum IgG-antibodies directed against Mycobacterium and the N-protein of RSV increased after vaccination, which were capable of neutralizing RSV in vitro. Additionally, all volunteers displayed increased cellular response consisting of IFN-γ and IL-2 production against PPD and the N-protein, starting at day 14 and 30 post-vaccination respectively.InterpretationThe rBCG-N-hRSV vaccine had a good safety profile and induced specific cellular and humoral responses.FundingThis work was supported by Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy from Chile (P09/016), FONDECYT 1190830, and FONDEF D11E1098.

José M. Estevez.

José M. Estevez.

Repeatability characteristics of insulin response patterns and measures of insulin resistance

Background: Hyperinsulinaemia is emerging as an independent risk factor for metabolic disease, but diagnostic measures are limited. It is plausible that insulin resistance measures, such as homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) type 2 variants, may model hyperinsulinaemia, but repeatability data are limited. Kraft and Hayashi insulin response patterns may not only add value in diagnosing hyperinsulinaemia, but also lack suitable repeatability data.Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the repeatability of insulin response patterns, and fasting and dynamic measures of insulin resistance, and to determine whether these latter measures can predict the insulin response pattern.Setting: This study was conducted at Auckland University of Technology Millennium Institute’s sports performance laboratories.Methods: Oral glucose (100 g) tolerance tests were conducted weekly on eight people. Six people completed four tests, while two completed at least two tests. Each test assessed insulin resistance and response patterns. Insulin resistance measures included fasting tests (HOMA2, McAuley Index) and a dynamic test (oral glucose insulin sensitivity [OGIS]). The insulin response patterns were assessed with both Kraft and Hayashi methodologies. Repeatability characteristics of ordinal variables were assessed by Bland and Altman methods, while Fleiss’ κ was applied to categorical variables.Results: Fasting measures of insulin resistance recorded poor repeatability (HOMA2) or poor sensitivity (McAuley Index) compared to the dynamic measure (OGIS). Kraft insulin response patterns were more repeatable compared to Hayashi patterns, based on a combination of Fleiss’ κ (0.290 vs. 0.186,) p-value (0.15 vs. 0.798) and 95% confidence intervals.Conclusions: Both hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance should be dynamically assessed with a multi-sampled oral glucose tolerance test. Further investigations are required to confirm a preferred methodology.

Voltage-Sensing Residues in the Voltage Sensor of the BK Channel

Voltage- and Ca2+ -activated K+ (BK) channels are modular proteins with allosteric gating. BK channels damp excitatory stimuli mediated by voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, and they are involved in modulating physiological processes such as muscle contraction and neuronal excitability. To identify the voltage-sensing residues that contribute to the gating charge movement is crucial to understand the mechanism of BK channel voltage-dependent activation at the molecular level. Here, to determine which charged amino acids in transmembrane segments S1-S4 contribute to the voltage sensitivity of the BK channel, we have measured gating currents in BK channels containing neutralization mutations. Only neutralization of basic residues contained in S4 can decrease the voltage dependence of the BK channel voltage sensor. Neutralization of other charged residues in the voltage sensor domain changed the equilibrium of the active-resting equilibrium, revealing a modulating role in the free energy necessary to activate the voltage sensor. The results reveal that in BK channels the S4 segment is solely responsible for the gating charge movement. Supported by 1150273 to R.L. The Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso is a Millennium Institute (P029-022-F).

PH Dependence of a Monomeric Non-Conducting Voltage-Gated Proton Channel (HV1)

The voltage-gated proton channel (Hv1) is a transmembrane protein made of a dimer of four transmembrane segments. This structure is capable of sensing the voltage and conforms the permeation pathway to protons. One of the most striking biophysical properties of Hv1 is its pH dependence of gating. The conductance-voltage (G-V) curve of Hv1 shifts depending on the pH gradient established across the membrane, but the molecular mechanism of this property is still poorly understood. Recently, gating currents of Hv1 were characterized using the low-conducting N264R mutant, giving us a new tool to understand the mechanism behind the pH dependence of Hv1. We measured currents produced by the monomeric N264R mutant of Ciona intestinalis Hv1 at different internal and external pH in membrane patches of Xenopus laevis oocytes. Although results showed a clear pH dependence of the gating currents, the presence of proton currents and charge trapping produced by the N264R mutation prevent a detailed analysis of the data. To eliminate proton currents, we measured gating currents produced by a monomeric non-conducting Hv1. Gating currents of the non-conducting mutant are free of proton current contamination and charge trapping. They preserve all the characteristics of Hv1 gating currents described previously. The charge-voltage (Q-V) curve is shifted to the left at lower ΔpH (pHin-pHout). Additionally, the ON-gating current decay is faster when ΔpH decreases. Our results show that the non-conducting mutant is a better choice to study pH dependence of Hv1 and understand the molecular mechanism behind this biophysical property. Supported by CONICYT-PFCHA/Doctorado Nacional/2017-21170395 to E.C., Fondecyt 1180464 to C.G. and 1150273 to R.L. The Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaiso is a Millennium Institute supported by the Millennium Scientific Initiative of the Chilean Ministry of Economy, Development, and Tourism (P029-022-F).

La Interacción entre Depresión y Disfunción de la Personalidad: Estado del Arte, Desafíos Actuales y Direcciones Futuras. Introducción a la Sección Especial

This paper introduces the Special Section on Depression and Personality, first, by presenting an outline of relevant research on the interaction between depression and personality dysfunction and, then, by mapping the contributions of the authors on current challenges and future directions in the field. The intersection between affective disorders and personality dysfunction is relevant in at least 2 general ways. First, it signals a new direction in clinical research that calls for an emphasis on underlying functional domains and personality characteristics, rather than on phenotypic presentations of depression. Second, it challenges the effectiveness of usual treatment protocols for patients with complex depression. Both directions in research are naturally linked: new treatments should be based on interventions that map on deficits in functional domains as well as on personality characteristics that influence clinical presentation and responses to treatment. The Special Section will introduce the reader to scientific work carried out by the Millennium Institute for Research in Depression and Personality, which tackles some of these important issues.

Integrated simulation for national development planning

PurposeThe purpose of this papers is to highlight the applicability of integrated simulation models for national development planning to different issues and contexts. Specifically, the authors describe one such model, the Millennium Institute’s T21 model, which is used to support planning in various countries, and explore in detail the case of Swaziland to demonstrate the model’s usefulness at different levels in the planning process.Design/methodology/approachIntegrated sustainable development planning models using the system dynamics (SD) modeling method have been designed to help overcome these obstacles and support decision-makers in the assessment of alternative policies. Such models are laboratory replicas of the critical mechanisms driving development in a country while being grounded in the historical data available. They can be used to perform simulation-based policy experiments that are otherwise impossible in the real world.FindingsThe proposed approach has facilitated the reporting on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), as well as on the cross-sector long-term ex ante evaluation of the country’s “Economic Recovery Strategy” and a proposed “Fiscal Adjustment” policy. These assessments provided essential information for improving the quality of the decisions made. Such information cannot be obtained by the application of purely economic models or sectoral tools, that are not including the fundamental feedback structures that shape development in the long run and determine its sustainability.Research limitations/implicationsThe new generation of global long-term Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) covers a far broader range of issues and indicators than the MDGs. The T21-Swaziland model only offers a limited subset of such issues, and future research will focus on achievements and challenges in expanding its scope to encompass the SDGs.Practical implicationsThe T21 model has become one of the fundamental planning instruments of the country, and it has been used to evaluate national planning documents and other suggested strategies with respect to whether they are sufficient for reaching the long-term goals. Such information is then used as a basis for revision of development plans and adoption or rejection of suggested policy packages.Originality/valueThe MDGs (and their expanded follow-up, the SDGs) have been important step toward better governance, as they quantify key indicators of development and thereby allow for an evaluation of the degree to which these quantified aspirations are actually achieved. In addition to such hind-sight evaluations, ex ante evaluations are equally important for improvement of the quality of the decisions made. The authors propose and test a tool to support such type of evaluation, supporting integrated planning and model-based governance.

Inflammation Increases the Opening State of Channels in the Epithelium, Releasing High Levels of ATP that Resulted in a Decrease on Mucociliary Transport Velocity in the Airways

ATP is one of the chemical signals locally released by the airway epithelium associated with an autocrine/paracrine mechanism to control basal ciliary beat frequency (CBF). A recent study has reported that ATP has a dual effect on CBF, since ATP (μM) increases CBF, but high levels of ATP (mM) significantly decreases CBF in cultures of mouse tracheal epithelial cell. This nucleotide can be released by different mechanisms that include hemichannels of connexins (Cx43) and pannexins (Panx1), and more recently the Calhm1 channel. In several cell types it has recently reported that in pathophysiological conditions, connexins and pannexins channels could modify their opening state. Furthermore, high levels of ATP have been measured in the bronchoalveolar fluid of asthmatic patients and ovoalbumin‐induced asthmatic mouse model (OVA). The asthmatic patients also have infiltration of inflammatory cells in the pulmonary epithelium, reduced CBF and mucociliary transport effectiveness. Mucociliary transport is the first defense mechanism in the airways, where particles are trapped in the mucus and removed by the ciliary beating to the pharynx. We proposed the following objective: Determine the relation between levels of ATP of an asthmatic OVA mouse model, the opening state of the channels that control the release of this nucleotide and the effectiveness of mucociliary transport in the airways. The protocols used in this study were approved, by the ethics committee of the university that follow international guidelines for animal care. We measured extracellular ([ATP]e) with a luminometric assay and evaluated the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lung parenchyma by histochemistry (H&amp;E). The ethidium bromide (5μM) capture was recorded with a camera mounted on an Olympus upright microscope. The microspheres (6μm) velocity on the surface of the trachea epithelium was registered with a videomicroscopy system and analyzed with the ImageJ program. We observed greater infiltration of inflammatory cells in the pulmonary parenchyma of the asthmatic mouse, compared with the control mouse. Also, we established that high levels of ATP were present in asthmatic mice trachea lavage compared to control animals. The microspheres velocity was diminished in OVA mouse model compare to control mice and addition of 1mM of ATP in control or asthmatic mice transiently stopped the microspheres movement. Furthermore, we observed a significant increase in the percentage of ethidium bromide capture by the epithelium of asthmatic mice compare to controls. These results demonstrated that in an inflammatory condition, channels involved in the ATP release increased their opening state in the airways epithelium. This effect could be associated to high levels of ATP measured in asthma, condition that resulted in a deleterious effect on mucociliary transport effectiveness.Support or Funding InformationCONICYT 21160416, LL.A. Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (P09/016‐F) MV.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

FOCIS goes south: advances in translational and clinical immunology.

FOCIS goes South: Advances in Translational and Clinical Immunology was the first Federation of Clinical Immunology Societies (FOCIS) ( www.focisnet.org ) meeting held in Latin America (May 15-17, 2017, Santiago de Chile, Chile). The meeting was organized as a 3-day workshop and was fostered by the Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, a recently nominated FOCIS Center of Excellence. The workshop brought together FOCIS associates, such as members of the FOCIS Board of Directors, Directors of different Centers of Excellence, regional speakers and 350 attendees. The Meeting covered aspects of immune regulation and modulation, as well as immunotherapy in areas of autoimmunity, transplantation, cancer and infectious diseases, among others. The activity also had a full-day immunology course and a day-long flow cytometry course.

Molecular Determinants Underlying the Pathogenic Mechanism of Kid Syndrome Elicited by Cx26G12R Mutation

Several mutations in Cx26 promote keratitis ichthyosis deafness (KID), a rare disease in which patients exhibit deafness, skin and corneal disorders. Some KID mutations are located in the amino terminal segment of Cx26, which has been proposed as the putative voltage sensor. Most syndromic mutations elicit a gain of hemichannel function, however the mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains unclear. Here we examined the biophysical properties of the mutant G12R at macroscopic and single channel levels. We perform two-electrode voltage clamp to study the deactivation kinetics and apparent affinity for calcium of hemichannel currents. In contrast to wild-type (wt) Cx26, we found that the activation kinetics of the mutant lack saturation of the current upon depolarization pulses above +40 mV. Estimates of the deactivation time constant yield values of 5s and 10s for G12R and wtCx26 hemichannels, respectively; however the apparent affinity for calcium remains similar to wtCx26. Single channel recordings analysis showed that the mutant virtually eliminates the transitions to the subconductance state. Moreover, although the single channel conductance was similar to wtCx26 hemichannels (320 pS), the open probability and mean open times of G12R hemichannels become larger. Molecular dynamics indicates that the G12R induce an electrostatic effect and ddG calculations support protein destabilization.Supported by Fondecyt-3150634 to IEG; Fondecyt-3140590 to GC; Fondecyt-1130855 to ADM; Anillo-ACT1104 to ADM and CG; Fondecyt-1120802 to CG; Grant RO1-GM099490 to J.E.C; AP has a Conicyt Fellowship. The Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaiso is a Chilean Millennium Institute (P09-022-F).

Correction to: Thyroid 2013;23(12):1627–1637

In the December 2013 issue of Thyroid, (vol. 23, no. 12; 1627–1637), the article "Gestational Hypothyroidism Increases the Severity of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Adult Offspring" by Albornoz et al.(1) requires a correction. The funding source for Dr. Cecila Opazo for the above work was grant Fondecyt Postdoctorado 3130539. This information was missing in the online and the print version. The authors are supported by the following grants: FONDECYT no. 11000926, FONDECYT no. 1070352,FONDECYT no. 1085281, FONDECYT no. 3070018, FONDECYT no. 3100090, FONDECYT no. 11075060,FONDECYT no. 3130539, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (P-09-016-F), Millennium Nucleus (P07-011-F), and Proyecto Interno Universidad Andres Bello DI-01-44-08. L.J.C. is a Pew Latin American Fellow in the Biomedical Sciences. The online version of the article has been corrected to reflect this change.

Effects of vitamins C and D in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Effects of vitamins C and D in type 2 diabetes mellitus Darshika J Christie-David,1,2 Christian M Girgis,2&ndash;4 Jenny E Gunton1&ndash;4 1Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Westmead Hospital, 2Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, 3Westmead Millennium Institute, 4Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia Abstract: Scurvy and rickets are largely considered historical diseases in developed countries. However, deficiencies in vitamins C and D are re-emerging due to increased consumption of processed foods and reduced fresh foods in the Western diet, as well as to an indoor sedentary lifestyle away from sun exposure. These dietary and lifestyle factors also predispose one to diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Our understanding of the potential roles of vitamin C (an antioxidant) and vitamin D (a biologically active hormone) in disease is increasing. In this review, we present observational, interventional, and mechanistic studies that examine the potential links between vitamins C and D in reversing defects in glucose homeostasis and the prevention of type 2 diabetes. Studies suggest an association between vitamin C deficiency and diabetes. An association between vitamin D and insulin resistance has been well described; however, the role of vitamin C and D supplementation in diabetes and its prevention requires further controlled trials. Keywords: glucose homeostasis, diabetes, insulin resistance, vitamin C, vitamin D

Central Nervous System inflammation due to respiratory syncytial virus infection.

Central Nervous System inflammation due to respiratory syncytial virus infection.

A Recombinant Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine promotes protective humoral immunity against the human respiratory syncytial virus

A Recombinant Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine promotes protective humoral immunity against the human respiratory syncytial virus