Milling Operations Research Articles

Ball mill-induced piezocatalysis assessment for dye degradation using BiVO4

The process of mechanochemical ball milling, carried out at a temperature of 600 °C for a duration of 4 h, yielded a single phase of BiVO4 powder. This powder was subsequently evaluated as a catalyst for the purpose of methylene blue (MB) dye degradation. The formation of phase was confirmed through the use of X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The use of a scanning electron microscope facilitated the verification of the existence of grains exhibiting irregular morphologies. During a 40-minute investigation of piezocatalysis utilising ball milling, it was observed that the MB degradation efficiencies of the 0.6 g BV and control samples were approximately ∼86% and ∼17%, respectively. The degradation efficiencies of MB for the samples containing 0.6 g BV and without sample (control) were approximately ∼32% and ∼16%, respectively, following a 180-minute piezocatalysis evaluation that utilised ultrasonication. The utilisation of piezocatalysis in the operation of a ball mill for the assessment of 0.6 g BiVO4, utilising 15 yttria-stabilized zirconia balls, has resulted in a remarkable degradation constant (k) value of 0.0476 min−1. The scavenger test results indicate that the ball mill-assisted piezocatalysis mechanism for MB dye degradation is primarily driven by the active species of superoxide radicals (•O2−).

Quality Evaluation and Analysis of Force Signals in CFRP Helical Milling

Nowadays, drilling is one of the most widespread operations due to the need to obtain holes for mechanical joints. This operation is particularly relevant in the aeronautical sector due to the high number of operations performed, the high demands and the use of materials that are difficult to machine. The use of materials that enhance aircraft performance, such as carbon fiber composites (CFRP), poses a challenge for axial drilling operations. The characteristics of these materials and typical defects such as delamination are difficult to control due to the axial forces produced during drilling operations. Therefore, more efficient alternatives are required. In this context, helical milling operations have advantages such as lower axial stress, higher flexibility, and higher efficiency in heat and chip evacuation that put it in the spotlight. In this work, research has been carried out in which helical milling operations have been performed on CFRP. The main objectives were the analysis of surface quality, delamination, tool wear and force analysis. For this purpose, a working methodology has been developed combining machining parameters that define the kinematics of the cutting process (cutting speed, axial feed rate, and tangential feed rate). Finally, this information has allowed finding a correlation between quality indicators such as delamination and the forces generated during the cutting process and associated with progressive tool wear. The results show that the force signal could be used for on-line monitoring of the machining process.

Concentrations, sources, and health risks of potentially toxic elements in milled maize

Milling process is an essential step in food processing, which often determines the quality of food accessible to consumers. The contributions of dry and wet milling operations to contamination levels, sources, and health risks of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in processed maize were evaluated in this study. Maize samples procured from a major market in Ilorin were milled and analyzed for 8 PTEs (Cd, Fe, Pb, As, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Cr) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Apart from Cd, Pb, and As, the mean concentrations of other analyzed PTEs were within the permissible limits for PTEs in foodstuffs set by Codex Alimentarius Commission. The mean concentrations of Pb, Mn, and Zn increased from 2.75, 0.78, and 0.46 mg/kg in maize control to 3.03, 0.80, and 0.65 mg/kg in dry-milled maize, respectively, while mean concentrations of Fe, Pb, and Zn increased from 1.33, 2.75, and 0.46 mg/kg in maize control to 1.41, 2.90, and 0.49 mg/kg in wet-milled maize, respectively. The probable PTEs sources in milled maize identified using the positive matrix factorization model include wear of grinding disks; emissions from leaded fuel combustion; lubrication oil leakage during milling; vehicle traffic emissions; application of pesticides and herbicides; use of manure and Zn-enriched fertilizer; and irrigation with industrial wastewater. Assessment of hazard indexes (HIs) and lifetime cancer risks (LCR) revealed that associated health risks of PTEs from consumption of milled maize were insignificant, although HI and LCR results suggest the possibilities of health deterioration in children and adults from long-term consumption of milled maize in Ilorin. This study advocates improvement in maize cultivation and milling processes to avert PTEs contamination.

EFFICIENT USE OF ELECTRIC ENERGY WHEN OPERATING A BALL MILL WITH A CONSTANT ROTATION SPEED

Link for citation: Zakamaldin A.A., Perevoshchikov F.V., Shilin A.A. Efficient use of electric energy when operating a ball mill with a constant rotation speed. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 9, рр. 115-127. In Rus. The relevance. Ball mills are widely used in industry for grinding bulk materials, as well as in the last stages of ore crushing, where the required optimal particle sizes are achieved for enrichment. Although ball mills have a relatively simple design and cover extensive research, the industry is still struggling with the very low energy efficiency of the grinding process. As the retrofitting heavy equipment is the costliest approach, process optimization through control system is the most suitable for energy consumption reduction. As a rule, the feed rate is the main control variable for a mill with a constant rotation speed. Due to insufficient information content, outdated methods of analysis and control of the internal dynamics of the mill, control systems keep the target value of feed rate at a deliberately low level in order not to overload the mill. This article provides an explanation of how, in such a case, an increase in mill feed rate could affect the energy efficiency of grinding. The main aim: study of energy efficient modes of operation of stations; verification of models and confirmation of experimental data: the relationship between door loading and power consumption indicators; construction of buildings for energy efficient control of ball towers. Objects: the process of grinding in a ball tower with a constant rotation speed. Methods: mathematical description of the behavior of the electromechanical part of a machine that consumes current and works on a load in the form of spherical furniture; simulation modeling of the operation of the door electric drive; statistical analysis of production indicators. Results. The paper demonstrate the tendency to increase electricity consumption with a decrease in feed rate and vice versa, respectively for ball mills with a synchronous drive of 2500 kW based on modeling and experimental data. Increase in feed rate in the range of 10–40 t/h, there is a drop in active power by 0,48–1,57 %. The values of the specific power consumption of ~5–8 kWh/t during the grinding of apatite ore were obtained. An increase in productivity by 5 t/h on average leads to a decrease in the specific power consumption by 0,12 kWh/t. It is necessary to increase productivity in the operation of ball mills only after integrating measuring instruments into the control system of the mill, which allow an accurate assessment of the state of loading of the mill drum.

DEM analysis of wear evolution and its effect on the operation of a lab-scale HPGR mill

Wear due to compression and abrasion from particles is a critical issue for high pressure grinding rolls (HPGR) mills. Understanding the evolution of wear provides useful insight on its mechanisms and helps to mitigate the issue so mills are operated at their optimal states. This work presented numerical simulations based on the discrete element method (DEM) to analyse the formation and evolution of wear of a lab-scale HPGR mill and to investigate how wear affects mill performance and particle breakage. By coupling the DEM model with the Archard wear model and surface re-meshing, the simulated wear patterns were comparable with those observed in practice, showing a parabolic wear profile wear along the rolls with more severe wear in the centre. In addition, the rear part of the stud, compared with the middle and front parts, experienced more significant wear due to the combined effect of compression and abrasion. While increasing wear had no visible effect on throughput, it reduced mill power draw due to weaker compressive force from the rolls to particles. Furthermore, analysis on particle breakage showed that increasing wear reduced particle breakage and produced coarser products. Increasing wear also caused less damage to particles, suggesting more cycles are required to achieve targeted products.

Research on wheat flour‐making technology based on discrete elements

AbstractThe operating characteristics of a mill's rolling distance and roller speed during wheat‐milling were studied to provide a reference for optimizing the operating parameters of the mill. The high‐performance discrete element method software (EDEM) was used to establish a roller‐crushing system for wheat flour production. Numerical simulations of wheat flour production were performed using this system. It was found that increasing the roller distance of the flour mill machine could reduce the wear of the grinding rolls and the power of the grinding roll system, which reduced the crushing rate of wheat during the milling process. Increasing the grinding roll speed can reduce the wear of the grinding rolls but will increase the wheat‐crushing rate. At a constant fast roller speed, increasing the speed ratio increased the wheat‐crushing rate which reduced the power of the grinding roller system. During the grinding roll wear process, the obtuse and sharp angles gradually disappear. A comparison of the simulation and experimental results shows that the discrete element method can accurately predict the wear of the grinding roll.Practical ApplicationsThe milling machine is a key piece of equipment used for making wheat flour. The rolling distance, speed, and speed ratio of grinding rolls are important operating parameters during mill operation. Selecting specific parameters will directly affect the quality of wheat‐milling and the economic efficiency of the milling enterprise. This study adopted a discrete element method to study the effects of these parameters on wheat milling, providing a good reference for the technical personnel of milling enterprises.

Uranium mining – challenges and lessons to learn for nuclear disposal in view of participation and safety

Abstract. Uranium mining and milling is where the nuclear fuel chain starts. Nevertheless, it is the most disregarded part of this chain when thinking about resilience and safety, both in academic debates and in the process of resource extraction. This workshop aims at addressing this gap in addition to improving our understanding of the lessons we can learn for nuclear waste disposal. Uranium mining and milling is challenging when considering safety, from the first day a mine is in operation to the final day of land rehabilitation. During the operation of the mine and mill, the health of the miners is at risk and so is the well-being of the population living in the surrounding area of the mine and the ore-processing plant. Moreover, environmental issues such as pollution pose a risk during the entire lifetime of a mine. The remnants of mining activities can be regarded as long-term liabilities, since they must be monitored for many generations. Uranium mining and milling facilities are often situated on the land of indigenous people. Their rights to information and their participation in the decision-making processes regarding the mining operations, in addition to being informed about basic health outcomes, were and frequently continue to not be given, leading to injustices by mining companies and governmental authorities. Participation, however, is crucial for positive societal outcomes, such as avoiding the deepening of structural inequalities and the development of violent conflict, and for building trust – and thus also for security. This is not only true for operations at the beginning of the nuclear fuel chain but also for actions taken at the end (i.e., during the quest for the safest possible disposal site for nuclear waste). Based on insights from the processes of uranium extraction, we can draw conclusions about the site selection process of a final repository, specifically regarding licensing, operation and land rehabilitation processes. Bearing this in mind, it is worth having a detailed look at the beginning of the nuclear fuel chain as we move forward to resolve the issues we will face during the final stage of nuclear waste disposal. Learning in this context means looking closely at the processes during the licensing, operation, closure and rehabilitation of uranium mines and mills and drawing conclusions about the site selection process, in particular with respect to inclusion of the individual stakeholders and safety concepts. As a result, we can develop recommendations for the ongoing revision of the search process for a final repository for radioactive waste. Therefore, safety and participation issues are the focus of the uranium mining and milling workshop. The workshop will gather academics and practitioners from different fields in a transdisciplinary setting. We plan about five short inputs (up to 10 min each) based on some visualizations (slides, posters or similar), followed by a World Café related to the input talks and a concluding plenary discussion. The entire workshop will last about 2.5 h. The workshop is topped off by an excursion to the Wismut facilities in Ronneburg (Thüringen/Thuringia, Germany) on the Saturday after the conference. The field trip will be guided by Wismut GmbH, the Church Environmental Group Ronneburg and the local Miners' Association. This workshop will enhance the transdisciplinary capabilities of the participants with respect to the logic and externalities of uranium extraction, in addition to providing opportunities for exchange and networking. We aim to compose a publication format for the Safety of Nuclear Waste Disposal platform, based on the contributions of all workshop participants.

Energy conservation and consumption reduction in grinding operations through ceramic media stirring mill: An industrial validation test

This paper demonstrates the feasibility of using a ceramic medium stirring mill to reduce the energy consumption of grinding operations through an industrial verification experiment. Compared with the original two-stage ball milling process, the cost of grinding power consumption is significantly reduced by about 50.16%, which provides a reference for the subsequent research on energy saving and consumption reduction in ball milling operations. The optimal grinding parameters were determined to be grinding concentration of 50%, material ball ratio of 0.6, 3:2:5 media ratio (10:15:20 mm) of 3:2:5, medium filling rate of 90%, as well as stirring speed of 110 rpm. Under the optimum grinding parameters, an iron concentrate with an iron grade of 68.18% and an iron recovery rate of 94.17% were obtained by two-stage magnetic separation. The successful case of ceramic medium stirring mill replacing two-stage ball grinding provides a feasible solution for energy conservation and consumption reduction in mines in China.

Incorporating grain detection and speed control mechanisms in hammer mill operations

The traditional way of achieving different grain particle sizes in hammer mills is by manually changing the screen to the desired size. This manual process is a production procedure that is time-consuming, demanding, and resource-draining. This study incorporated a grain identification and speed control mechanism into a hammer mill machine. The grain detection mechanism is a system that recognizes a grain type through an RGB (Red, Green, Blue) colour sensor. The system has been programmed and trained to vary the speed of a 2hp electric motor with a maximum speed of 2800rpm based on the colour-matching result obtained when the grain is scanned on the colour sensor. The machine was evaluated using performance parameters such as power consumption and grain sieve analysis of milled grains using three crops (yellow corn, white corn, and cowpea). The Three crops were programmed for milling at three motor speeds (2800rpm, 2200rpm, and 1800rpm), and the result is presented. This paper showed that fine, medium and coarse aggregates were obtained for all three-grain types by varying motor speeds, eliminating the need to manually change the screen. The system was responsive to grain identification and speed selection as programmed.

MINIMIZATION OF DEFLECTION ERROR IN FIVE AXIS MILLING OF IMPELLER BLADES

The 5-axis CNC machine tools are used for manufacturing free form surfaces of sophisticated parts such as turbine blades, airfoils, impellers, and aircraft components. The virtual machining systems can be used in order to analyze and modify the 5-axis CNC machine tools operations. Cutting forces and cutting temperatures induce deflection errors in thin-walled structures such as impeller blades through machining operations. Thin-walled impeller blades' flexibility can result in machining errors such as overcutting or undercutting. So, decreasing the deflection error during machining operations of impeller blades can achieve the desired accuracy in produced parts. Optimized machining parameters can be obtained to minimize the deflection of machined impeller blades. In terms of precision and efficiency enhancement in component production processes, a virtual machining system is developed to predict and minimize deflection errors of 5-axis milling operations of impeller blades. The deflection error in machined impeller blades is calculated by using finite element analysis. The optimization methodology based on the genetic algorithm is applied to minimize the deflection error of impeller blades in machining operations. To validate the integrated virtual machining system in the study, the impeller is milled by using a 5-axis CNC machine tool. The CMM machine is used in order to measure and analyze deflection error in the machined impeller blades. As a result, by using the developed virtual machining system in the study, accuracy and efficiency in 5-axis milling operations of impellers can be increased.

Recycling metal cutting chips into a consolidated deposition with friction surfacing

The objective of this research is to evaluate the feasibility of using metal cutting chips as a feedstock in solid-state metal additive manufacturing, with friction surfacing used as a demonstrator. To date, the recycling of metal cutting chips is an energy-intensive process. Compared to recycling processes that melt down metal chips, friction surfacing is a solid-state process, which should reduce the overall embodied energy needed to reuse the chips. While friction surfacing is primarily used for coating surfaces to improve their wear properties, it is also showing promising results as an additive manufacturing process for repair / remanufacturing features on large metal parts. Metal cutting chips of 316L stainless steel, produced by a milling operation, were pressed into hollow 304L stainless steel rods. The chip-filled rods were used as the [consumable] friction surfacing tools to deposit on 304L stainless steel substrates. The properties of the resultant deposits are analyzed and compared with deposits made by solid 304L and 316L tools, including deposition geometry, efficiency, process forces, and bond strength. Results indicate that a fully consolidated deposition can be created from the metal cutting chips using this process. Compared with a solid 304L tool, deposits made with metal chip-filled tools were narrower but thicker in the steady-state region when deposited with the same process parameters.

Исследование отклонений формы изделий из быстрорежущей стали при точении фрезерованием на станках с ЧПУ

Investigation of form deviations of cylindrical high-speed steel (HSS) products made under turning-milling operation by CNC-controlled lathe machining center (further CNC) with auxiliary drive axle is given. Technological support of high-speed steel products quality made by turning milling operation on a CNC lathe machining center with an auxiliary drive axle takes effect owing to the shape deviation reduction. Planning of experiments was carried out according to the Taguchi method for four factors and three levels. The experiment was conducted on a DMG NEF 400 lathe machining center having an auxiliary drive axle, which allows machining modes to be performed with a rotating tool. Samples of high-speed steel R6M5K5-MP were used. Machining operation was made according to the scheme of orthogonal turning by milling. A core carbide mill CCM 4321 was used as a cutting tool. Out-of-roundness (lobing) was estimated using optical method. All measurements were carried out on the Bruker Contour GT-K1 optical profilometer. Surface micro-dimensions were measured by optical scanning of the surface. Surface optical scanning resulted in a point cloud was obtained that mirrors micro-dimensions of the cylindrical profile of the piece partmeasured section. The obtained data obtained made it possible to measure a lobing that occurs under orthogonal milling turning method. The influence of cutting modes on the shape and size of the maximum peaks of the cut is proved. The smallest facet pattern value is observed for milling width a_e in the range of 3,5...5,5 mm with high feed values for the tooth f_z and low cutting speed v_c. The largest cut height is observed at the average values of a_e, a_p, v_c. It is an optical profilometer that is an effective means of measuring facet patterns or lobings. The results obtained in the work allow predicting form deviations of a blank made of high-speed steel under turning milling operations on CNC machines. The results of the study can be used to improve rotary cutting tools quality in the tool industry.

Application of TUSSIM with a variable Tromp curve for predicting optimal operation of multi-compartment mills with various ball size distributions

A true unsteady-state simulator (TUSSIM) for ball milling was integrated with a variable Tromp curve for classification to simulate and optimize closed-circuit, multi-compartment cement ball milling. Using representative model–operational parameters from available literature, we first investigated the system dynamics for a two-compartment mill. Then, various simulations examined the impacts of closed-circuit vs. open-circuit operation, number of compartments, and various ball size distributions. Our results suggest that integrating an air classifier into an open-circuit ball mill can increase the production rate by 15% or increase the cement-specific surface area by 13%. A single-compartment mill entails a pre-milled feed for proper operation, whereas a two-compartment mill yields a finer cement product than a three-compartment mill. Uniform mass distribution of balls led to slightly finer product than uniform surface area or number distributions, while the impact of a classifying liner was negligibly small. Finally, we identified optimal ball mixtures in a two-compartment mill using a combined global optimizer–DAE solver, which suggests 14% capacity increase with desirable cement quality. Overall, TUSSIM’s results are not only in line with limited, full-scale experimental studies and industry best practices, but also provide fundamental process insights, while enabling process optimization with tailored ball mixtures in different compartments.

Stability prediction via parameter estimation from milling time series

Machine tool vibrations impose severe limitations on industry. Recent progress in solving for the stability behavior of delay differential equations and in modeling milling operations with time delay differential equations has provided the potential to significantly reduce the aforementioned limitations. However, industry has yet to widely adopt the current academic knowledge due to the cost barriers in implementing this knowledge. Some of these cost prohibitive tasks include time-consuming experimental cutting tests used to calibrate model force parameters and experimental modal tests for every combination of tool, tool holder, tool length, spindle, and machine. This paper introduces an alternative approach whereby the vibration behavior of a milling tool during cutting is used to obtain the necessary model parameters for the common delay differential equation models of milling.

Optimization of Fixture Layout and Clamping Force in a Concurrent Environment to Improve the Part Quality in Milling Operations

Fixture layout design (FLD) determines the specific position of locators and clamps to position and support the workpiece with respect to a machine tool. The FLD approaches that use Finite Element Analysis (FEA) are widely used in previous works, and it becomes computationally expensive and specific to a particular problem. Further, the FLD and clamping force optimization were often performed separately, ignoring their interdependence. In the present work, to maximize the dimensional and form quality of the part, the reaction forces of the locators are made uniformly distributed by suitably varying the fixture layout and clamping force. The parametric rigid body model is used to depict the behaviour of the workpiece-fixture system, and it is incorporated with the genetic algorithm to optimize the design variables. A prismatic workpiece with slot milling operation is considered to validate the proposed methodology. Stability criterion and tool-fixture interference are considered constraints. Subsequently, FEA is used to verify the integrity of the proposed approach. The results infer that the uniformity in distribution of maximum elastic deformation of the workpiece is achieved due to the uniform distribution of reaction forces. Further, the effects of cutting forces on fixture layout and clamping forces are studied.

The Decision-Making Technique Based on Computer Vision and Selection of Pareto-Optimal Alternative of Technological Production Parameters

The article proposes a decision-making technique in the field of rolling production process control based on the analysis of rolling tape surface image and the construction of technological parameter Pareto-optimal set. The substantiation of the automated process control system modernization scheme based on the introduction of a decision support system with computer vision for the rolling mill operator is presented. As a result of the technique development, the wavelet model of the rolling tape surface image is modified; the model presented in the pixel packet form; the classification information field has been expanded to improve recognition accuracy of rolling tape surface defects; the algorithm for forming the defect region and refining spatial features was developed; the algorithm for the construction of technological production parameter Pareto-optimal set has been developed. The application of the proposed technique made it possible to increase the accuracy of the rolling process control.

ONE CASE OF VIBRATION DIAGNOSTICS OF RVM-45 VIBRATION MILLS AT A SINTEZ-PKZH LLC PLANT

The article describes the course of vibration measurements at a particular metallurgical plant, one of the workshops of which is equipped with vibration mills, from the formulation of the problem to the analysis of the results. The problem lies in the low quality of the floor on which four RVM-45 vibratory mills of the RVM-45/131.01 design are located, causing periodic loads and vibrations. The paper presents the results of vibration tests obtained through measurements at various points in the room during the startup, operation and shutdown of mills. The studies were carried out using a measuring device “Vibran-2.1”. The reason for the occurrence of progressive vibration caused by the intearactive operation of vibration mills RVM-45 is revealed. Ways to reduce the overall level of vibration in the room with the simultaneous operation of all mechanisms are proposed.

Research of grinding efficiency and main duct wear of pendulum mill based on CFD-DEM co-simulation

Pendulum mill is a widely used grinding equipment in powder processing industry. Less in-depth studies have been carried out especially for grinding efficiency and wear. Through theoretical analysis, the main influencing parameters were screened, among which spindle speed and spade degree mainly affect the grinding efficiency, but wind velocity mainly causes the main duct wear. The Fluent-DEM co-simulation method is used for the study of the complex physical field of mill operation. The simulation shows that grinding efficiency increases with spindle speed, but the increase from 110 to 120 rev/min is not significant, so the choice of spindle speed should consider both grinding efficiency and energy consumption. The spade degree determines the spade position, the closer the spade is to the grinding roller, the higher the grinding efficiency. Wind velocity has little effect on grinding efficiency, but it does affect the likelihood of particles entering the main duct and causing wear. Multi-objective optimization determines a spindle speed of 110 rev/min and a spade angle of −12° at a wind velocity of 46 m/s to achieve maximum grinding efficiency and minimum wear. This study provides a digital analysis basis for optimizing the operating parameters of the pendulum mill.

Analysis of the fractional composition of the dust of the working area when drilling composite materials based on carbon fibers

Modern production of unmanned aerial vehicles is characterized by the use of high-tech materials based on carbon fibers, the assembly operations of which are characterized by a large number of mechanical drilling operations, which are performed mainly by hand using a carbide tool with a diamond coating. The paper presents a study of the concentrations and dispersion of the dust composition and the geometric shape of the dust-forming particles in the working space of workers of machining shops during the technological operations of drilling, milling and countersinking of packages of composite materials based on carbon polyacrylonitrile fibers. On the basis of the conducted experiments, the regularities of the distribution of dust of different fractions in the horizontal and vertical planes of the working space at a distance covering the zone of the immediate location of the worker during this type of operation were determined. The obtained data made it possible to record a significant excess of the maximum allowable concentrations of finely dispersed residues of polyacrylonitrile fibers in the working area of the drill, 2.5 and 10 μm in size and elements of the carbon matrix. In order to investigate the possibility of a negative impact of the dust of the working area on the body of the worker, a study of the fractionation and geometric shape of carbon fiber fragments was performed using raster microscopy, based on which it was concluded that the fiber fragments have a spear-shaped, pointed shape, and the carbon matrix forms conglomerates, which are characterized sharp edges and can cause significant damage when they affect the human respiratory system. On the basis of the obtained results, recommendations were given in the work to improve the indicators of the dust load of workers to normalized values with the help of the use of special suction devices and personal protective equipment with special filters.

Machinability of high strength cast iron alloys in dry-cut face milling operations

The advancement of cast iron alloy properties has enabled increased efficiency in automotive vehicles. Nevertheless, this progress is accompanied by a growing demand for more durable tools with higher resistance to successfully execute cutting operations. This work conducts an investigation of the machinability of different high-strength cast iron alloys. The parameter used was the machining time determined by the maximum flank wear of 0.4 mm. The machining process used was face milling with no cutting fluid, of which the cut depth and the penetration were kept constant at 1 and 60 mm, respectively. The input variables were the tool feed of 0.1 and 0.2 mm/tooth and the cutting speed of 230 and 350 m/min. The results showed that FV450 was the material that presented the highest wear values, followed by FC300(Mo+RG) and FC300(Mo). On the other hand, the FC250 demonstrated the longest machining time, resulting in an extended lifespan.