Milky Mushroom Research Articles

Impact of different substrates for spawn production and production of milky mushroom (Calocybe indica)

Impact of different substrates for spawn production and production of milky mushroom (Calocybe indica)

Effect of Various Chemicals on the Mycelial Growth and Fruiting Body of Milky Mushroom (Calocybe indica)

Effect of Various Chemicals on the Mycelial Growth and Fruiting Body of Milky Mushroom (<i>Calocybe indica</i>)

Yield Performance of Calocybe indica on Different Agricultural Subatrate

The Milky mushroom, Calocybe Indica was cultivated on different agricultural substrate, paddy straw, wheat straw, sugarcane trace and mango dry leaves. The spawning was done by sterilization of all the four substrate. The bags were kept in mushroom growing room with the maintenance of temperature and humidity 30̊ c-35̊ c and 70-80 % respectively. The minimum days requires for completion of spawn run (18.4 days), primordial formation (25.2 days) and days for first harvest (32.4 days) was first observed on cultivation with Paddy straw. The maximum yield on fresh weight basis and biological efficiency (134.86 %) was also found to be as the same treatment with the Paddy straw as a substrate. The biological efficiency of wheat straw was at par with Sugarcane trace as substrate which was 85.07 % and 85.02 % respectively.

Physical, Chemical and Biological Properties of Casing Soil Used for Milky Mushroom (Calocybe indica P&amp;C) Production

Experiments were conducted to find out the effect of different casing soils viz., peat, clay loam soil, sandy soil, biogas slurry, FYM, cocopeat on the yield and yield attributing parameters of milky mushroom (Calocybe indica var.APK2). Among the different casing media, clay loam soil has given the maximum yield (390 g / bed containing 250 g of paddy straw substrate on dry weight basis recording 156% bio-efficiency) and more number of buttons (8.1 /bed) than other casing media. Analysis of physical, chemical and biological properties of clay loam soil revealed that it contained high pH 8.40. Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) was high in clay loam (28.20 milliequivalents / 100 g of soil). Bulk density and particle density were comparatively higher in sand (1.67 g/cc) and clay loam soils (1.33 g/cc). The maximum pore space was recorded in clay loam soil (55.01 per cent) followed by peat (39.57 per cent) and sand (20.46 per cent). The WHC revelaed high per cent in peat soil (46.27) followed by clay loam soil (39.04). Hence, peat and clay loam soils required less water to maintain surface moisture and a delay in spraying did not lead to the total drying of bed surface. In addition, the population of Pseudomonas spp were found to be high in clay loam soil (34.0 cfu/ g of soil).

Influence of drying conditions and mathematical models on the drying curves and the moisture diffusivity of mushrooms

In the present research, experimental data from several studies about drying behavior of mushrooms have been selected and used to compare different drying methods and different mathematical thin layer drying models to simulate mushroom drying rates. The white button (Agaricus Bisporus), the oyster (Pleurotus Ostreatus) and the milky mushroom slices have been considered for drying in different dryers with different slice thicknesses, drying air temperatures (45 °C to 90 °C) and drying air velocities (0.2 m/s to 5 m/s). The entire drying process has taken place in the falling rate period, assuming that internal mass transfer occurred by diffusion in mushroom slices. Additionally, the effective moisture diffusivity was calculated by using the method of slopes. The diffusivity increases with drying air temperature. The study shows that the drying air temperature and the drying air velocity have an effect on the moisture removal from mushrooms and also on the drying time. Mathematical models have been proved to be useful for design and analysis of heat and mass transfer during drying processes. All the drying models considered in this study could adequately represent the thin layer drying behavior of mushrooms. Furthermore, as it is obvious, any type of mushrooms has its own most suitable model

English

The present study was conducted to evaluate the in vivo cultivation technology, proximate composition, mineral content and spectrum analysis of edible milky mushroom of Calocybe indica. Moisture, crude protein, carbohydrate, dietary fibre, total lipids, ash, ether extract, pH, nitrogen and carbon content in mushrooms were analysed. The results were found to be in 89, 14.9, 5.36, 8.02, 4.6, 7.05, 3.15, 5.4, 3.57 and 33.60% mg/100 g, respectively. The values of copper, manganese, zinc, iron, calcium, phosphorous, potassium and sodium content in mushrooms were found to be 0.44, 0.36, 0.05, 0.13, 0.51, 0.38, 1.35, 1.35 and 0.21 mg/100 g, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectrum of the mushroom indicated the presence of OH, COOH and NO2 functional groups. The ultra-violet (UV) absorption showed at 294 nm with a shoulder at 321 and 379 nm indicating the presence of aromatic nature of the compounds. Data of this study suggests that mushrooms are rich in nutritional value. &nbsp; Key words: Calocybe indica, Fourier transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV Spectrometer, nutritional values.

Cultivation of &lt;i&gt;Calocybe indica &lt;/i&gt;(P &amp;amp; C) in Konkan Region of Maharashtra, India

Considering suitability of climatic conditions and economic aspects in Konkan region of Maharashtra, cultivation of Calocybe indica was undertaken with locally available substrates viz. paddy straw, horse gram waste, wild grass (Themeda quadrivolvis), bamboo leaves and different casing materials such as vermicompost, sand + soil (1:1 v/v), dried biogas spent slurry and combination of sand +soil +dried biogas spent slurry (1:1:1 v/v). Among the four substrates evaluated for cultivation of milky mushroom, paddy straw was the best with 81.05 per cent biological efficiency followed by horse gram waste (BE 50 %) and bamboo leaves (BE 40.62 %), but wild grass (Themeda quadrivolvis) was the poorest substrate. The biological efficiency of Calocybe indica was doubled by using a combination of sand +soil +dried biogas spent slurry (BE 180.32%) or vermicompost (BE 176.28 %) as casing material. Use of dried biogas spent slurry alone also recorded 130 per cent biological efficiency but combination of sand + soil (BE 79.94 %) was inferior. From the present study it was concluded that the maximum biological efficiency of Calocybe indica (P & C) in Konkan conditions can be obtained by using paddy straw as a substrate encased with sand +soil +dried biogas spent slurry (1:1:1 v/v) or Vermicompost during summer season.

Status and Prospect of Mushroom Industry in the Philippines

The mushroom industry in the Philippines has exacerbated since 1995, and the lowest production volume was 355 metric tons (MT) in 2009. Most of the mushroom consumed were imported from the different countries of South East Asia like China, Taiwan, Thailand, Malaysia, Korea and Japan. Growing mushrooms in the Philippines is economically feasible due to low- production cost, abundance of cheap substrates from agro wastes and high demand, which will be profitable to the mushroom growers. The study aimed to assess the production of mushroom in some parts of the Philippines, assess their potentials and introduce the non-sterile fermentation method of growing mushroom to the Philippine mushroom industry. There are ten varieties of edible and medicinal mushrooms grown in the Philippines such as Paddy straw mushroom, Oyster mushroom, Shiitake mushroom, Button mushroom, Ear fungi mushroom, Milky mushroom, Yellowish oyster mushroom, Reishi mushroom, Lion`'s mane mushroom, and King tuber oyster mushroom. Supporting the mushroom industry is vital in developing the rural economy, enhancing employment and income opportunity in the rural communities as well as providing income to the small farmers.

Bioaccumulation of Cadmium Content in Mushroom and Soil in Delhi-NCR Region of India

This study was carried to estimate the distribution and accumulation of cadmium in wildly grown edible mushroom and its underlying soil from surrounding areas of Delhi-NCR. Samples were collected from regions polluted with industrial drainage and heavy traffic. Cadmium accumulations in these were compared with that of wildly grown mushroom collected from non polluted cultivated and remote residential areas of Delhi. Commercial samples of mushroom were also collected and analyzed. All these study was conducted on four different varieties of mushroom i.e . Button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus ), Oyster mushroom ( Pleurotus sajor-caju ), Milky mushroom (Calocybe indica) and Shiitake ( Lentinus edodes ). The levels of cadmium were analyzed using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. The results from the two way ANOVA showed that there was significant variation in trace metal concentrations at different locations. From correlation analysis it was found trace metals concentration in soil and mushroom samples were positively correlated.

Impact of different spawn substrates on yield of Calocybe indica

Mushrooms have existed for millions of years and mankind has regarded them as a valuable food and at present, mushroom cultivation is the only economically viable biotechnology process where in waste materials or crop residues may be converted into valuable food. Paddy straw mushroom, Volvariella sp., and oyster mushroom, Pleurotus sp., could not perform better in the summer months because of their temperature preferences. Milky mushroom, Calocybe indica, with its ability to grow fairly at high temperatures with excellent shelf life seems to be the best alternative to such mushrooms. Due to this promising ability, an experiment was conducted to find the suitability of different grains as spawn substrates and their effect on yield parameters of C. indica. The results revealed the supremacy of sorghum grains as the most suitable substrate for early spawn run, which took only 13.7 days for hundred percent mycelial growth. The yield and number of buttons harvested were found maximum in the sorghum grain spawn followed by ragi grain spawn. The maize grain substrates took 19 days for complete spawn run and recorded low yield when compared to other spawn substrates. The days for pin head formation and first harvest of the crop were earlier in case of sorghum grain spawn followed by ragi spawn. Key words: Mushroom, Calocybe indica, spawn substrate, sorghum grain.

Intergeneric protoplast fusion between Calocybe indica (milky mushroom) and Pleurotus florida aids in the qualitative and quantitative improvement of sporophore of the milky mushroom

This article primarily focuses on the production of somatic hybrid sporophores through PEG-mediated protoplast fusion between Calocybe indica var. APK2 and Pleurotus florida. To screen the hybrid strains a selection strategy was followed based on the differential tolerance of NaCl level by the two parental genera. Basidiocarps could be successfully generated from eight out of fourteen hybrid lines that were maintained in culture. Hybridity of the fusant lines was established on the basis of their colony morphology, mycelial growth rate and hyphal traits, while the fruit-body-generating lines were demarcated on the basis of nature of sporophores, isozyme and RAPD markers. The degree to which the hybrid population differed among themselves and from their parents was assessed by analysing each of these morphological variables by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). RAPD bands of the fusant lines were similar to either parental bands or were new non-parental bands, which classified them into the microgenome and macrogenome insertion types. A dendrogram created with the help of UPGMA method of clustering and Euclidean distance exhibited three major clusters, in which the Pleurotus–Calocybe hybrids showed intra-cluster variations. Notably, P. florida was genetically distant from the hybrid lines, while C. indica was phylogenetically the dominant parent. Significant increase in bio-efficiency and γ-linoleic acid content in these hybrid lines indicated quantitative as well as qualitative improvement of the newly developed somatic hybrids.

Biosorption of cadmium (II) and lead (II) from aqueous solutions using mushrooms: A comparative study

Sorption capacity of oyster mushroom ( Pleurotus platypus), button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and milky mushroom ( Calocybe indica) were evaluated on biosorption of heavy metals, viz. cadmium (II) and lead (II) from aqueous solutions. The optimum sorption conditions were studied for each metal separately. The desired pH of the aqueous solution was found to be 6.0 for the removal of cadmium (II) and 5.0 for removal of lead (II) for all the mushrooms. The percent removal of both the metals was found to increase with the increase in biosorbent dosage and contact time. The fitness of the biosorption data for Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models was investigated. It was found that biosorption of cadmium (II) and lead (II) ions onto the biomass of the three mushrooms were better suitable to Langmuir than Freundlich adsorption model. P. platypus showed the highest metal uptake potential for cadmium ( q max 34.96 mg/g) whereas A. bisporus exhibited maximum potential for lead ( q max 33.78 mg/g). Milky mushroom showed the lowest metal uptake capacity for both the metals. The present data confirms that mushrooms may be used as efficient biosorbent for the removal of cadmium (II) and lead (II) ions from aqueous solution.

Comparison of Non-Enzymic Antioxidant Status of Fresh and Dried Form of Pleurotus florida and Calocybe indica

3 Abstract: The modulation of the mushroom used now-a-days in the field of medicine, is the way where this is partly achieved. Among these, the antioxidants which are capable of deactivating the free radicals follow either enzymatic or non-enzymatic pathways. The aim of this project is to incorporate the non-enzymatic antioxidant in fresh and dried form of powered samples of the oyster mushroom (P. leurotus florida) and milky mushroom (Calocybe indica). This study revealed the presence of non-enzymatic antioxidant in the selected samples and the striking feature of this work is to maximize the usage of mushrooms in th e powdered form when there is certain unstable conditions for the usage of mushroom in the fresh form.

Novel Antibacterial Compounds Obtained from Some Edible Mushrooms

Mushrooms are considered to be natural nutraceuticals and are cultivated for both edible and medicinal purposes. Many edible mushrooms possess enriched proteins and some medicinal properties such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and anti-AIDs.Based on both nutritional and medicinal properties, the present study is focused on the antibacterial substances and their efficacy. Antibacterial substances were isolated from culture filtrates, fresh mycelia, and dried fruiting bodies (basidiomata) of an Indian milky mushroom, Calocybe indica Purkayastha et A. Chandry (Tricholomataceae), and an oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.:Fr.) P.Kumm. (Pleurotaceae). Antimicrobial compounds were extracted with different organic solvents such as acetone, chloroform, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The antibacterial activity against some human pathogenic bacteria, such as Bacillus spp. Escherichia coli, Vibrio chokrae, and Salmonella thiphi, was studied using agar diffusion method.The maximum inhibition was observed in the dried fruiting bodies of Calocybe indica, extracted with the solvent ethyl acetate, followed by Pleurotus ostreatus. In both cases, two different colored compounds of blue and green were visualized under UV and recorded Rf values of 0.86 and 0.95, respectively, when the compounds were separated by thin layer chromatography.These compounds could be responsible for pathogen inhibition, and the significance of the principally active compounds is worth future analyses by mass spectrum and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).