Milky Appearance Research Articles

Effects of molecular weight of hydroxyl telechelic natural rubber on novel cationic waterborne polyurethane: A new approach to water-based adhesives for leather applications

Renewable resource based cationic waterborne polyurethanes (cWPUs) have been prepared from hydroxyl telechelic natural rubber (HTNR) with a range of number average molecular weights (Mn) (2820, 1800, and 950 g mol−1), toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI), N-methyl diethanolamine (NMDEA), and ethylene glycol (EG). The chemical structure of the cWPUs was confirmed by FT-IR and 1H NMR. Particle size and zeta potential of prepared cWPUs were also characterized by ZS nanosizer. By varying the levels of Mn of HTNR, the obtained cWPUs were stable with a milky blue appearance, forming yellowish films. The smallest particle sizes of 76.4 nm were achieved using Mn of HTNR of 2820 g mol−1 while zeta potential value ranges from 67 to 71 mV were observed with increasing Mn of HTNR. Lap shear testing of these WPUs indicates their potential in real cow leather adhesive applications, with the best adhesive result coming from cWPU based on an HTNR molecular weight of 1800 g mol−1. The results show the potential of natural rubber as a green adhesive material in suitable aqueous environments.

New perspectives on secretory structures inClusia(Clusiaceae – Clusiod clade): production of latex or resins?

The Clusioid clade is quite diverse, encompassing the five families Clusiaceae, Bonnetiaceae, Calophyllaceae, Hypericaceae, and Podostemaceae. However, its members have important synapomorphies, such as the presence of xanthones, polyisoprenylated benzophenones, and quinones, as well as schizogenous secretory ducts and cavities, and tenuinucellate ovules. Owing to the milky appearance of the exudate present in ducts of these families (except Bonnetiaceae), many authors have referred to this secretion as latex, while others have preferred to use the term resin. Faced with this confusion about the description of the exudate present in Clusiaceae, the aim of this study was to identify which classes of substances are being produced by those structures in the genus Clusia, compared with other members of Clusiaceae and the Clusioid clade in general. Furthermore, we describe the structure and distribution of the secretory ducts in species of Clusia, as well as a detailed histochemical study. These secretory ducts secrete an exudate of variable composition, but predominantly terpenic. We conclude that Clusia, as well as some representatives of the Clusioid clade, do not have latex but resiniferous secretory ducts.

Subwavelength Hollow-Nanopillared Glass with Gradient Refractive Index for Ultralow Diffuse Reflectance and Antifogging.

Nanostructured glass with subwavelength hollow nanopillars of diameters of sub-65 nm was fabricated, showing high optical transmittance and ultralow diffuse reflectance. A simple process involving single-step plasma etching was used on a glass slide coated with a SiO2 sacrificial film. First, SiO2 nanodot structures were formed using plasma-induced anisotropic etching with CF4 plasma. The SiO2 nanodot array then became a secondary etching mask to form hollow nanopillars on the glass. The hollow structures formed at the upper part reaching up to the apex of the nanopillar had a lower solid fraction, while the lower part had a higher fraction. The refractive index (RI) gradually increased from 1.09 (near the value for air) to 1.42 (near the value for glass). Geometry-induced RI gradient enhanced light transmi, while it significantly reduced diffuse reflectance, particularly in the shorter wavelengths, thus suppressing the haziness or milky appearance of the nanostructured glass. Superhydrophilic and antifogging properties of nanostructured glasses and dental mirrored glasses were also demonstrated with water spraying and exhaled breath tests. Results showed that the wettability was enhanced in hydrophilicity and antifogging property by both the hydrophilic nature of the glass and the newly formed nanostructures. The nanostructured, superhydrophilic glass was also found to have easy cleaning nature against fine sand dust adhesion by simplyblowingair or sprayingwater. Results of this study showed that such a hollow-pillared glass surface with gradient RI and special wettability could be applied in a variety of optical and optoelectronic applications requiring superwetting, such as optical windows for solar cell panels, display panels, light-emitting diodes, and medical devices even with curved surfaces.

Chylous Ascites and Dialysis Peritoneal: A Literature Review

Abstract Chylous ascites (CA) is an uncommon form of ascites characterized by a milky white appearance of the dialysiate due to triglycerides and chylomicrons accumulation in the peritoneal dialysate. It can be a rare complication or finding in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Although the milky-looking fluid may suggest peritonitis on a first inspection, the presence of triglycerides in the fluid and the absence of other symptoms are decisive. CA can be secondary to multiple processes, highlighting neoplasms, traumatic causes, and some infections such as tuberculosis. It should be noted that some secondary to treatment with calcium blockers have been described in patients on PD. However, in some cases it is not associated with any etiology, and it is deemed as idiopathic.

AMYLOID PLEURAL EFFUSION CAUSING CARDIAC ARREST

SESSION TITLE: Tuesday Medical Student/Resident Case Report Posters SESSION TYPE: Med Student/Res Case Rep Postr PRESENTED ON: 10/22/2019 01:00 PM - 02:00 PM INTRODUCTION: Systemic amyloidosis and multiple myeloma have a known association. We encountered a cardiac arrest with subsequent diagnosis of pulmonary amyloidosis. CASE PRESENTATION: 59-year-old female presented to an outside hospital with 3 weeks of progressive dyspnea and orthopnea. Recent history was significant for a diagnosis of multiple myeloma actively being treated with bortezomib and dexamethasone. She also had a diagnosis of amyloidosis via inguinal lymph node biopsy, atrial fibrillation, diastolic congestive heart failure, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. In the ED, she was tachycardic with a rate of 117 per minute and hypotensive with a pressure of 84/64 millimeter mercury. Labs showed a white count of 18,000, creatinine of 1.61 mg/dL, and lactate of 5.0 mmol/L. Although dyspneic, she was still able to carry conversation. Shortly after a fluid bolus was started, the patient became unresponsive and was found to be in ventricular tachycardia. After 10 minutes of CPR, ROSC was achieved and she was transferred to the intensive care unit. The patient was successfully intubated and post cardiac arrest hypothermia was initiated. The patient had extensive bilateral pulmonary effusions and was transferred to our institution. Patient had a preserved neurological function. She had an initial thoracentesis for evacuation of the effusion and followed by bilateral Pleurex catheters for continuous drainage due to rapid reaccumulation. Pleural fluid showed milky appearance with protein of 3.4 g/dL, cholesterol 63 mg/dL, glucose 120 mg/dL, triglycerides of 445 mg/dL, and LDH of 150 U/L consistent with chylothorax. We proceeded to VATS pleural biopsy which showed positive Congo red staining confirming pleural amyloid. She drains 100 ml pleural fluid on alternate side daily. DISCUSSION: Pulmonary amyloidosis can lead to persistent pleural effusions, trachea-bronchial infiltrations, parenchymal nodules and pulmonary hypertension. Pleural amyloidosis has been found in about 1-2% of patients with systemic amyloidosis. Pleural amyloidosis can be secondary to systemic amyloidosis, which can occur due to systemic conditions such as multiple myeloma, connective tissue disease and monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance. In our case, we were able to obtain a pleural biopsy confirming the diagnosis of pleural amyloidosis. We postulate that enlarging pleural effusions led to acute hypoxic respiratory failure and subsequent cardiac arrest. Chylothorax effusions are found in patients that have extensive amyloid burden on the mediastinal lymphatic system. CONCLUSIONS: Our patient’s pleural amyloidosis caused substantial pleural effusions. The rarity of diagnosing pleural amyloidosis after initial presentation of cardiac arrest makes this case a unique case. Pleural amyloidosis should be considered in patients with dyspnea and persistent pleural effusions with underlying disease which predispose to amyloidosis. Reference #1: Agarwal A, Singla S, Bansal M, Nair B. Bilateral Pleural Effusions due to Pulmonary Amyloidosis as the Presenting Manifestation of Multiple Myeloma. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2012;4(1):e2012010. Reference #2: Coolbear F, Bilawich AM, Tongson J, Adamo J, Churg A. Pleural amyloidosis imitating pleural malignancy. Respir Med Case Rep. 2017;20:195-197. Published 2017 Mar 6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmcr.2017.03.004 Reference #3: George S, Ravindran M, Anandan PT, Kiran VN. Primary systemic amyloidosis: A rare cause for pleural effusion. Respir Med Case Rep. 2014;13:39-42. Published 2014 Sep 16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmcr.2014.09.001 DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Cristian Dumitrescu, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Kunal Mehta, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Vipul Singh, source=Web Response

Preparation and properties of cross-linked waterborne polyurethane based on solvent-free route

Intrinsic cross-linked waterborne polyurethane (CWPU) was successfully synthesized for the first time through solvent-free condensation polymerization, in which green castor oil (CO) was used as the cross-linking agent. The totally solvent-free process was realized by using hydrophilic polypropylene glycol as hydrophilic segment, which was synthesized by the esterification of polypropylene glycol with pyromellitic dianhydride. The effect of CO content in the soft segment of the prepared CWPU on emulsion properties was investigated by laser particle size distribution test, and the prepared CWPU emulsion showed uniform size distribution (0.117–0.275 µm) and milky white appearance after storing at ambient temperature for 6 month. Additionally, the effect of CO content in CWPU films on static mechanical properties, dynamic mechanical properties, hydrophilicity and thermal stability was also studied by tensile test, dynamic mechanical analysis, water absorption and contact angle measurement as well as thermogravimetric analysis. The prepared cross-linked CWPU films have good stability and outstanding mechanical strength (11.94–34.51 MPa), making them adequate supplement for the conventional waterborne polyurethanes.

Synthesis of nano emulsion from waste cooking oil for enhanced oil recovery applications

Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is a tertiary method to extract potential oil in a matured well. Emulsion, which is one EOR method has properties which enable it to recover oil remains in reservoir rocks of the matured well. Nano sized emulsion or nano emulsion able to recover trapped oil, by capillary force in fine pores of the reservoir rock. Nano emulsion reduces the oil-water interfacial tension and therefore changes the wettability of the reservoir rock. However, the nano emulsion is uneconomical and unstable. Therefore, this work aimed to produce nano emulsions by using low cost waste cooking oil, Tween 80 and Span 80. Ultra-sonication was used to reduce the size of the emulsion. The concentration of surfactant, power of ultra-sonication and time of sonication were varied to study the stability of the oil-in-water and size of the emulsion using the Malvern Zetasizer. The nano emulsion was then tested on a crude oil soak meligan formation sand rock to test the performance of the nano emulsion. The result show values of zeta potential and droplet size were - 15.3 mV and 262.1 d.nm respectively. The emulsion droplet sizes were about 500 nm with milky white appearance. The nano emulsion shows positive results as 63.89 % crude oil displaced from the soaked meligan formation sand rock. As a conclusion, the nano emulsion produced from waste cooking oil can potentially be used for EOR.

Fabrication and characterization of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) using a plant-based emulsifier: Quillaja saponin.

Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) are a type of colloidal delivery system that was developed in the pharmaceutical industry to combine the advantages and eliminate the shortcomings of oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsions and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). The hydrophobic core of the particles within NLCs consists of a solidified fat phase with a partially disorganized structure, which inhibits morphological changes and bioactive expulsion. In the present study, we formulated NLCs using a hot-homogenization approach using fully hydrogenated soybean oil (HSO) as the lipid phase and quillaja saponins as a natural surfactant. The NLCs formed had a low viscosity and milky white appearance similar to that of O/W nanoemulsions. The fabrication conditions were optimized, including the number of passes through the microfluidizer, stirring conditions, cooling rate, and emulsifier level. Unlike bulk HSO, the emulsified form had to be supercooled substantially to promote crystallization of the lipid droplets, which was attributed to differences in nucleation behavior. The crystallization temperature decreased with increasing saponin concentration, which was probably because smaller droplets were formed at higher emulsifier levels. For instance, at 3, 6, 9, and 12 wt% saponin, the degree of supercooling was 10, 15, 18, and 18 °C, while the mean particle diameter was 0.82, 0.53, 0.41, and 0.44 μm, respectively. The melting and crystallization behavior of the NLCs was characterized using an optical microscope and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), while the morphology of the NLCs was characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This analysis showed that the NLCs contained spherical particles with a crystallization temperature around 31 °C. This information may be useful for formulating NLC from natural ingredients for application in the food and beverage industry.

Chitosan/Essential Oils Formulations for Potential Use as Wound Dressing: Physical and Antimicrobial Properties.

Film-forming emulsions and films, prepared by incorporating different concentrations of clove essential oil (CEO) and melaleuca essential oil (MEO) into chitosan (CS) were obtained and their properties were evaluated. Film-forming emulsions were characterized in terms of qualitative assessment, hydrogen potential and in vitro antibacterial activity, that was carried by the agar diffusion method, and the growth inhibition effects were tested on the Gram-positive microorganism of Staphylococcus aureus, Gram-negative microorganisms of Escherichia coli, and against isolated fungi such as Candida albicans. In order to study the impact of the incorporation of CEO and MEO into the CS matrix, the appearance and thickness of the films were evaluated. Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), contact angle measurements, a swelling test, scanning electron microscopy and a tensile test were carried out. Results showed that the film-forming emulsions had translucent aspect with cloudy milky appearance and showed antimicrobial properties. The CEO had the highest inhibition against the three strains studied. As regards the films’ properties, the coloration of the films was affected by the type and concentration of bioactive used. The chitosan/CEO films showed an intense yellowish coloration while the chitosan/MEO films presented a slightly yellowish coloration, but in general, all chitosan/EOs films presented good transparency in visible light besides flexibility, mechanical resistance when touched, smaller thicknesses than the dermis and higher wettability than chitosan films, in both distilled water and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The interactions between the chitosan and EOs were confirmed by. The chitosan/EOs films presented morphologies with rough appearance and with EOs droplets in varying shapes and sizes, well distributed along the surface of the films, and the tensile properties were compatible to be applied as wound dressings. These results revealed that the CEO and MEO have a good potential to be incorporated into chitosan to make films for wound-healing applications.

Fe3+-doped SnO2 inverse opal with high structural color saturation

The structural color of inverse opal derived from the interaction between visible light and nanostructure is widely known for the extensive selection of materials, excellent light resistance stability, and environmental friendliness. In contrast to the opal structure, the light scattering in inverse opal is higher and results in milky appearance or even lack of color. In this work, we introduced Fe3+ into the structure of SnO2 inverse opal and successfully obtained an Fe3+-doped SnO2 inverse opal with high color saturation. The direct template method was applied, and the fcc arrangement of template spheres was well kept. Because of the charge transfer transition of Fe3+–O2−, Fe3+ absorbed most of the unwanted scattered light, thereby highlighting the band gap color. Meanwhile, the refractive index of inverse opal increased with the increase in Fe3+ content. It enabled the full spectral coverage in the visible region of the highly saturated structural color only by three particle size templates.

The influence of temperature and cyclic loading on adhesion in polycarbonate-polyurethane-glass adhesive joint

The paper deals with the influence of temperature and cyclic loading on adhesion and transparency of the adhesive joint consisting of soda-lime-silica glass and polycarbonate (PC) bonded with polyurethane (PU) adhesive film. The tested joint represents critical part of transparent armored glass used in vehicles. Dynamic tension creep tests were performed at temperatures to which armored glass is commonly exposed (25, 50, 60, 70, and 80 °C). Sawtooth loading mode was performed to 650 N and the sine loading in the force range 0–1550 N. The aim of the paper was to discover conditions causing delamination of the adhesive joint and glass milky appearance during the use. Delamination of soda-lime-silica glass/PU adhesive interface occurred at 25 °C after load to 1550 N without the change of transparency. Both dynamic and static tension creep tests performed to 400 N led to plastic deformation of PU adhesive at and above 70 °C, in preference at both ends and circumference edges of adhesive joint, and thus, to loss of transparency, but extent of deformation differed. Milky maps observed after sawtooth load to 650 N at 80 °C reflected delaminated areas of highly deformed PU adhesive. Temperature of 70 °C was found out to be the critical parameter being in synergy effect with different thermal expansion of PC and PU adhesive.

Atmospheric gas in modern and ancient halite fluid inclusions: A screening protocol

Halite possesses great potential for hosting and storing information vital to the reconstruction of Earth's ancient climate, seawater chemistry and evolving atmosphere. Here, we propose a screening protocol that not only distinguishes between primary and secondary halite, but also identifies fluid inclusions that carry original gas trapped during the primary crystallization process. An integrated multi-analytical protocol is presented for sample preparation, petrographic evaluation, analytical measurements and distinguishing original gases and contents from contaminants. The screening protocol starts with the visual inspection of halite for primary chevron and hopper features and/or milky appearance. Then, petrography is used to distinguish between primary and secondary (diagenetic) crystal fabrics and inclusions. The trace element and isotope geochemistry speak directly to the composition of the depositional and/or diagenetic fluids and to the formation in marine, non-marine or diagenetic settings. Furthermore, rare earth elements and redox sensitive elements may address the redox conditions of the salt pan/flat brines, whereas microthermometry helps characterize the depositional/diagenetic environment's temperature. Finally, gas extracted by quadrupole mass-spectrometer from gas bubbles in fluid inclusions is screened with concomitant CH4, CO2 and Ar contents to distinguish and quantify organic matter decomposition contributions and with 40Ar/36Ar to monitor modern atmospheric gas diffusion/leakage issues, and thus, contamination of the primary gas contents.Our test case shows that halite collected from cores is well-suited in maintaining its original mineralogical texture, chemistry and gas content. Our integrated screening protocol suggests that the 815 Myr old halite from the Tonian Browne Formation of the Officer Basin, Australia formed under atmospheric conditions of about 10.9% pO2 (back calculation) or 9.6% pO2 (mean calculation). The coeval Neoproterozoic gypsum collected in outcrop from Minto Inlet, Victoria Island, Canada underwent some mineralogical alteration. However, experiments suggest that depositional gypsum from outcrop/core may have potential of retaining vestiges of original gas in fluid inclusions.

A Rare Case of Ascites

Chylous ascites (CA) is a rare form of ascites most frequently caused by lymphatic abnormalities. Diagnosis is established based on clinical presentation, ascitic fluid analysis, and imaging. Here we present a case of CA that occurred as a complication of intra-abdominal aortic surgery. A 56 year-old female with peripheral arterial disease, COPD, anxiety, and peptic ulcer disease presented with abdominal pain/swelling worsening over 1 week. She had been admitted 1 month prior with abdominal pain and was found to have a right renal artery occlusion, SMA occlusion and celiac stenosis. She underwent a supraceliac aorta to celiac and inferior mesenteric artery bypass and had been discharged home 1 week prior to this presentation. Review of systems was notable for only loss of appetite and 30 lbs unintentional weight loss over 3 years. She had no prior liver disease, denied EtOH or illicit drug use, no incarcerations. Her vitals were normal and on exam she was found to have a tense, tender abdomen, with positive fluid wave. Her midline incision was clean, dry, and intact. She had no stigmata of chronic liver disease. Labs were notable for a WBC 15.6, Plt 387, Cr 0.5, Albumin 2.8, T. Bili. 0.5, AST 24, ALT 17, Alk. Phos. 84, and INR 1.0. Ascitic fluid analysis showed cloudy yellow fluid with 5354 RBCs, 1009 WBCs, 90% lymphs, 2% segs, LDH 101, glucose 89, triglycerides (TG) 131 mg/dL, Albumin 1.8 g/dL, protein 3.0 g/dL, and a SAAG of 1.0. Gram stain, culture, and AFB were negative. CT abdomen and pelvis with IV contrast was notable for large volume ascites, normal liver and spleen, and no masses. Lymphangiography (LAG) did not reveal chyle leak. The onset of ascites after aortic surgery raised our suspicion for CA from trauma to the lymphatic system. The diagnosis was supported by the ascitic WBC>500 with lymphocyte predominance, glucose <100, total protein of 3, milky appearance, and TG of 131. LAG is an important technique for the detection of lymphatic leaks with reported detection rates of 64-86%. Combining both LAG and CT imaging modalities facilitated identification of a chyle leak. The management of CA consists of identifying and treating the underlying disease process, dietary modification, and diuretics. Our patient was effectively managed with therapeutic paracentesis and initiation of a high-protein, low-fat parenteral diet with medium chain triglyceride supplementation. Upon follow-up 2 months later, her ascites had completely resolved.2331 Figure 1. Typical Characteristics of Chylous Ascites

Successful Steroid Therapy for Lipoid Pneumonia Developing After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant: A Case Report

Lipoid pneumonia is an uncommon noninfectious inflammatory lung disease characterized by lipid deposition in the alveoli, and its etiology and treatment have not been elucidated. We report the case of a 32-year-old woman who developed lipoid pneumonia 9 months after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant for chronic myelogenous leukemia in lymphoid blast crisis. She complained of progressive cough and dyspnea shortly after discontinuation of immunosuppressive therapy given for graft-vs-host disease. Computed tomography demonstrated diffuse ground-glass opacities in the lungs, and pulmonary function test revealed restrictive impairment. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid showed milky appearance, and transbronchial lung biopsy specimen revealed foamy macrophages infiltrating the alveoli. Based on these findings, she was diagnosed as having lipoid pneumonia. Prednisolone (1 mg/kg/d) promptly improved the symptoms, pulmonary shadows, and pulmonary function. The findings and clinical course of this case suggest that lipoid pneumonia should be recognized as one of the pulmonary complications of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

EXPERIMENTAL INFECTIONS OF MILKY HEMOLYMPH DISEASE IN SPINY LOBSTER Panulirus homarus

Milky hemolymph disease of spiny lobster (MHD-SL) is categorized as the most destructive disease in farming spiny lobster. Therefore, it is required to investigate the routes of milky disease infection in spiny lobster as a basic knowledge in order to prevent milky disease transmission. The aim of the present study was to perform an experimental infection of milky disease in spiny lobster Panulirus homarus. Experimental infection of milky disease was carried out by several modes of infection which were injection, immersion and per os exposure. Injection of each 0.2 mL undiluted and diluted hemolymph from the diseased lobster resulted in a cumulative mortality of 100% at 15 days post-infection (dpi), and 75% at 16 dpi, respectively. Experimental infection through water immersion caused in a cumulative mortality of 50% at 7 dpi. In contrast, no mortality was observed in per os exposure as well as in control groups. Results of this experimental study provided evidence for horizontal transmission of MHD-SL among P. homarus. Histopathological analysis exhibited that there were masses of Rickettsia-like bacteria (RLB) in the connective tissues of the gill, hepatopancreas, gonad, midgut, and muscle tissues of the affected lobsters. Mass of RLB was not only found in the moribund lobsters but also in the surviving lobsters with milky hemolymph appearance.

Management of A Chyluria: About A Case and Review of The Literature

Chyluria is the passage of chyle in the urine. The cause seems to be the rupture of retroperitoneal lymphatics into the pyelocaliceal system, giving urine a milky appearance. This condition, if left untreated, leads to significant morbidity. We present a case of bilateral chyluria treated by transperitoneal laparoscopic nephrolysis and discuss at the same time the epidemiological, pathophysiological, diagnostic and therapeutic characteristics of chyluria.

Temperature-Dependent Evolution of Crystallographic and Domain Structures in (K,Na,Li)(Ta,Nb)O3 Piezoelectric Single Crystals.

(K,Na)NbO3-based ferroelectric single crystals have recently undergone a substantial development, resulting in improved crystal quality and large piezoelectric coefficients, exceeding 700 pC/N, over a broad temperature range. However, further development necessitates a detailed understanding of the mechanisms defining the domain structure and its temperature evolution. This paper presents the investigation into the crystallographic structure and domain configurations of a (K,Na,Li)(Ta,Nb)O3 single crystal over a broad temperature range. The crystal was grown by the submerged-seed solution growth technique and investigated using in situ transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, dielectric measurements, and polarized light microscopy. The lattice distortion, structural phase transitions, and domain configurations are reported. A transition from the lamellar orthorhombic to the rectangular tetragonal domain structure is observed upon heating. Moreover, the milky optical appearance of the crystal was investigated and found to result from the presence of regions with different domain configurations and domain sizes. The formation of these regions is related to the growth defects, which govern the domain formation when cooling below the Curie temperature.

Jun ware glazes: Chemistry, nanostructure and optical properties

A set of the Classic and official Jun ware shards found at various kilns at Yuzhou (Henan) are analyzed. The blue color and milky appearance of the glazes subject of intense debate as being due to either the glaze nanostructure or chemistry. The presence of submillimetre areas showing different color and opacity gives to the glazes a three dimensional cloudy sky appearance. Nanostructure and chemistry of the glazes, oxidation state of iron and nature of the copper nanoprecipitates are studied at a submillimetre level. Images of the glaze nanostructures are obtained using a Focus Ion Beam and Scanning Electron Microscope with nanometric resolution. The size and volume fraction of the nanostructures determined by image treatment are related to the chemical composition of the glazes. Differences between kiln productions are found and the origin of the color and opacity of the glazes discussed in terms of the chemistry and nanostructure.

Konjenital nefrotik sendromlu bir infantta periton diyalizine bağlı olarak görülen nadir bir komplikasyon olarak şiloz asit

Chylous ascites is a rare but important non-infectious complication in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. A male infant of 1.5-month-old with congenital nephrotic syndrome admitted to our pediatric intensive care unit becasue of deterioration in general appearence, diffuse edematous appearance and respiratory distress. Peritoneal catheter insertion and peritoneal dialysis was performed in the 3rd day of hospitalization. Five days after peritoneal dialysis catheter insertion (on the 8th day of hospitalization) the peritoneal dialysis effluent had a milky appearance. The chemical analysis of the milky effluent showed characteristics of chylous ascites: triglycerides 468 mg/dl. The chylous ascites resolved at the 5th day of our treatment with a low fat diet with medium chain triglycerides and intravenous infusion of somatostatin analogue (octreotide) and the patient was transferred to the pediatric service for maintenance of the treatment.

Chylous Ascites: A Review of Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment.

Chylous ascites (CA) is a rare form of ascites that results from the leakage of lipid-rich lymph into the peritoneal cavity. This usually occurs due to trauma and rupture of the lymphatics or increased peritoneal lymphatic pressure secondary to obstruction. The underlying etiologies for CA have been classified as traumatic, congenital, infectious, neoplastic, postoperative, cirrhotic or cardiogenic. Since malignancy and cirrhosis account for about two-thirds of all the cases of CA in Western countries, in this article we have attempted to reclassify CA based on portal and non-portal etiologies. The diagnosis of CA is based on the distinct characteristic of the ascitic fluid which includes a milky appearance and a triglyceride level of >200 mg/dL. The management consists of identifying and treating the underlying disease process, dietary modification, and diuretics. Some studies have also supported the use of agents such as orlistat, somatostatin, octreotide and etilefrine. Paracentesis and surgical interventions in the form of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (commonly known as TIPS), peritoneal shunt, angiography with embolization of a leaking vessel, and laparotomy remain as treatment options for cases refractory to medical management.