Milky Appearance Research Articles

Los colores del cielo

This manuscript describes the Olbers paradox, the Purkinje effect, and the Rayleigh and Mie theories of light scatte-ring, explaining their link with the black of the night, the white of the stars, the blue of a clear day sky, the yellowish co-lors of the Sun, the reddish of sunsets, and the milky appearance of clouds

Tissue clearing and its application in dental research

AbstractFor both animal and human tissues, translucence is an intrinsic property that gives them a milky appearance. This optical property arises due to the combined effects of light absorption and scattering and becomes the main impediment of deep imaging. To overcome these obstacles, the tissue‐clearing technique has experienced a resurgence over the past century and evolved from its initial use in neuroscience to encompass various samples due to the emergence of various clearing methods. Notably, these techniques unveil both macroscopic and microscopic details, offering valuable insights into tissue structures. In particular, the oral cavity is structured with both soft and hard tissues at the macroscopic level and is rich in neurovascular networks microscopically, providing a suitable application environment for tissue‐clearing techniques. Currently, tissue‐clearing techniques have provided a powerful tool for research on the dental pulp neurovascular system, oral tissue regeneration, dental implants, and maxillofacial surgical treatments. Hence, this review aims to give a general introduction to tissue‐clearing techniques and focus on their remarkable applications in dental research. At last, we will discuss the integration of tissue‐clearing methods with other techniques such as labeling and microscopy, hoping to offer valuable insights for the development of tissue‐clearing techniques in both bioscience and materials science.

WHITE SPOT LESIONS: DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT METHODS

White spot lesions are early caries lesions with a milky white opaque appearance, clearly distinguishable from the surrounding intact enamel due to the difference in refractive index between the intact enamel and the demineralized area. Diagnosing these lesions and treating them early prevents the excessive loss of material in the dental tissue that will occur as the caries progresses. This review is mainly focusing on, the development, diagnosis and management of the white spot lesions.

Deionization-induced colorless transparency in physical gels formed by clay aqueous dispersions

Physical gels formed by aqueous clay dispersion are typically turbid and have a milky appearance. The colorless and transparent nature of gels expands the potential for novel applications. In this study, we successfully produced a transparent gel by deionizing the gel as much as possible while maintaining its dynamic elastic modulus, akin to water. The aqueous clay suspensions exhibited specific sol-gel regions corresponding to the type of clay. According to images obtained through cryo-SEM, the three-dimensional network formed by clay became finer when deionization was carried out, and the aqueous dispersion exhibited Rayleigh scattering. The reduction in the extent of Mie scattering due to the suppression of clay aggregation through deionization results in its colorless transparency. This transparent gel will open up various potential applications, including 3D printing support structures, 3D cell culture, 3D art and displays with dispersed materials, educational materials with visual effects, enhancing traditional products, and innovative engineering applications.

Scattering-free Ce:LYBO single crystals for thermal neutron detection

Ce:Li6Y(BO3)3 (LYBO) is a well-known candidate for thermal neutron detection with a very high Li concentration (3.06 × 1022/cm3). So far, as-grown crystals exhibit a milky appearance that compromises their performance as scintillators. Current work demonstrates, for the first time, the growth of scattering-free undoped and Ce-doped LYBO by a thermal quenching process. The origin and features of the scattering centers are investigated in detail. Furthermore, the annealing treatment for the scintillation activation is studied, finding that the reduction in oxygen vacancies is mandatory. Under thermal neutron irradiation, the annealed scattering-free Ce:LYBO single crystal achieves a record-high light yield of 6200 ph/n in a single decay with a lifetime as short as 24 ns.

Tyloxapol and nanoliposomes induce selective delivery of 5‐fluorouracil into hepatic tissues via VLDL/LDL‐mediated pathway

AbstractThis study aimed to enhance the hepatic targeting of 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) by tyloxapol (TYL) and nanoliposomes to promote drug efficacy and safety. The lipophilicity of 5‐FU was increased by cholesterol conjugation (5‐FUC). Nanoliposomes were prepared, characterized, and loaded with 5‐FU and 5‐FUC and injected into TYL‐treated male Wistar albino rats. After 4 h, LDL and hepatic homogenate were isolated, and the concentrations of 5‐FU and 5‐FUC were investigated in both specimens. The pharmacokinetic parameters of 5‐FU‐ and 5‐FUC‐loaded liposomes were also investigated. The present results revealed that the prepared liposomes have a nanoscale size, negative zeta potential, and prolonged drug release. TYL injection significantly elevated the plasma levels of nonhigh‐density lipoproteins, triacylglycerol (TAG), and total cholesterol (TC). The isolated LDL nanoparticles had a nanosized homogenous vesicle structure and a negative zeta potential. 5‐FUC‐loaded liposomes and TYL augmented 5‐FUC loading into LDL and hepatic tissues compared to that for 5‐FU. Moreover, the present results indicated that 5‐FUC‐loaded liposomes significantly improved the Cmax, Tmax, AUC, MRT, and t1/2 compared to those for the 5‐FUC solution and 5‐FU‐loaded liposomes. This study concluded that the triple approach of a lipophilic shift, nanoliposomes, and TYL is promising for enhancing drug bioavailability, LDL loading, and selective hepatic drug targeting.Practical Applications: 5‐Fluorouracil (5‐FU) is a hydrophilic anticancer medicine that elicits multiple side effects due to high doses, short half‐life, and nonspecific tissue distribution. In this study, 5‐FU was shifted into a lipophilic form (5‐FUC) by cholesterol conjugation. The 5‐FUC was loaded into a nanoliposome. Rats were injected with tyloxapol (TYL) to induce a temporary hyperlipidemia that produces a lipophilic milieu. The hyperlipidemia was confirmed physically by plasma milky appearance and biochemically by marked elevation of non‐HDL lipoproteins. Hyperlipidemia promotes 5‐FUC loading into VLDL‐LDL in vivo. The 5‐FUC level was determined in isolated LDL and liver tissues using HPLC analysis. The lipophilic shift, liposomal loading, and TYL improve pharmacokinetic parameters and bioavailability of 5‐FU with sustained action and hepatic targeting. This study opens a new avenue for endogenous drugs loading into lipoproteins as an approach for selective hepatic drug targeting.

FDM 3D Printing and Properties of PBS/PLA Blends.

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) were chosen as raw materials and melt blended by a twin screw extruder and pelletized; then, the pellets were extruded into filaments; after that, various PBS/PLA blending samples were prepared by Fused Deposition Molding (FDM) 3D printing technology using the filaments obtained and the effect of the dosage of PBS on technological properties of 3D-printed specimens was investigated. For comparison, the PLA specimen was also prepared by FDM printing. The tensile strength, tensile modulus, thermal stability, and hydrophilicity became poorer with increasing the dosage of PBS, while the flexural strength, flexural modulus, impact strength, and crystallinity increased first and then decreased. The blend containing 10% PBS (10% PBS/PLA) had the greatest flexural strength of 60.12 MPa, tensile modulus of 2360.04 MPa, impact strength of 89.39 kJ/m2, and crystallinity of 7.4%, which were increased by 54.65%, 61.04%, 14.78%, and 51.02% compared to those of printed PLA, respectively; this blend also absorbed the least water than any other specimen when immersed in water. Different from the transparent PLA filament, 10% PBS/PLA filament presented a milky white appearance. The printed 10% PBS/PLA specimen had a smooth surface, while the surface of the printed PLA was rough. All the results indicated that the printed 10% PBS/PLA specimen had good comprehensive properties, including improved mechanical properties, crystallization performance, and surface quality than PLA, as well as proper wettability and water absorption. The prominent conclusion achieved in this work was that 10% PBS/PLA should be an ideal candidate for biodegradable feedstock among all the PBS/PLA blends for FDM 3D printing.

Bilateral Pleural Chylothorax from A Blunt Chest Trauma

Introduction: Bilateral traumatic chylothorax is a very rare condition. Approximately80% of chylothorax are unilateral and usually 2/3 of cases on the right side [1]. The chyle leakage shows a milky white appearance, inexhaustible, in a consideration amount. Purpose: To report the management of bilateral traumatic chylothorax as a very rare condition. Material and methods: We present a patient with bilateral pleural chylothorax from a blunt chest trauma which is combined with a vertebral thoracal fracture of Th8, Th10.We present the diagnostic basis, treatment and evolution of chilies leakage. Results: A 36 years old man involved in a car crash. He was hospitalized with a diagnose such as right pleural effusion and thoracal vertebral fractures of the Th8, Th10.2 days after trauma the scan examination showed a large amount of effusion in the right hemithorax and minimal effusion in the left hemithorax. From the drainage tube in the right pleural cavity there was a flow of about 1000ml with a milky appearance. The biochemical analyses of the pleural effusion showed the presence of triglycerides with more than 1.24mmol /l and the cholesterol level with less than 5.18mmol/l which support the diagnosis of chylothorax. Initial treatment was conservative. A zero nutritional regimen was implemented for the first 10 days, being replaced by total parenteral nutrition such as plasma, albumin, electrolytes, vitamins. After that we passed to a fat-free nutritional diet. In the scan examination 6 days after the trauma, there was an increase in the amount of pleural effusion on the left side. A chest tube was performed from which there was 700 ml leakage, which had the appearance of chyle. The biochemical tests confirmed the diagnose of chylothorax. The chest tube of the left pleural cavity was removed after 5 days. The chyle leakage from the right pleural cavity has continued for about 3 weeks in a quantity ranging from 150-300 ml in 24 hours. After this period, approximately for 1 week the chyle leakage was in an amount of less than 1000ml in 24 hours. In the 5th week, the chest tube was removed, since the leaks were reduced to about 20-30 ml in 24 hours. The patient left the hospital after 30 days. The patient was completely recovered. Conclusions: The case was managed conservatively, based on a bilateral pleural drainage and a diet without fats, which proved to be successful.

Pickering Emulsion Properties Generated by Nanofibrillated Cellulose Isolated from Oil Palm Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) as a Stabilizer

This study aims to find the optimal nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) concentration isolated from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) particles to form stable pickering emulsions against creaming and coalescence. The emulsification process is based on a combination of homogenizer and ultrasonication. Pickering emulsion was prepared by mixing the dispersed phase (palm oil) and the dispersing phase (NFC concentration of 0.05 - 0.7 w/v%) at the ratio of 10:90. Fresh emulsion has a milky white appearance and is homogeneous. However, some samples' creaming process occurred on the 30th day of storage. Microscopic observations show that the droplets are round with various sizes. Differences in NFC concentrations significantly affect droplet size, zeta potential, rheology, and emulsion stability. Increasing the NCF concentration resulted in smaller droplet sizes, viscosity, zeta potential, and pickering emulsion stability. The emulsion has high stability against coalescence and creaming. NFC at 0.7 w/v% generates an emulsion with the best characteristics and high stability against creaming and coalescence. OPEFB-based NFC has the potential as a pickering emulsion stabilizer particle that can be applied to the food and non-food industries.

Preparation and characterization of high solid content cationic waterborne polyurethane with core‐shell structures

AbstractIn this study, core‐shell structured cationic waterborne polyurethane (WPU) dispersions with high solid content were prepared. To this end, prepolymer A was synthesized from polytetramethylene ether glycol (PTMG), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), castor oil (CO) and 1,4‐butanediol (BDO) without integration of the hydrophilic groups. Prepolymer B with hydrophilic groups was prepared from PTMG, IPDI, CO, BDO and N‐methyldiethanol amine (MDEA). WPU dispersion with a core‐shell structure could be generated by mixing, neutralizing, and emulsifying of the prepolymer A and the prepolymer B. The results indicated that the generation of WPU dispersions through this technique exhibited a milky appearance while the pH values range from 5.30 to 5.60. The optimal combination of prepolymer A and prepolymer B (at a ratio of 5:5) resulted in a dispersion with the highest solid content (50.4%), lowest viscosity (69 mPa·s), and narrowest particle size distribution. As the proportion of prepolymer A to prepolymer B decreases, the tensile strength of WPU film reduces while the elongation at break and glass transition temperature increases. Moreover, initially the contact angle with water was decreased instead of increase. However, modifications in a ratio of prepolymer A and B was not showed any significant impact on the thermal stability performance of the WPU films.

Concomitant Chylothorax and Chyloperitoneum with Newly Diagnosed: B-Cell Lymphoma: A Case Report

Chylothorax and Chyloperitoneum are an infrequent condition, characterized by the accumulation of chyle in the pleural and peritoneum cavity. We report an uncommon presentation of concomitant chylothorax and chyloperitoneum caused by diffuse B- cell Lymphoma. A 60-year woman was admitted with progressive shortness of breath, abdominal fullness, cough when lying down on one week duration. She also complains progressive non painful neck lump, night sweats, and weight loss. Chest radiograph showed right pleural effusion. CT scan abdomen with contrast revealed ascites with lobulated mass and multiple lymphadenopathy. Thoracocentesis and paracentesis were performed, revealed exudative with yellow and milky appearance and elevated triglyceride. Histopathologic confirmed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Chylothorax concomitant with chylous ascites is rarely encountered. Serous effusion occur often in malignant lymphomas. Management of chylothorax and chyloperitoneum is conservative measures and treat the aetiology. Effusion often becomes a chronic problem that persist although the lymphoma has been treated.

Diagnosis and Management of Chylous Ascites

Chylous ascites (CA) is a rare form of ascites that results from the leakage of lipid-rich lymph into the peritoneal cavity. This usually occurs due to trauma and rupture of the lymphatics or increased peritoneal lymphatic pressure secondary to obstruction. The underlying etiologies for CA have been classified as traumatic, congenital, infectious, neoplastic, postoperative, cirrhotic or cardiogenic. Since malignancy and cirrhosis account for about two-thirds of all the cases of CA in Western countries. The diagnosis of CA is based on the distinct characteristic of the ascitic fluid which includes a milky appearance and a triglyceride level of 200 mg/dL. The management consists of identifying and treating the underlying disease process, dietary modification, and diuretics. Treatment with nutritional optimization and management of the underlying etiology are the cornerstones of therapy. When conservative measures fail, other interventions such as octreotide/somatostatin analogues, surgical ligation, embolization and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in patients with cirrhosis can be considered.

Insight into the Processing, Gelation and Functional Components of Tofu: A Review

Soybeans are a good source of protein and functional nutrition for humans and are used in the production of many foods, such as soymilk and tofu, which are popular in Asia. Soymilk is a beverage with a milky appearance and is produced by grinding soybeans in water; this raw soymilk is then filtered and heated. Soymilk can be used to produce tofu, a gelatinous food, in a process that generally involves coagulating, forming, and pressing soymilk. Tofu is also a source of functional ingredients, such as isoflavones, that have received much attention for their antioxidant properties. These isoflavones bind to soy protein to form soy protein–isoflavone complexes in tofu. In this review, we examined the processing, gelation and functional components of tofu. First, we introduced novel processing technologies (such as thermal and nonthermal processing) and hydrocolloids that affect the rheological property and texture of tofu. Then, because the coagulation and gelation of soymilk are important steps in the tofu manufacturing process, we also described detailed coagulation and gelation mechanisms of soybean proteins in tofu. Finally, we described the functional compounds and ingredients in tofu. This review provides basic knowledge for the further application of novel processing technology in tofu processing.

Observing single cells in whole organs with optical imaging

Cells are the basic unit of human organs that are not fully understood. The revolutionary advancements of optical imaging allowed us to observe single cells in whole organs, revealing the complicated composition of cells with spatial information. Therefore, in this review, we revisit the principles of optical contrast related to those biomolecules and the optical techniques that transform optical contrast into detectable optical signals. Then, we describe optical imaging to achieve three-dimensional spatial discrimination for biological tissues. Due to the milky appearance of tissues, the spatial information blurred deep in the whole organ. Fortunately, strategies developed in the last decade could circumvent this issue and lead us into a new era of investigation of the cells with their original spatial information.

Chylous ascites following mesenteric cyst resection. Case report and literature review

Introduction: chylous ascites (CA) is defined as the extravasation of milky fluid rich in triglycerides into the peritoneal cavity. Clinical case: 69-year-old patient with a history of having undergone surgery for a mesenteric cyst two months before presenting on this occasion with marked ascites observed by ultrasound and clinical examination. Diagnostic paracentesis was performed and showed abundant ascitic fluid (2500 ml) with a milky yellow appearance. A sample was taken for biochemical analysis of the fluid, which was positive, which together with the history of recent surgery confirmed the diagnosis of AQ. Conclusions: the usual cause in the adult population is obstruction due to abdominal neoplasms. Other causes include: abdominal trauma or secondary to abdominal surgery (associated with extensive retroperitoneal lymphadenectomies or with aortic surgery). a complete anamnesis and physical examination are essential for the diagnosis of AQ. Therefore, in case of suspicion, emphasis should be placed on the causes, especially if its appearance is subsequent to interventional therapies. Optimal management would be aimed at conservative treatment based on nutritional therapy (of choice due to its high efficacy rate)

Congenital Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis: An Exceptional Cause of Diffuse Interstitial Lung Disease

Introduction: Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is a rare respiratory disease characterized by the accumulation of surfactant-derived material in the lungs. It is commonly revealed by progressively increasing exertional dyspnoea contrasting with a poor clinical examination in the context of a diffuse infiltrating pneumonia. Bronchoalveolar lavage is the key to diagnosis. Genetic PAPs are usually diagnosed at birth or in childhood. PAPs of genetic origin mainly include surfactant production disorders, lysinuric protein intolerances and mutations of the GM-CSF receptor. CSF treatment is ineffective. On the other hand, large therapeutic lung lavage seems to be effective. The course of PAP is variable, ranging from spontaneous resolution to death from respiratory failure or lung infection. Case Report: A 3- month-old girl with family history of first-degree consanguineous parents, who was having a background of a Progressive worsening of respiratory symptoms and who was referred to our department for the treatment of diffuse pneumonia. The respiratory functional explorations objectified a restrictive syndrome. Chest X-ray revealed Bilateral alveolar-interstitial syndrome with left basal condensation and a Chest CT scan showed diffuse infiltrating pneumopathy, reasons why a bronchoalveolar lavage was performed showing a milky appearance. It contains a large amount of proteinaceous eosinophilic acellular granular material, which is PAS - positive. There are also foamy macrophages with PAS-positive intracellular inclusions. Those data are consistent with the diagnosis of PAP. The genetic study had shown an alpha chain mutation of the GM-CSF receptor confirming the diagnosis of primary alveolar proteinosis of genetic origin. The Evolution After two therapeutic bronchoalveolar lavages of both lungs was favorable with a clear decrease in pulmonary signs of effort. Conclusion: Alveolar proteinosis is a rare etiology of chronic interstitial lung disease in children. The diagnosis of certainty is do ne thanks to BAL and the treatment is based on therapeutic BAL sessions. The primitive forms are frequent and their prognosis seems be inversely correlated with age at onset.

Lymphatic Malformation Presenting as Recurrent Pleural Effusion and Ascites

Background: Chylothorax is defined as the accumulation of chyle in the pleural space and is characterized by elevated triglyceride content in pleural fluid >110 mg/dl. Chylous ascites is the accumulation of chyle in peritoneal fluid characterized by triglyceride levels >200 mg/dL. Causes can be traumatic or nontraumatic; portal or nonportal; and congenital or acquired (inflammatory, postoperative, malignant, or infectious). Lymph duct abnormalities are a rare cause of concurrent occurrence of chylothorax with chylous ascites. Clinical Description: We report a 4½-year-old girl who initially presented a fever and was diagnosed to have right-sided pleural effusion. Since no other focus was identified, she was treated as a case of tubercular pleural effusion, following which her symptoms settled transiently. She thereafter had a recurrence of her symptoms in association with ascites and was managed as a case of relapse of tuberculosis (TB) with category 2 anti-tubercular therapy. Since her symptoms did not resolve, she was referred to our hospital for further management. Management: Clinical reasoning based on history and examination coupled with investigations ruled out cardiac, renal, hepatic, malabsorption, or nutritional pathologies of recurrent effusions. TB was ruled out. A lymphatic malformation was suspected. Therapeutic cum diagnostic paracentesis was done in a fed state, which indicated a chylous nature by the milky appearance and suggestive cytology and biochemistry. Lymphoscintigraphy confirmed the presence of a lymphatic duct abnormality. The child was managed with diet modifications, following which she improved within a week. Conclusions: The approach to recurrent effusions without any focus should be logical and sequential, as described above, to exclude the aforementioned common conditions. If workup for TB is repeatedly negative other less likely causes should be considered.

Ultrasonic-assisted stewing enhances the aroma intensity of chicken broth: A perspective of the aroma-binding behavior of fat

This experiment investigated the underlying mechanism of ultrasonic-assisted stewing to enhance the aroma intensity of chicken broth by measuring fat content, oil droplet sizes, zeta potential, viscosity, surface protein loading, lipid oxidation, and aroma compound concentrations. As the thermo-ultrasound time increased, the fat content increased from 0.3 % to 1.2 %, resulting in a milky white appearance. After 1 h of thermo-ultrasound, the broth had the smallest particle size and the highest surface protein load, viscosity, and emulsion stability, as well as the highest total amount of aroma-active compounds of 314.70 ng/mg. With the further extension of thermo-ultrasound time, lipid oxidation increased, but the stability of chicken broth decreased, lowering the content of aroma-active compounds. These outcomes suggested that thermo-ultrasound could enhance the aroma intensity of chicken broth by increasing the fat content and the emulsion stability of the broth.

Spectral, visual, thermal, energy and circadian assessment of PDLC glazing in warm and humid climate

This paper detailed the experimental investigation of the Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal (PDLC) glazing over visual comfort, thermal performance, circadian entrainment, and energy consumption of an office room in a warm and humid climate. In addition, an elaborated study was carried out on the PDLC glazing's spectral, visual, thermal, and circadian characteristics. The thermal evaluation was carried out with a test cell of size 0.3*0.4 m. It was observed that the internal glass surface temperature was comparatively higher than the external glass temperature. It indicates the high solar gain of PDLC glazing. Under opaque and transparent states, the Correlated Colour Temperature (CCT) and a Colour Rendering Index (CRI, Ra) were almost identical. For an ultraviolet (UV) lamp source, PDLC film reflects most of the radiation under an opaque condition. Circadian Stimulus is 10–20 % more under clear states than the opaque state. A real-time experiment was performed in a test room at Manipal, where the PDLC sheet was pasted on the west-oriented window. Colour rendering and circadian effectiveness were satisfactory. CS was always above 0.3, the minimum requirement for circadian entrainment. Due to the milky appearance of the opaque state, a low solar elevation angle induces more reflection on the workspace, and hence more daylight comes into the interior. Under these conditions, uniformity is less. It is observed that PDLC is most suitable in the south and the north orientation windows for the southern tropical climate. The energy consumption was observed as 0.5 kWh /day.

Stick preparation of essential oils blend as repellent against Aedes aegepty

Essential oils have many uses, including being a repellent for mosquitoes. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the best essential oil mixture in stick form. Essential oils used in this research are citronella, lavender, geranium, and patchouli oil. First, the essential oil is characterized by colour, specific gravity, refractive index, and solubility in alcohol. The essential oil colours produced according to SNI and ISO are pale yellow to reddish-brown, the density is 0.880-0.970, the refractive index is 1.462-1.509 and dissolved in alcohol. The essential oil used produced 6 samples, namely the J-O sample. Organoleptic tests on these samples showed that the most preferred samples were sample J and sample M. The selected samples were continued to be made into sticks. Repellent products have a milky white appearance, a fresh odour, are not hot on the skin, have normal pH (6-6.2), are stable, homogeneous, and non-irritating. The repellent tests of products J and M were equally effective compared to controls. The value of the protective power generated from the two products reaches above 90% until the first hour.