Milk Line Research Articles

Enhances in Crude Protein and Effects on Fermentation Profile of Corn and Forage Sorghum Silage with Addition of Cowpea

Abstract This study was conducted to assess nutritive value of corn ( Zea mays L.) and forage sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] silage when ensiled with different proportions of cowpea [ Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]. Corn and forage sorghum were harvested at the ½ milk line and late dough stages of kernel maturity, respectively, and cowpea was harvested at a vegetative stage in two consecutive years at New Mexico State University (NMSU), Agricultural Science Center at Clovis. All three crops were chopped using a conventional chopper. The main crops, corn and forage sorghum, were mixed with cowpea at main crop:cowpea ratios of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100%. For each mixture, 1.1 lb of fresh material was vacuum sealed in a plastic bag and fermented for an average of 127 days, four bags per mixture. In both crops, crude protein (CP) increased as proportion of cowpea increased in the mixture. In addition, pH, lactic acid, and total acids increased in both crops when cowpea was added. Silage with 100% cowpea had the highest pH and lowest lactic acid concentration. It is concluded that mixing cowpea with corn and forage sorghum for silage increased CP concentration of the mixture. Additional research is needed to assess mixtures that produce silage with more desirable fermentation characteristics.

Real-time evaluation of milk quality as reflected by clotting parameters of individual cow's milk during the milking session, between day-to-day and during lactation

Real-time analysis of milk coagulation properties as performed by the AfiLab™ milk spectrometer introduces new opportunities for the dairy industry. The study evaluated the performance of the AfiLab™ in a milking parlor of a commercial farm to provide real-time analysis of milk-clotting parameters –Afi-CF for cheese manufacture and determine its repeatability in time for individual cows. The AfiLab™ in a parlor, equipped with two parallel milk lines, enables to divert the milk on-line into two bulk milk tanks (A and B). Three commercial dairy herds of 220 to 320 Israeli Holstein cows producing ∼11 500 l during 305 days were selected for the study. The Afi-CF repeatability during time was found significant (P < 0.001) for cows. The statistic model succeeded in explaining 83.5% of the variance between Afi-CF and cows, and no significant variance was found between the mean weekly repeated recordings. Days in milk and log somatic cell count (SCC) had no significant effect. Fat, protein and lactose significantly affected Afi-CF and the empirical van Slyke equation. Real-time simulations were performed for different cutoff levels of coagulation properties where the milk of high Afi-CF cutoff value was channeled to tank A and the lower into tank B. The simulations showed that milk coagulation properties of an individual cow are not uniform, as most cows contributed milk to both tanks. Proportions of the individual cow's milk in each tank depended on the selected Afi-CF cutoff. The assessment of the major causative factors of a cow producing low-quality milk for cheese production was evaluated for the group that produced the low 10% quality milk. The largest number of cows in those groups at the three farms was found to be cows with post-intramammary infection with Escherichia coli and subclinical infections with streptococci or coagulase-negative staphylococci (∼30%), although the SCC of these cows was not significantly different. Early time in lactation together with high milk yield >50 l/day, and late in lactation together with low milk yield<15 l/day and estrous (0 to 5 days) were also important influencing factors for low-quality milk. However, ∼50% of the tested variables did not explain any of the factors responsible for the cow producing milk in the low – 10% Afi-CF.

Unilateral macromastia in a case of polymastia

Macromastia is a condition of abnormal enlargement of the breast in excess of the normal proportion. It can be unilateral or bilateral and generally manifest at puberty when secondary sexual characters start appearing. Other patients may develop this condition at the time of pregnancy (Gestational macromastia). We present a case of young unmarried girl having unilateral macromastia due to polymastia. Unique feature in this case has been presence of two nipple areola complexes over right breast mound, one at normal site and another just superior to the inframammary crease in the line of embryonic milk line. The affected breast was almost double the size of contra lateral breast. Besides she also had bilateral hypertrophy of axillary breasts. Vertical scar reduction mammaplasty along with excision of axillary breasts was successfully carried out with gratifying results.

Phyllodes tumor of the vulva: report of two cases

Ectopic breast tissue can occur anywhere along the primitive embryonic milk line and can be the site of the same pathologic processes found in the normal breast. Phyllodes tumor is an extremely rare fibroepithelial neoplasm that occurs in ectopic breast tissue of the vulva. To date, only 8 cases of phyllodes tumor in the vulva have been reported in the literature. This paper presents two additional case of benign phyllodes tumor in the vulva. The first patient was a 43-year-old woman, presenting with a lesion on the left anterior mons pubis that had increased in size in the last three months. The second patient was a 50-year-old woman, presenting with a two-month history of a mass in the right labium majus. The patients underwent excisional biopsy. The histological examination of both specimens revealed a characteristic pattern of benign phyllodes tumor. In conclusion, the pathologists need to be aware that the lesion can occur in this location. Herein, the concepts about the histogenesis of phyllodes tumor in the vulva are discussed and a brief review of the previously reported cases is given.

Lactational Ectopic Breast Tissue of the Vulva: Case Report and Brief Historical Review

Ectopic breast tissue is defined as glands of breast tissue located outside of the normal anatomic breasts. Historically, ectopic breast tissue has been thought to arise from a remnant of the embryonic mammary ridge along the "milk line" or the midaxillary line from the axilla to the groin, including the vulvar region. Extramammary tissue displays the same pathologic and physiologic changes as normal breast tissue and is often discovered in multiparous women as the result of swelling from lactational activity. We present a case report of a gravid patient with lactating vulvar mass and a brief historical perspective of vulvar ectopic breast tissue.

Influence of cultivar, sowing date and maturity at harvest on yield, digestibility, rumen fermentation kinetics and estimated feeding value of maize silage

SUMMARYTwo maize hybrid cultivars, early (Cisko FAO 300) and late maturing (Arma FAO 700), were sown on three different dates (March, April or May) and harvested at two stages of maturity (kernel milk line (ML) scores of 1/4 &lt; ML &lt; 1/3 or 1/2 &lt; ML &lt; 2/3) in the western Po plain (Italy) in 2008. Yield, chemical composition andin vitrodigestibility and fermentation kinetics of pre-ensiled whole-crop maize and of silage were measured. Cultivar and sowing date influenced the dry matter (DM) yield of whole-plant maize, with DM yield being 40% higher in Arma than in Cisko, and DM yield decreasing with later sowing dates. Later maturity increased DM concentration at harvest for both hybrids, due to differences in kernel development. The neutral detergent fibre (NDF) content declined and starch increased as plants matured. Digestibility was estimatedin vitrofollowing the Ankom procedure. Rate and extent of ruminal degradation were estimated from gas production (GP) profiles during incubation in diluted rumen fluid. Cultivar, planting date and maturity had no effect onin vitroDM digestibility of pre-ensiled whole-crop maize, but following 240 days of ensiling significant differences between cultivars in digestibility were detected. GP kinetic parameters differed between cultivars for pre-ensiled whole-crop maize, with Cisko having higher asymptotic GP but lower fractional fermentation rates and longer lag times than the Arma hybrid. GP volumes were greater as sowing or harvest dates were delayed. Energy value and milk production were estimated using the Milk2006 Model. With the pre-ensiled whole-crop maize, a 38% greater milk yield/ha was expected with Arma than with Cisko, matching the 40% greater DM yield. The same trend was observed in maize silage, where cultivar and planting date affected milk production/ha, with greater values for Arma than for Cisko and lower values for the latest planting date. Optimal management practices, including decision making on planting and harvest time and hybrid cultivar selection, can influence the yield and nutritive value of maize silage.

Extraordinarily large protruding accessory breast cancer in a man

To the Editor: Accessory breasts may appear at any point along the milk line from the axilla to the groin, with the commonest location being the axilla.1 The incidence of accessory breasts varies between 0.6% and 6% in women of various ethnic groups, and the highest prevalence is in the Japanese population.2 The incidence in Japanese men is one third of that in Japanese women. Cancer originating from accessory breast tissue has been reported to account for 0.3% to 0.6% of all breast cancers.3 Primary carcinoma in accessory breasts in men is extremely rare.

Mathematical analysis of stochastic process of vacuum fluctuations in a milk line of milking machine

The limiting value of mean-square deviation of vacuum in a milk line during milking, providing its maximal staying in the given range is determined theoretically. Mathematical models permitting to calculate the probability of maintaining of vacuum mode in the tolerance zone are given.

Accessory breast cancer occurring concurrently with bilateral primary invasive breast carcinomas: a report of two cases and literature review.

The development of accessory breast tissue, which is found anywhere along the milk line, is attributed to the failure of milk line remnants to regress during embryogenesis. Primary tumors may arise from any ectopic breast tissue. Accessory breast cancer occurring concurrently with primary invasive breast cancer is extremely rare. Two such cases were reported in this article. One was a 43-year-old Chinese female who exhibited bilateral breast cancer (invasive ductal carcinoma, not otherwise specified, IDC-NOS) and an accessory breast carcinoma (IDC-NOS) incidentally identified in her left axilla. The ectopic breast tissue in her right axilla presented with adenosis. The patient was surgically treated, followed by postoperative docetaxel epirubicin (TE) chemotherapy. The second case was a 53-year-old Chinese female with bilateral breast cancer (apocrine carcinoma) accompanied by an accessory breast carcinoma (IDC-NOS) in her right axilla that was also incidentally identified. The patient was surgically treated after three doses of cyclophosphamide epirubicin docetaxel (CET) neoadjuvant chemotherapy, followed by adjuvant chemotherapy of the same regimen.

Perdas fermentativas e estabilidade aeróbia de silagens de milho inoculadas com bactérias ácido-láticas em diferentes estádios de maturidade

Objetivou-se, nesta pesquisa, avaliar o efeito de inoculantes bacterianos em silagens produzidas com plantas de milho em diferentes estádios de maturidade quanto às perdas fermentativas e estabilidade aeróbia. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3x5, e avaliaram-se dois inoculantes (Silobac® e Maize All®) e uma silagem controle em 5 estádios de maturação fisiológica do milho, com 4 repetições. Verificou-se efeito positivo dos inoculantes quanto às perdas fermentativas, e a adição de Silobac® e Maize All® promoveram perda de matéria seca (PMS) 1,78 e 1,75 pontos percentuais a menos que a silagem controle (7,95%). As silagens produzidas com 2/3 de linha de leite e camada negra (CN) apresentaram menor PMS, o que se deve principalmente a menor produção de efluente. A silagem que levou maior tempo para apresentar quebra da estabilidade aeróbia foi aquela produzida a partir de plantas de milho no estádio camada negra e inoculada com Maize All®, ao passo que se notou menor estabilidade para outras silagens inoculadas com esse mesmo produto em virtude do aumento no teor de umidade das silagens. Os inoculantes utilizados neste trabalho são eficientes em diminuir as perdas de MS durante o processo fermentativo, contudo, contribuem com maior aporte de nutrientes nas silagens, o que resulta em menor estabilidade após a abertura dos silos. Silagens produzidas com maior concentração de MS apresentam menores perdas de MS durante a fermentação, assim como são mais estáveis em contato com o oxigênio.

On Molecular Mechanisms Guiding Embryonic Mammary Gland Development

On Molecular Mechanisms Guiding Embryonic Mammary Gland Development

Quantitative characterization of corn plant components according to planting time and grain maturity stage

The objective of this experiment was to characterize the dry matter production of vegetative components (stalk, leaf, husk, and cob) and reproductive components (grain) of the corn plant according to planting time and the grain maturity stage. Eight corn hybrids with different agronomic characteristics were used to carry out the experiments. Two experiments were performed with planting undertaken on 11/11/2007 and 12/12/2007 under a conventional tillage system. The eight corn cultivars were harvested at three grain maturity stages, half milk line, three quarters milk line and black layer. An 8 × 3 factorial (eight hybrids and the three cutting times) randomized blocks design was used, with three replications. Individual analysis of variance was performed for each experiment. Then joint analysis of variance was performed involving the two planting times. The means were grouped and the hybrids used as replications to characterize the components. Delay in planting significantly reduced the dry matter productivity of the whole plant; however, it did not reduce its degradability. The greatest dry matter productivity obtained was that of grain, followed by stalk, leaf, husk and cob. The vegetative components, leaves and husk, lose quality with delay in planting. The leaf is the vegetative component of highest quality, while the cob is the worst. Delay in planting increases the neutral detergent fiber content of the stalk, husk and cob.

Definitive treatment of supernumerary lower chest wall primary breast cancer

Ectopic breast tissue is estimated to occur in 1% of the population.1 These include accessory mammary glands (polymastia), supernumerary nipples (hyperthelia) along “milk lines” from the axilla to the groin. Embryologic mammary ridges regress during development, excluding the 2 pectoral areas, later forming the breasts. Failure of regression may yield supernumerary breast tissue.2 Some cases have been associated with congenital urologic anomalies3 and familial inheritance.4 Though difficult to accurately characterize, between 0.28% and 0.6% of breast cancers have been reported to occur in ectopic breast tissue away from the milk line,1,5 or “mammae erraticae.” Reported sites include the axillae,6-8 vulva,9 sub-inframammary fold,10 thigh in a male,11 perineum12, buttock, and face.13 Few publications discuss treatment implications. We report our approach to staging, diagnosis, and treatment and review of the literature for accessory breast cancer.

Mammae Erraticae: A Case Report and Reappraisal of the Related Theories

Extra nipples and breast tissue outside the orthotopic location of the mammary glands are called polythelia and polymastia, respectively. Although the theory of mammary ridge remnants can explain extra breast tissue along the milk line, other locations such as the dorsum of the body still need further discussion. This report describes a 28-year-old Caucasian woman with a perfectly formed breast together with a meningocele in the lumbar region. Kyphoscoliosis and growth retardation were accompanying pathologies. As far as the authors can discern, this is the first case in the literature showing a well-formed breast and dysraphism occurring together. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors at www.springer.com/00266.

Aberrant Breast in a Rare Site: A Case Report

Aberrant breast tissue is an anomaly in the embryogenesis of the breast that is found along the mammary ridge or out of that line. We report a case of a 71-year-old female patient with an abdominal aberrant breast tissue found incidentally in a piece of mesenteric biopsy. The histological features were consistent with breast tissue.

Seven nipples in a male: World′s second case report

We present a case of seven nipples in a 32-year-old male patient. The patient had two regular nipples along with five supernumerary nipples. Usually, supernumerary nipples develop along the two vertical "milk lines" which start in the arm pit on each side, run down through the typical nipples, and end at the groin. Our patient had six nipples which confirm to the "milk lines" and one nipple which was above the umbilicus in the midline and did not confirm to the "milk lines." To our knowledge, this is the second case report with seven nipples in the world.

Absence of ectopic epithelial inclusions in 3,904 axillary lymph nodes examined in sentinel technique

Intraoperative examination of sentinel axillary lymph nodes can be done by imprint cytology, frozen section, or, most recently, by PCR-based amplification of a cytokeratin signal. Using this technique, benign epithelial inclusions, representing mammary tissue displaced along the milk line, will likely generate a positive PCR signal and lead to a false-positive diagnosis of metastatic disease. To better appreciate the incidence of ectopic epithelial inclusions in axillary lymph nodes, we have performed an autopsy study, examining on 100 μm step sections 3,904 lymph nodes obtained from 160 axillary dissections in 80 patients. The median number of lymph nodes per axilla was 23 (15, 6, and 1 in levels 1, 2, and 3, respectively). A total of 30,450 hematoxylin-eosin stained slides were examined, as well as 8,825 slides immunostained with pan-cytokeratin antibodies. Despite this meticulous work-up, not a single epithelial inclusion was found in this study, suggesting that the incidence of such inclusions is much lower than the assumed 5% reported in the literature.

Influence of stage of maturity on bromatological quality of corn forage

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of stalk/leaf ratio and the stage of maturity on the digestibility of the corn plant. Hybrids AG1051, AG4051, AG5011, DOW2B710, DOW2C577, DOW2A525, NB7315 and P30F90 were used, harvested at the one-half milk line (½ ML), three-quarters milk line (¾ ML) and black layer (BL) stages. A randomized block design was used in an 8 (hybrids) × 3 (stages of maturity) factorial design, with three replications. The means generated were used for grouping into high and low stalk/leaf ratio and a new analysis of variance was generated in a 2 × 3 (two groups and three stages of maturity) factorial design. The whole plant and its stalk, leaf, husk, cob and grain components were incubated in situ in the rumen of three cows for determination of degradability of dry matter and degradable neutral detergent fiber. Stalk/leaf ratio did not influence neutral detergent fiber content or the degradability of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber of any of the components, except for the cob, in which the high ratio group had greater degradable neutral detergent fiber contents. There was a reduction in the degradability of all the parts, except for the stalk and cob, and an increase in the neutral detergent fiber contents of the vegetative parts, except for the stalk. Unlike the vegetative components, the neutral detergent fiber contents of the whole plant decreased throughout the stages evaluated. For degradable neutral detergent fiber, there was a reduction in the whole plant and in its components. The advance of maturity reduces the quality of the vegetative components; however, this loss in the entire plant is moderated by grain filling. Forage quality depends more on the quality of the components than on their proportions in the dry matter.

Combined Nevus With Dermally Located Pagetoid Cells in the Perianal Region: A New Variant of Site-Related Histological Atypia

Nevi with site-related histological atypia have been reported in various locations, mainly on the female genitalia, along the anatomical milk line and in skin folds. Therefore, the literature focuses clearly on the atypical nevi of the female genitalia. In the present case, we describe a unique case of a combined perianal melanocytic nevus with architectural and cytologic atypia that differ from the histopathologic features of accepted criteria for atypical genital nevi. A suspicion of malignant melanoma was raised, but few pivotal histological features, the age of the patient and the clinical follow-up for 10 years proved otherwise. This case contributes to the collection of necessary information about perianal nevi that show obvious variations in site-related histological atypia compared with atypical genital nevi. Although the malignant potential of such lesions remains unclear, it is important to prevent overdiagnosis of malignant melanoma with the associated devastating surgery, especially in young patients.

Factors associated with coliform count in unpasteurized bulk milk

The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with bulk milk coliform count (CC). Dairy farms (n=10) were visited once weekly on sequential weekdays over a period of 10 wk. During each visit, in-line drip samplers were used to collect 1 milk sample from 2 points of the milk line (between the receiver jar and milk filters, and after the plate cooler). During the same period that in-line milk samples were collected, university personnel observed milking performance and hygiene and collected liner (n=40) and teat skin swabs (n=40). Coliform counts were determined for milk samples and swabs using Petrifilm CC plates (3M, St. Paul, MN). A mixed model was used to assess the association between in-line milk CC (ILCC) and several potential predictor variables. The mean duration of each visit was 73min and the time between start of milking and beginning of milk sampling was 154min. The mean number of cows milked during each visit was 236. For all milk samples (n=181), geometric mean ILCC was 37cfu/mL. In-line milk CC varied by farm, ranging from 5 to 1,198cfu/mL. Rate of fall-offs, rate of cluster washes, outdoor and indoor temperature, indoor humidity, sampling duration, and parity group were unconditionally associated with ILCC but did not enter the final multivariate model. In-line milk CC was 4 times greater (115cfu/mL) when milking machine wash failures occurred compared with ILCC after normal washes (26cfu/mL). Pre-filter and post-cooler ILCC were not different when milk samples were collected at the beginning (<33% of herd milked) or at mid-milking (33 to 66% of the herd milked), whereas pre-filter ILCC was less than post-cooler for samples collected at the end of milking (>67% of the herd milked). Geometric mean ILCC (cfu/mL) increased 6.3% for every 10% increase in in-line milk SCC (cells/mL). Geometric mean ILCC increased 2.3% for every 10% increase in liner CC (cfu/mL). Results of this study provide novel information about farm factors associated with CC, as estimated in milk before storage in tankers or bulk tanks, and highlight the importance of proper and consistent milking machine washes in minimizing bulk milk coliform contamination. The nature of the associations between liner CC, rate of cluster washes, rate of milking units fall-offs, and ILCC indicates that managing and monitoring such events has the potential for improving bacteriological quality of farm bulk milk.