Milking Research Articles

Energy consumption of milking pump controlled by frequency convertor during milking cycle.

Energy consumption of milking pump controlled by frequency convertor during milking cycle.

Burden of human brucellosis and risk factors in animal-human interface: A case study in Mikumi-Selous ecosystem, Morogoro Tanzania

Fever causing zoonoses such as brucellosis are common in sub-Saharan countries and rarely routinely diagnosed in patients with febrile conditions. The aim of this cross sectional study was to establish the burden and risk factors of human brucellosis in animal-human interface areas in Mikumi-Selous ecosystem, Tanzania. The study was undertaken from January 2011 to February 2012. Brucellosis screening was carried out by Rose Bengal Plate test (RBPT) in serum from fever (n=1509) and none fever (n=298) patients attending at selected health facilities. The overall sero-prevalence of brucellosis in human was 20.5% (95% CI: 18.7-22.5, n=1807). A highly significant ( P = 0.0001) infection rate was found in fever group 23.9% (n = 1509) than individuals in non-fever group (3.7%). Mvomero district had higher prevalence ( P = 0.0001, OR = 1.42) (36.1%) than other districts. Questionnaires were administered to 369 brucellosis screened respondents in their households. It was found that contact with cattle manure, milking work, and contact with placenta during assisted parturition and home slaughter were the significant risk factors for transmission of brucellosis by direct contact. However, consumption of raw unpasteurized milk, undercooked or raw meat and raw blood constituted a major threat of brucellosis to the community in the study area. Brucellosis is prevalent in human distributed in all districts posing a health threat to pastoral and agro-pastoral communities. Participatory intervention through One-Health approach coupled with effective mass vaccination program in animals is vital for control and eradication of the disease. Keywords: Brucellosis, humans, animals, Mikumi-Selous Ecosystem, risk factors

Assessment of dairy cow herd indices associated with different milking systems

Assessment of dairy cow herd indices associated with different milking systems

Визначення фізико-хімічних властивостей та бактерицидної дії екологічно безпечного засобу санімол-л для санітарної обробки доїльного обладнання

Визначення фізико-хімічних властивостей та бактерицидної дії екологічно безпечного засобу санімол-л для санітарної обробки доїльного обладнання

Manure nutrient application on a Chinese dairy farm with arable land: A case study based on Dutch experience of equilibrium fertilization

For a Chinese dairy farm with 2200 milking cows, the annual manure production and manure nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) were estimated. Gaseous nitrogen losses from cattle housing with scraped solid floors were based on on-farm measurements. Based on experiences from the Netherlands, nutrient levels in the solid and liquid fractions after slurry separation were estimated. On the basis of assumptions for nutrient losses during covered lagoon storage and land application of the liquid fraction, nitrogen and phosphorous fertilization rates were calculated for the 67 hm2 of agricultural land that receive the liquid fraction by gravity irrigation. The results show that the application rates of nitrogen and phosphorous significantly exceed the crop needs, which will probably result in losses to soil and water. In order to aim for a balance between nutrient application and crop needs and, as such, reduce environmental harm, the authors recommend to establish application standards for nitrogen and phosphorous on arable land in China and to formulate farm-specific Nutrient Management Plans. Keywords: dairy manure, nutrient balance, dairy farm, over-fertilization, nutrient application standard, environmental protection DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20171004.3082 Citation: Melse R W, de Buisonje F E, Qiao W, Dong R J. Manure nutrient application on a Chinese dairy farm with arable land: A case study based on Dutch experience of equilibrium fertilization. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2017; 10(4): 182–188.

The efficacy of individualized swallowing training for premature infants with feeding disorders: A randomized controlled trial

Objective To observe the effect of individualized swallowing training in the neonatal intensive care unit on the swallowing function of premature infants with feeding disorders. Methods Sixty-two preterm (28 to 32 weeks) infants with feeding disorders were randomly divided into a treatment group (n=34) and a control group (n=28). Both groups were given routine gastric tube feeding, but the treatment group was additionally provided with individualized swallowing training twice a day for 2 weeks, including oral sensory and motor stimulation, milking, family participation, a better environment and a selection of feeding tools. The subjects′ daily milk consumption and weight were recorded, along with the age when the gastric tube was removed and the total length of the hospital stay. Results The treatment group showed significantly greater improvement than the control group in their daily milk consumption and weight gain, though both groups showed significant improvements. The average time to removing the gastric tube and the average hospital stay were both significantly shorter for the treatment group than for the control group. Conclusion Individualized swallowing training can effectively improve sucking and swallowing skills and shorten the period of using a gastric tube and the total hospital stay for premature infants. Key words: Premature neonates; Feeding disorders; Swallowing training; Body weight

Diagnosis and treatment of renal cell carcinoma complicated with inferior vena cava tumor thrombus in hepatic segment and upper hepatic segment

Surgical treatment is the only cure treatment for patients with inferior vena cava tumor thrombus in hepatic segment and upper hepatic segment. The accurate diagnosis of tumor thrombus is very important. In preoperative imaging examination, the abdominal enhanced CT scan and the inferior vena cava MRI scan were the best methods for the diagnosis and evaluation of the tumor thrombus in hepatic segment and upper hepatic segment. Compared with the tumor thrombus below the liver, the tumor thrombus in hepatic segment or above hepatic segment extend widely, and the operation are more difficult. For simple inferior vena cava tumor thrombus (the top of the thrombus has reached the level of hepatic vein), Retroperitoneal approach combined with transperitoneal approach should be used. Open surgery is the standard procedure for other tumor thrombus in hepatic segment and upper hepatic segment. In addition to exposure of inferior vena cava below the hepatic vein, the liver and the first hepatic hilum should be exposed. For tumor thrombus in the atrium, after the longitudinal incision of diaphragm, we use Milking technology to squeeze thrombus into inferior vena cava. Then we use catheterization technology to remove thrombus. For difficult atrial tumor thrombus, an extracorporeal circulation should be performed. The median incision in the chest should be performed to open the chest and open the pericardium and remove the tumor thrombus. Patients with tumor thrombus in hepatic segment or upper hepatic segment should be diagnosed as early as possible and they need actively treated by operation. Key words: Renal carcinoma; Tumor thrombus; Inferior vena cava; Hepatic segment

The Effect of Umbilical Cord Clamping, Cutting and Milking in Term Infants Delivered by Cesarean Section: A randomized controlled trial

Objectives: To investigate the effect of umbilical cord milking (UCM) and immediate umbilical cord clamping (ICC) in term infants delivered by cesarean section. Materials and Methods: This investigation’s design was a randomized controlled trial. One hundred and ten term pregnant women were recruited and allocated equally in the study and control groups. The study group (UCM) undertook umbilical cord milking toward the infant five times in 30 seconds after the umbilical cord was immediately clamped at a 20 cm, length from the newborn. The control group (ICC), by contrast, underwent immediate umbilical cord clamping without milking at 2 cm from umbilicus as the standard manner. Neonatal outcomes such as neonatal hematocrit (Hct) at 48 hours after birth, microbilirubin level, respiratory rate and length of stay in hospital were recorded. Results: Neither neonatal outcomes nor neonatal Hct at 48 hrs revealed statistical differences between the two groups. There were no serious maternal and fetal complications in either group. The two groups showed no significant differences in demographic and operative data. Conclusion: UCM at a point 20 cm from umbilicus had no effect in raising the Hct level at 48 hours following birth and no harmful effect in the term newborn delivered by cesarean section.

Prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome in workers dealing with bovine manual milking

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a prevalencia da sindrome do tunel do carpo na ordenha manual de bovinos em uma localidade do interior do Estado do Parana. METODOS: A amostra (n=92) foi selecionada a partir de prescricoes medicas de fisioterapia para pacientes com diagnostico desta sindrome, ocorridas no periodo de 2008 a 2010. RESULTADOS: Foram incluidas 80 mulheres com media de idade de 47,7±11,3 anos e 12 homens com media de idade de 43,9±12,6 anos. Entre os acometidos, 41 participantes (44,6%) realizaram a ordenha manual em algum momento da vida, sendo 36 mulheres (39,1%) e 5 homens (5,4%). Somente as mulheres com sindrome do tunel do carpo permaneciam com a ordenha manual na sua ocupacao principal. CONCLUSAO: Este estudo mostrou elevada frequencia de sindrome do tunel do carpo em trabalhadores que lidam com a ordenha manual e sugere a expansao da mecanizacao da producao do leite de gado bovino como medida preventiva as agressoes no tunel do carpo.

Milking Workers, Breaking Bodies

Milking Workers, Breaking Bodies

Research on influencing factors of breastfeeding for premature infants in NICU

Objective To explore the influencing factors of breastfeeding for premature infants in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Methods Totally 100 premature infants hospitalized in NICU were evaluated by the general information questionnaire, parents′ perception uncertainty scale-family (PPUS-FM), self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and self-rating depression scale (SDS). The variables may influence breastfeeding were collected. Results Premature infants in NICU were divided into the pure breastfeeding group (49 cases) and the non-breastfeeding group (51 cases). Through the comparison, we found that the differences in gestational age, birth weight, mother′s maternity leave time, whether mothers have the breastfeeding plan, whether they know the importance of breastfeeding for premature infants, whether they accept the guidance and help of breastfeeding, whether they have confidence in breastfeeding, lover′s attitude to breastfeeding, nipple condition, the time of milking in 30 minutes after child birth and milking time within 24 h, anxiety score, depression score and uncertainty in illness (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that: uncertainty in illness (OR=1.083, P=0.044), depression (OR=1.059, P=0.023), lover′s attitude to breastfeeding (OR=0.099, P=0.022), accept assistance and guidance of breastfeeding (OR=0.055, P=0.038) and milking in 30 minutes after child birth (OR=0.020, P=0.007) were important influencing factors of breastfeeding for premature infants in NICU. Conclusions The uncertainty in illness, depression, lover′s attitude to breastfeeding, accept assistance and guidance of breastfeeding, and began milking in 30 minutes may affect the breastfeeding in premature infants. Nurses should take timely risk assessment and interventions to effectively improve infant′s breastfeeding measures, and promote the health of maternals and children. Key words: Intensive care unit; Infant, premature; Breastfeeding; Influencing factor

Influence of baobab fruit in the diet on intake, milk yield and milk composition in Red Sokoto goats

Baobab fruit (Adansonia digitata) is a nutritious but grossly underutilized food resource with great potentials for improving the productivity of milking goats in Nigeria. Twenty four Red Sokoto goats fed diets containing 0, 10, 20 and 30% baobab pulp and seed meal (BPSM) were used to evaluate the influence of baobab fruit on yield and composition of goat milk. The experimental design adopted was the completely randomized design. Animals were exercised daily inside a fenced paddock where they had access to forage. Dry matter (DM) intake, milk yield, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and milk composition in the goats were measured over a period of 84 days. There were significant (P<0.05) differences in intake, milk yield and FCR of the goats. DM intake increased from 21.5 to 27.5 % of live weight (LW) and milk yield from 333.8 to 441.9 g/day with inclusion of BPSM in the diet. FCR was 1.40, 1.30, 1.28 and 1.29 for 0, 10, 20 and 30% BPSM diets respectively. Milk composition was also significantly (P<0.05) influenced by level of baobab meal in the diet. Total solids in milk increased from 12.23 to 14.10 %; protein from 3.50 to 4.08 %; and fat from 3.38 to 4.45 % with BPSM in the diet. Addition of BPSM to the diet enhanced feed intake and milk production in Red Sokoto goats raised in the derived savanna of Nigeria.

Short and long-term outcomes of placental transfusion in very low birth weight infants: a meta analysis

Objective To investigate the risks and benefits of interventions promoting placental transfusion (PT) at delivery [delayed cord clamping (DCC) or umbilical cord milking (UCM)] compared with early cord clamping (ECC) on outcomes among very low birth weight infants (VLBWI). Methods A systematic search was conducted of PubMed, EMBASE, ClinicalTrials.gov, China Academic Journal Network Publishing Database and Wanfang Medical Databases (January 1965 to July 2014) for randomized controlled trial (RCT) articles relating to PT strategies (DCC and UCM) in VLBWI. The Cochrane Handbook 5.1.0 was used to evaluate the methodological quality and RevMan 5.3 software from Cochrane Collaboration was used for meta-analysis. The fixed effect or random effect model was adopted according to the result of heterogeneity. Results We identified 14 eligible studies describing a total of 659 neonates with an average birth weight 0.05): 5-minute Apgar scores (MD=0.01, 95%CI: -0.21-0.22), admission temperature (MD=0.13, 95%CI: -0.15 to 0.41), peak serum bilirubin levels (MD=0.59, 95%CI: -0.13 to 1.31), initial reported hematocrit (MD=3.48, 95%CI: -0.46 to 7.43), mortality before discharge (OR=0.63, 95%CI: 0.31-1.25), Bell's stage 2 or greater necrotizing enterocolitis (OR=0.62, 95%CI: 0.29-1.33), rates of transfusion due to anemia (OR=0.63, 95%CI: 0.35-1.15) and oxygen therapy at 36 weeks of corrected age (OR=0.79, 95%CI: 0.46-1.34). Conclusions It is suggested that enhanced PT (both DCC and UCM) at birth is safe and provide better neonatal outcomes than ECC for those VLBWI, most notably reduces the overall IVH occurrence and lower the incidence of sepsis. The optimal umbilical cord clamping practice and UCM among VLBWI infants remains uncertain and long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes are warranted. Key words: Infant, very low birth weight; Blood transfusion; Placental circulation; Umbilical cord; Ligation; Constriction; Meta-analysis

Commentary on Tenureland

Commentary on Tenureland

Storage time of the evaluation and composition of silage of colostrum two dairy breeds : Girolando and Jersey

This study evaluated the colostrum and colostrum silage of two dairy breeds cows and the quality during storage. We used 5 samples Gir cows and 5 of the Jersey breed harvested in the first milking and evaluated at 0 and 15 days of storage. Were determined in the samples pH, temperature, acidity in lactic acid, acidity, lactose, glucose, total fat, total nitrogen (TN), non-protein nitrogen (NPN), casein, molds, yeasts and enterobacteria. Statistical analysis of these variables was used analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 5% significance level. There were significant differences between the races in pH parameters at day 0, crude fat on day 0, total nitrogen and crude protein on days 0 and 15 and casein on days 0 and 15. In the other parameters no significant differences were observed between the races . Therefore, the results obtained indicate that there were significant nutritional difference between silage colostrum races Girolando and Jersey.

Surgical management of the supernumerary and fused teat in a cow heifer

Supernumerary teat (SNT) or hyperthelia is a congenital condition of the dairy cattles. These interfere in milking and predisposed for mastittis by entry of pathogens. The main teat, being bigger and conspicuous is quite distinguishable from the supernumerary teat. Physiologically, the supernumerary teat usually has no duct that connects to the primary mammary gland. In that case, it is vestigial and non-functional. In some other cases, it may be connected to small glands or even the main glands, in which case, it yields but small amount of milk compared to the primary or main teat when suckled (Thomas et al., 2008). In fused teats, skin of two teats is fused together at base without any involvement of the teat canal or muscle. Fused teats are infrequently seen in the buffaloes and rarely in the cows. SNT may be useful for teat grafting to restore teat anatomy during an acute damage to the primary teat tip (Saifzadehet al., 2005).

Gender analysis in dairy farming in Tripura, India

Indian economy is predominantly rural and agriculture oriented where dairy farming is one of the sources of income for majority of the farmers of the country. In Indian context, the farming became a familial tradition where along with the male counterparts females are also associated from the beginning of the era. Thus, a study was framed to have a look on dairy farming with the analysis of gender in dairy farming in one of the north-eastern state of India. For that purpose, both 100 male and 100 female were interviewed to weigh up their decision making pattern and activity profile (who is doing what) in dairy farming in both plain and hilly region of Tripura. The results shows that, regarding decision making pattern in both the region male members of the family (such as 88 % in Selling and purchasing of animals in plain) were most energetic rather than their female counterparts almost in all the activities. The results show a different picture in hilly region where joint decision making were important rather than plain region and participation in different activities of dairy farming males were active in purchasing of animals (96.00 % in plain) and selling of the milk (74.00 % in plain) in both the region. But the females were most active in cleaning of the animal, utensils and animal shed (83.79 % in hilly), milking (97.29 % in hilly) in both the region. It was further seen that female in the hilly region were more participating in decision making than females of plain region. The study has recommended that there is need to empower the female farther so that they can take part in farming equally with their male counterparts.

Cotqueans, Poultry-Gropers, Dish-Clouts

Si j’avais un mari, je le dis,Je voudrais qu’il se fit le maitre du logis;Je ne l’aimerais point, s’il faisait le jocrisse.(Moliere, Les Femmes savantes (1672), V, 3, 5–8)‘Instruct your grandmother...

“Chelavite” Mineral Desteği Kullanımının Kilolu İneklerin Kan, Yün ve Sütlerindeki Kadmiyum ve Kurşun İçeriği Üzerindeki Etkisi

Bu calismanin amaci destek katki kullaniminin kilolu ineklerin kan serumu, yapagi ve sutlerindeki kadmiyum ve kursun duzeyleri uzerindeki etkisini arastirmaktir. Siyah alaca irki, 3-5 yaslarinda sutcu inekler bu calismada kullanildi. Bunlarin senelik sut uretimleri 6 bin litredir (kontrol ve deney gruplari, her birinde 15 bas olmak uzere). Inekler, kilolu inekler icin hazirlanan dengeli rasyonlarla beslendi. Mineral destek dozu, deneysel grup inekler icin verilen uygulama talimati dogrultusunda belirlendi. Tedavi edici doz 10 kg’lik vucut agirligi icin 30 gun sureyle gunde bir kez 0,6 ml’idi. Ornekler mineral destegi “Chelavite” verilmeden once ve tedavi sona erdikten sonra alindi. Kan, yapagi ve sutte kadmiyum ve kursun miktarlarini atomik absorpsiyon spektrofotometresi yoluyla belirlemek icin Unicam AAS-939 cihazi kullanildi. Mineral destegi “Chelavite” verildikten sonra ineklerin kanindaki kadmiyum duzeyinin 2,35 misli, kursun duzeyinin 1,5 misli; ineklerin yapagilarindaki kadmiyum duzeyinin 1,33 misli, kursun duzeyinin 4,34 misli, ineklerin sutlerindeki kadmiyum duzeyinin 2,2 misli, kursun duzeyinin 3,7 misli azaldigi saptandi. Sonuc olarak, “Chelavite” formundaki selat bilesiklerinin uygulanmasi ineklerde kadmiyum ve kursun gibi agir metallerin duzeylerini azaltmaktadir. Bu da sut kalitesini iyilestirme yollarindan biri olmaktadir.

Evaluation of air quality in a dairy cattle barn

The microbiological quality of air in a cattle barn was evaluated to ascertain the role of air as a source of contamination and spoilage of raw milk. The microbial quality of air at two areas of a cattle barn viz. milking animal shed and calf shed were assessed. Sedimentation method was employed for air sample collection. The observed data were statistically analyzed by independent “t” test. The mean total aerobic counts obtained in the air by sedimentation method were 134.56±4.95 and 96.48±4.33 cfu/feet 2 /min in milking animal shed and calf shed respectively. The total aerobic count in the milking animal shed was significantly higher (P< 0.01) when compared to calf shed. The mean total Coliform count obtained in the air were 9.54±1.05 and 10.80±2.06 cfu/feet 2 /min in milking animal shed and calf shed respectively. The total Coliform count revealed no significant difference between milking animal shed and calf shed. The mean Staphylococcal count obtained in the air were 91.78±4.89 and 52.48±3.57 cfu/feet 2 /min in milking animal shed and calf shed respectively. The Staphylococcal count gave significantly higher values for (P< 0.01) milking animal shed when compared to calf shed. The mean Yeast and mould count obtained in the air were 14.84 ± 0.90 and 12.42 ± 0.89 cfu/feet 2 /min in milking animal shed and calf shed respectively. The yeast and mould count revealed no significant difference between the milking animal shed and calf shed.