The aim of this research was to study the effect of crossbreeding Finnish Ayrshires with Norwegian Reds in the temperate climate of Ukraine on the content of essential amino acids and their biologi cal value. The study was conducted on a commer cial farm in Poltava region on Finnish Ayrshire cows and their crossbreeds with Norwegian Reds. On the farm, cows are kept loose in an easily assembled building on deep, long-lasting straw bedding. Milk ing takes place twice a day in the milking parlour on a 2×12 «Parallel» unit. Groups of purebred (n=16) and crossbred (n=20) cows of the first lactation were formed for the study. The animals were in the third month of lactation for 74±17 days and were not preg nant. The use of interbreed crossing of Finnish Ayr shires with Norwegian Reds had a positive effect on the protein composition of milk. For the protein of Finnish Ayrshires, the first limiting (lower than the recommended content in the reference protein) ami no acid was methionine + cystine (affects the rate of clot formation during cheesemaking), the content of which was 96.3 %. In the protein of crossbred cows, amino acids in which the rate was less than 100 % were not detected. The most excessive were phenyl alanine + tyrosine – 143.7 % and leucine – 122.1%, which are aromatic amino acids and affect the taste properties of milk. The protein of crossbreds was characterized by a slightly higher total utility coef f icient compared to purebred counterparts (by 12.77 %). Also, the aminogram of the crossbred group was closer to the «ideal». In terms of the three functional groups of amino acids studied, the Finnish Ayrshire and Norwegian Red crosses were slightly superior compared to the purebred Ayrshires. The best protein composition was the milk of the Finnish Ayrshire and Norwegian Red crosses, which gives reason to con sider it more suitable for the production of cheeses and fermented milk products compared to the pure bred counterparts. Key words: dairy cows, breeds, crossbreeding, milk protein, amino acids.

In a classic labor vs. capital trade-off, some dairies are opting to install automatic milking systems (AMS). AMS has the potential to increase efficiencies but comes at a cost. Although the AMS units themselves are costly, the facility that houses them can often be a more significant expense. This case presents a fictional family dairy, typical for the western United States, that is now considering adoption of AMS. The case analyzes the economics of installing AMS under three facility investment scenarios; minimal retrofit to an existing facility, building a new open-sided barn, and building a new fully enclosed barn. This case study provides an opportunity to apply capital budgeting to a modern agriculture investment and addresses broader questions related to technology investment and adoption on farm.

A ovinocultura brasileira representa um importante segmento dentro da pecuária nacional, gerando emprego e renda ao longo da cadeia produtiva. Dentro deste segmento a produção de leite ovino ainda é incipiente no Brasil, porém apresenta grande potencial pela capacidade de agregação de valor ao produto através da produção de derivados, apreciado em mercados consumidores diferenciados. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a produção leiteira de ovelhas Texel, manejadas em campo nativo recebendo suplementação. Foram utilizadas 17 ovelhas adultas, manejadas em campo nativo recebendo 1% de ração comercial contendo 14% de proteína bruta. As ovelhas foram ordenhadas em duas oportunidades dentro do período de lactação, com auxílio de ordenhadeira mecânica e administração prévia de ocitocina. O manejo nutricional permitiu manutenção do escore de condição corporal. A produção leiteira foi considerável para o padrão da raça que não representa um biótipo leiteiro. O estudo permite inferir que existe potencial para utilização da raça Texel em sistemas de produção de leite ovino.

Süt sağım üniteleri, sütün ineklerden sağılarak elde edildiği, depolandığı ve transfer edildiği süt sığırcılığı işletmelerinde iş akış şemasının son aşamasının gerçekleştirildiği yapılardır. İnsanların temel gıda gereksinimlerinden süt ve süt ürünlerinin üretiminde süt kalitesi önemli yere sahiptir. Sütün kalitesi ise ineklerin genetik koşullarının yanı sıra beslenme durumunun iyiliğine, bakım ve çevre koşullarının uygun değer düzeyine ve olumsuz dış faktörlerden izole edilmiş temiz bir ortamda elde edilmesine bağlıdır. Hijyen koşullarının sağlanması, iş akışının kolaylaştırılması, ineklerin ve insanların sağlığına olumsuz etkilerin azaltılması için süt sağım ünitelerinin süt sığırı ahırlarından ayrı bir çatı altında planlanması gerekir. Ancak çok büyük işletmeler haricinde küçük, orta ve büyük ölçekli işletmelerin büyük çoğunluğunda maliyetin azaltılması, toplumun hijyen koşullarına yeterli önemi göstermemesi gibi nedenlerle süt sığırı ahırı ile aynı çatı altında diğer bölmelere eklenti olarak planlanmaktadır. Bu durum, süt sağım ünitelerinin ahır içi çevre koşullarının doğrudan etkisinde kalması nedeniyle süt ve süt ürünlerinin üretilmesinde gerekli hijyen koşullarının sağlanmasına uygun değildir. Bu çalışmada, süt sağım ünitelerinin tasarım ve projelendirilmesi aşamasında göz önünde bulundurulması gereken kriterler belirtilerek, süt sağım ünitelerinin süt sığırı ahırından ayrı bir çatı altında planlanmasının yaygınlaştırılması amaçlanmış olup 2×12 Balık Kılçığı Süt Sağım Sistemine sahip örnek bir süt sağım ünitesi projesine yer verilmiştir.

Bu araştırmanın amacı Nevşehir ili süt sığırcılığının genel durumu ve hayvan besleme alışkanlıklarını belirlemek-tir. Araştırma kapsamında Nevşehir ilinde süt sığırı yetiştiriciliği yapılan 105 işletme ziyaret edilerek anket çalışması yapılmıştır. Anket formunda işletmeye ve işletme sahibine ait genel bilgiler, buzağı büyütme ve besleme, düvelerin beslenmesi ve tohumlanması, sağmal ineklerin bakım, besleme, sağım, yemleme ve görülen hastalıklara yönelik soru-lar sorulmuştur. 105 işletmede toplam 9228 hayvan mevcuttur. Yetiştiricilerin %97’sinin ilkokul mezunu oldukları ve bunların %75’inin sigortalı oldukları belirlenmiştir. İşletmelerin %78.1’inde günde iki öğün yem verildiği ve verilen yem-lerin %97.1’inin sağım sonrası verildiği belirlenmiştir. Tüm işletmelerde doğan buzağılara kolostrum verildiği ancak verilme zamanlarının farklı olduğu görülmüştür. Düvelere, sağmal ineklere, kuru dönemdeki ineklere çoğu işletmelerin özel besleme yapmadığı belirlenmiştir. İşletmelerin %56.2’sinde yemlerin karışık verildiği (kaba yem + konsantre yem), yem miktarlarını ise ölçülmeden tecrübeye dayanarak verildiği belirlenmiştir. İşletmelerin çoğunda kaba yem üretimi yapıldığı belirlenmiştir. İşletmelerin %23.8’inde asidozis ve ketozis, %64.8’inde abomasum deplasmanı, %9.5’inde süt humması, %2.9’unda laminitis görüldüğü tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak araştırma yapılan işletme sahiplerinin hayvan bakım ve besleme konusunda yeteri kadar bilgi sahibi olmadıkları, buzağı beslemede kolostrum ve süt içirme konusun-da dikkatli oldukları ancak kaba ve kesif yem verme hususuna dikkat etmedikleri için buzağı gelişiminde sıkıntılar oldu-ğu gözlenmiştir. İşletmede düve, gebe düve ve sağmal ineklerin beslenmesine dikkat edilmediği görülmüştür. Kaba yem üretimi bakımından da çoğunlukla dışa bağımlı oldukları anlaşılmıştır.

Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade microbiológica da água e do leite provenientes de propriedades de base agroecológica e convencional no Oeste do Paraná. As coletas foram realizadas em 20 propriedades convencionais no município de Santa Helena – PR, e em 27 de base agroecológica em Diamante d’Oeste e Ramilândia – PR. Foram realizadas coletas de leite nos diferentes sistemas de produção e estações do ano. Foram analisadas a contaminação por coliformes termotolerantes (CTerm), coliformes totais (CT), enterobactérias, aeróbios mesófilos (AM), a determinação da composição química, contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e contagem bacteriana total (CBT). Não houve diferença para a composição do leite entre os sistemas de produção no verão. Em relação a CCS durante o inverno, 44,4% e 55,0% das propriedades apresentaram valores acima de 600 mil céls mL-1, nos sistemas agroecológico e convencional, respectivamente. Em ambas as estações, a maioria das propriedades agroecológicas encontram-se acima de 600 mil UFC mL-1 de CBT. Em ambos os sistemas de produção e estações, os valores de AM apresentaram valores inferiores ao permitido pela IN76, e não houve diferença para as enterobactérias no leite. A contagem de CT no leite no inverno foi semelhante entre os dois sistemas de produção. Para as amostras da água para limpeza dos equipamentos de ordenha, os valores de CT e CTerm foram superiores no sistema agroecológico. Recomenda-se a utilização de práticas de manejo visando a redução dos valores de CCS e CBT do leite produzido no Oeste do Paraná para adequarem-se aos valores exigidos pela IN76.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar o perfil da dieta ofertada a RNs internados em uma unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal. Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal, quantitativo com análise descritiva dos dados, desenvolvido com RNs internados em uma unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal localizada no Rio Grande do Norte-Brasil. Os RNs foram acompanhados a partir de uma ficha nutricional que contemplava as suas características gerais e antropométricas, bem como informações sobre a dieta ofertada durante o período de internação hospitalar. Foram incluídos no estudo 76 RNs. Entre as principais causas de internamento estavam afecções respiratórias e prematuridade. No dia da admissão, a via enteral foi a mais utilizada para administrar a alimentação aos RNs (63,1%), sendo ofertado o leite humano pasteurizado ou ordenhado da própria mãe (57,9%), e não houve adequação da ingestão energética pela dieta. Posteriormente, ao longo da permanência hospitalar, estima-se que houve adequação do aporte energético ofertado a 72,4% dos RNs. Nesse momento, a via de administração mais prevalente foi a oral (43,7%), sendo o leite materno o alimento predominante (85,5%). Já no momento da alta hospitalar, a maioria dos RNs estava em aleitamento materno exclusivo ao seio (65,8%). A evolução dietética visou o alcance do aleitamento materno exclusivo ao seio pelos RNs, favorecendo a via oral e o aporte energético-nutricional necessário à recuperação dos pacientes até a alta. Sugere-se a realização de estudos que quantifiquem a ingestão energética através da amamentação exclusiva ao seio para uma predição ajustada da ingestão energético-nutricional pelos RNs.

BackgroundThe milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) proteomes of colostrum and transition milk are rich sources of proteins that are likely important for neonatal calf health. In addition, characterization of these proteomes could also yield valuable information regarding mammary gland physiology of the early postpartum lactating cow. The objectives of this research were to characterize the MFGM proteomes of colostrum and transition milk through sample collections at four timepoints postpartum, including the first milking (M1, colostrum), second milking (M2, transition milk), fourth milking (M4, transition milk), and fourteenth milking (M14, mature milk), and compare these proteomes between multiparous (MP; n = 10) and primiparous (PP; n = 10) Holstein dairy cows. Isolated MFGM proteins were labeled using Tandem Mass tagging and analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Protein identification was completed using MASCOT and Sequest in Proteome Discoverer 2.2. The scaled abundance values were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS to determine the effects of milking (MIL), parity (PAR), and MIL × PAR. The adaptive false-discovery rate (FDR)-adjusted P values were determined using PROC MULTTEST. Protein characterization and bioinformatic analysis were completed using a combination of PANTHER, Blast, and Uniprot.ResultsA total of 104 common proteins were identified in each of the MFGM samples. Statistical analysis revealed that 70.2% of identified proteins were affected by MIL. Of these, 78.1% were lower in M14 compared with M1, including immune-related proteins lactotransferrin, lactadherin and hemopexin. Parity affected 44.2% of proteins. Of the proteins affected by PAR, 84.8% were higher in MP cows compared with PP cows, including apolipoprotein E and histones 2A, 2B, 3, and 4 b. Butyrophilin subfamily 1 member 1A and annexin 5 were higher in samples from PP cows. Milking × parity affected 32.7% of identified proteins, including lactotransferrin, gelsolin, vitamin D binding protein, and S100 proteins.ConclusionsThis research supports previous findings that the Holstein MFGM proteome changes rapidly during the first week of lactation. In addition, this research identifies the impact of parity on the colostrum and transition milk MFGM proteomes, which may be important for milk-fed calf health or for the identification of protein biomarkers for mammary functionality.

Goat milk, whose production is starting to develop in Algeria in recent years, has a number of advantages that even allow it to substitute cow's milk. It is a source of health benefits for humans; it contains more vitamins with a significant cheese yield than cow's milk. Our present study aims to study physicochemical, microbiological and for the first time trials of a fresh cheese (Feta) made from locally selected goat's milk in the region of Tlemcen and its 10 regions namely: Ouled Mimoun, Terny, Sebdou, Ain El houte, Remchi, Bensakrane, Maghnia, Sabra, Nedroma and Zenata. 27 goats from the local population were used for this study. The physicochemical quality (fat, density, conductivity, defatted dry extract, temperature, protein, mineral salts and lactose) of the milk sampled was measured using a LACTOSCAN Milk-Analyzer. Four flora (total germ, fecal coliform, Staphylococcus aureus and salmonella) were chosen to test the microbiological quality of the milk. The results obtained show that the good physicochemical quality of milk studied in all regions except the two regions of Nedroma and Maghnia showing a high fat content. A total absence of contaminations for the three types of fecal coliform flora, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella nevertheless for the total germs are found in all sampled regions. These results show that healthy goats hence the good practice of milking is applied during sampling. The manufacture of cheese type feta based on goat's milk was made in good conditions (raw material, hygiene, mechanical work ...) which led to a cheese of microbiological quality and nutritional and an interesting yield. The good breeding condition with a balanced diet gives a good quality of the milk and consequences of these results give an excellent forming thanks to the professional techniques of manufacturing a good feta cheese.

Mastitis is inflammation of the mammary gland and the most common and expensive disease of dairy cattle throughout most of the world. Infection by invading bacteria or other microorganisms and physical injuries on the gland can cause mastitis. Mastitis is classified as sub clinical and clinical and milk quality is affected by the level of both forms. Risk factors that play significant role in causing mammary incompetence are host, environmental and pathogen risk factors. Mastitis not only affects animal health and wellbeing it can have major implications on the profitability of dairy, financial loss and public health significance. Loss of milk production, replacement of culled cows, extra labor, discarded milk from cows with treatment and cost of control measures are the major economic losses to bovine mastitis. Smallholder farmers are not well informed about the serious invisible loss from sub clinical mastitis. Different tests like California Mastitis Test (CMT), clinical examination, somatic cell count (SCC), measurement of pH and specific laboratory have been developed for diagnosis and detecting the presence of microorganisms in the mammary gland. Antimicrobial susceptibility test is use to identify the most effective drugs for mastitis treatment. Intra mammary antimicrobial therapy, parenteral antimicrobial therapy, supportive and dry cow therapies are the major options of treatment. Mastitis control strategies include creating awareness of people on the management practices like milking and housing hygiene by eliminating existing infection, prevent new infection, and monitor udder health are the basic principles of mastitis control program.

МИНИСТЕРСТВО СЕЛЬСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИДепартамент научно-технологической политики и образования Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение «Российский научно-исследовательский институт информации и технико-экономических исследований по инженерно-техническому обеспечению агропромышленного

Uncommon Cause of Acute Abdominal Pain in an Elderly Patient Undergoing Peritoneal Dialysis

МИНИСТЕРСТВО СЕЛЬСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИДепартамент научно-технологической политики и образования Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение «Российский научно-исследовательский институт информации и технико-экономических исследований по инженерно-техническому обеспечению агропромышленного

This study was conducted in Dawuro zone and Konta special woreda of SNNPR to assess the existing dairy cattle production, milk handling, and processing practices. A total of eighty respondents were purposefully selected and interviewed for obtaining general information such as dairy cattle production, milk handling, and processing practices, traditional milk processing equipment through structured questionnaire. Dairy cattle production system, local breeds were more dominant than cross breeds in both study areas. The higher numbers of both breeds were observed in Tocha woreda than that of Konta special woreda. The dairy animal performance assessment shows that the average lactation length and milk yield of local cows were lower than that of crossbred in both study areas. Labor division among family members concerning dairying activities such as milking, milk processing, and milk marketing were dominantly done by women rather than men in both study areas. Commonly and widely used for milk handling traditional utensils in the study areas were calabash and plastic materials. Few dairy farmers were using a small clay pot for milking purpose. Milk processing methods are a predominantly traditional type, and they use traditional milk processing materials. So, farmers in both study areas are highly encouraged in for cross bred. Further work should be done in improved milk processing materials in both study areas.

In this study, we hypothesized that differences of automatic milking systems (AMS) variables in dairy cows during estrus and through diverse stages of lactation can be suggested as alternative indicators to support the pregnancy in dairy farms using automatic milking systems. The key objectives were: (1) to determine the variation of automatic milking system indicators during lactation and to estimate the relationship with reproduction status in dairy cows; (2) to test the hypothesis that milking traits of cows can be influenced by estrus and conceiving, and can be used as a predictor of the likelihood of reproductive success in dairy herds. Estrus synchronization was performed in 368 healthy Lithuanian Black and White cows. All cows (n = 368) were synchronized and inseminated for the first time on the 91st day in milk (DIM). Cows not pregnant (17.39%) were synchronized and inseminated again at 132 DIM. After the first insemination pregnant (n = 304) cows were identified as group 1, after the second insemination pregnant (n = 58) cows - as group 2. Overall, 12 01 713 records of udder quarters in cows from 5 to 305 DIM were evaluated. The results revealed the reduction in milk yield during estrus 11.05% on 91 DIM and 13.89% on 132 DIM (P < 0.001) and an increment in milk flow traits in cows after 91 DIM (P < 0.05), also a slight decline in milk flow traits on 132 DIM. Furthermore, milking frequency (MF) of cows decreased significantly (P < 0.001) after conceiving. The interval between milkings (MI) increased (40.30%) during estrus of cows in group 1 (P < 0.001), and thereafter gradually increased, however in group 2 there was a temporary increment (6.06%) on the 91 DIM and steady rise (42.13%) on 132 DIM was noticed. The results highlight that changes in AMS indicators of cows may be considered as an additional tool for improvement of reproductive management in dairy herds, but further research-based studies are necessary before practical application.

Migration is a highly politicised issue. In the UK, over the last 15 years, the role of EU migrant workers has become particularly sensitive. European Union enlargement, particularly in 2004 to include Central and Eastern European (EU-8) countries, such as Poland and the Czech Republic, increased economic disparity within the EU, including disparity in standards of social protection and welfare provision. This context has led to animated debates about “social dumping”, “benefit tourism” and, more generally, debates about the risks of a “race to the bottom” in standards of employment protection and social security.

Viruses of the Simbu serogroup are arboviruses that are known to cause outbreaks of abortion, stillbirth and congenitally deformed neonates. This study presents the results of antibody screening of Simbu serogroup viruses in heifers born in Israel after October 2013, and in adult milking cows born before May 2012. Thirteen dairy cattle farms in five regions, and one sheep flock, entered this study. Serum samples that were found to be positive by ELISA were further tested by specific virus- neutralization test against a panel of Simbu serogroup viruses including Akabane, Aino, Sathuperi, Shamonda, and Peaton viruses. Antibody detection in lactating adult cows revealed that several viruses were circulating in Israel between 2008-2014. Moreover, during autumn 2014 the heifers became serum-positive after being exposed to more than one Simbu serogroup virus concurrently. The results of this study shed new light on Simbu virus infections in Israel, and may contribute to the epidemiology of the Simbu serogroup around the Mediterranean Basin in general.

Design and Fabrication of Bicycle Operated Milking Machine

Three Dairy cows damaged by second and third degrees burns mostly on udder region due fire on grassland of a rural property were attended by residents of UFMT’S Veterinary Hospital – Sinop. They remain interned for eight days and released to continue treatment at home. Twice a day they were Milked as part of the treatment and the primordial complication were teat’s sphincters wounds turning impossible mechanical milking. Treatment was based on sanitation, cold water shower on udder, epithelizing ointments, systemic and intra mammary antibiotic therapy. It presented good results avoiding sepsis, clinical mastitis and support for healing of wounds.

Milked: Nature, Necessity, and American Law