Milk Yield Of Cows Research Articles

Heritability and genetic correlations of total and differential somatic cell count with milk yield and composition traits in Italian Simmental cows

Costs of production have deeply increased each year in the last decades, breeders are continuously looking for more cost effective and more efficient ways to produce milk. Despite the major signs of progress in productivity, it is fundamental to optimize rather than maximize the performances of the dairy cows. Mastitis is still a highly prevalent disease in the dairy sector which causes several economic losses and environmental impact. Its accurate and early diagnosis is crucial to improve profitability of dairy cows and contribute to a more sustainable dairy industry. Among mastitis reduction strategies, there is the urgent need to implement breeding objectives to select cows displaying mastitis resistance by investigating the genetic mechanisms at the base of the inflammatory response. Therefore, in this study we aimed to further understand the genetic background of the Differential Somatic Cell Count (DSCC), which provides thorough insights on the actual inflammatory status of the mammary glands. The objectives of this study were to estimate on a cohort of 20,215 Italian Simmental cows over a 3-year period: i) the heritability and repeatability values of Somatic Cell Score (SCS) and DSCC, ii) the genetic and phenotypic correlations between these 2 traits and milk production and milk composition traits, iii) the heritability and repeatability values of SCS and DSCC within class of udder health status. Heritability was low both for SCS (0.06) and DSCC (0.08), whereas the repeatability values for these traits were 0.43 and 0.36, suggesting that the magnitude of cow permanent environmental effect for these traits is remarkable. The genetic and phenotypic correlation of SCS with DSCC was 0.612 and 0.605, respectively. Since both significantly differed from the unit, we must consider those traits as different ones. This latter aspect corroborates the need to consider the DSCC as a further indicator of inflammatory status which might be implemented in the Simmental breed genetic evaluation. It is worthy to mention that heritability estimates for SCS and DSCC were the highest in healthy cows compared with the other udder health classes. This implies that when the udder health status changes, it is most likely due to environmental factors rather than aspects related to the animal's genetics. In contrast, the highest additive genetic variance and heritability found for SCS and DSCC in the healthy group might reveal the potential to further implement breeding strategies to select for healthier animals.

Effect of urea-molasses-treated highland bamboo leaves supplementation on lactating crossbred dairy cows nutrient utilization, body weight, milk yield and its composition and economic performance under on-farm condition in Guagusa Shikudad district, Ethiopia.

In Ethiopia, locally available feed resources are commendable in livestock production to make the sector sustainable and productive. This on-farm evaluation was conducted to evaluate the effect of urea-molasses-treated highland bamboo (Yushania alpina) leaves (UMTHBL) in lactating crossbred dairy cows' nutrient utilization, body performance, milk yield and quality and economic performance. On-farm feeding trial was conducted using 12 lactating cows with initial body weight (328.08±0.98kg), initial milk yield (3.14±0.78L) of uniform parity (2) and stage of lactation (early) using a Randomized Complete Block Design. Three dietary treatments, namely, 6h grazing (control)+concentrate (T1), control+UMTHBL ad lib (T2), control+untreated BL adlib (T3) with three replications were used. Analysis of variance was employed for the feeding trial data analysis. The UMTHBL increased more dry matter and nutrients intake than untreated. A significant difference (p<0.05) was recorded between UMTHBL feeding (T2) and T1 and T3 in terms of increased milk yield. The highest (6.26L) and the lowest (3.27L) mean milk yield per day were recorded for cows fed UMTHBL and the control group, respectively. Urea-molasses treatment improved the crude protein (CP) and reduced fibres content than untreated. Treatment effects were not-significant (p>0.05) for milk compositions. Similar to milk yield, dairy cows in T2 consumed more CP which is also reflected in higher body weight and economic benefit. It can be concluded that employing treatment technology for highland bamboo leaves could support the crossbred dairy cows' production in smallholder farmers.

Effect of Breeds on Milk Yield and Persistency of Cows Raised under Extensive Management System in Nigeria

Milk persistence in dairy cows is an economically important trait that will determine profit for the dairy industry and will help to overcome immeasurable diseases in dairy. cows. This study looked at the best breed that will maintain persistency for a certain time and ranked the animals based on milk yield and persistency. The study used a total of 60 nursing cows, 20 Sokoto Gudali, 20 White Fulani, and 20 Red Bororo were used for the daily milk collection. The total milk collected in a week was added together and divided by seven days to get the average daily milk yield for each breed (Sokoto Gudali, White Fulani and Red Bororo). The duration of the milking periods was recorded in days. Persistency of milk yield was computed by the ratio of the lactation period and divided into four equal periods of 30 days each. The total 30-day milk yield of each period per cow was calculated. Data collected were analyzed using the general Linear Model of the SAS program while significant means were separated using the Duncan Multiple Range Test. The results revealed that the Sokoto Gudali cows yielded significantly (P &lt; 0.05) higher daily milk (4.13 - 4.31 L/day) whereas Red Bororo (0.72 - 0.94 L/day) was lowest in week 1. At week two, Sokoto Gudali (4.09 - 4.31 L/day) had the highest milk whereas Red Bororo (0.82 - 1.04 L/day) was the least. At week three, Sokoto Gudali (4.19 - 4.39 L/day) had a significantly (P &lt; 0.05) higher daily milk whereas Red Bororo (0.74 - 0.90 L/day). In week 4 same trends were also observed. Sokoto Gudali (4.19) was ranked to be superior (1), followed by the White Fulani (1.62) with the breed (2) whereas the Red Bororo (0.89) was the least (3) in terms of total milk yield. The average weekly milk yield persistency showed that Sokoto Gudali and the Red Bororo breeds were maintained at high persistency from week one through week four without a significant decline. Breeds influenced daily milk yield from week 1 to week 4. The overall ranking of breeds on milk yield revealed that Sokoto Gudali was ranked the highest followed by White Fulani and the least was Red Bororo.

Fusion of udder temperature and size features for the automatic detection of dairy cow mastitis using deep learning

Mastitis seriously reduces the welfare and milk yield of dairy cows and affects the economic value of farms. Most dairy cow mastitis detection algorithms based on computer vision used the threshold classification method to detect mastitis only according to the temperature feature of cows’ udders, and the results were easily affected by the farm environment and individual cow characteristics. In this work, an automatic detection method for dairy cow mastitis using the fusion of udder temperature and size features based on deep learning was proposed. First, you only look once version 7 (YOLOv7) network was used to automatically detect the eye and udder regions of dairy cows, extract the corresponding temperatures, and construct an udder temperature feature vector. Then, the CenterNet network was used to automatically detect the keypoints of the udder region, calculate its corresponding size, and construct an udder size feature vector. Finally, both the temperature and size features of udders were fused, and the support vector machine (SVM) algorithm based on the wrapper was used to automatically detect the degree of mastitis. Thermal infrared videos of 196 dairy cows were used as the dataset for evaluating the performance of the proposed method, and the accuracy of the proposed method was 88.61%. The sensitivity and specificity values of the model for clinical mastitis (CM) were 87.50% and 94.03%, respectively, those for subclinical mastitis (SCM) were 81.25% and 91.94%, respectively. The proposed method constitutes a promising approach for automatic diagnosis in the early stages of dairy cow mastitis, and it can be used for objective monitoring and optimal management of commercial farms.

The effect of holstein on the productive longevity of cows’ black-and- white breed in the conditions of the Smolensk region

The aspects of productive longevity of crossbreeds of Black-and- White cows with Holstein were study in the amount of 9270 heads that completed the cycle of production use, and for various reasons culling of the herds in the period 1990-2020. The research was carried out using the method of groupings based on pedigree farms of the Smolensk region. Phenotypic correlations between the studied economic traits are calculated. As a result of crossing with the Holstein breed, there was an active taking of the Black-and- White breed by it through breeding bulls to 90,0 % and higher a blood relationship in the conditions of the Smolensk region. A regularity has been revealed - the higher the blood relationship to the Holstein breed, the lower the lifetime of cows. The difference in lifetime of cows with blood relationship by the Holstein breed from 17,6 % to 87,1 % was 4,36 lactation. The duration of productive life of cows come to 12-13 lactation, 50,9 % of animals culling between 2 and 4 lactations. With age, the ratio of milk and dry days changes in animals, and the longer the period of use, the greater the number of milk days on average for each year of a cow’s life. The main part of the animals’ lactates within the ratio of milking days to days of life from 50,1 to 75,0 %. The level of lifetime milk yield in cows is mainly presented in gradations from 10 thousand kg to 30 thousand. kg (56,7 % of the studied cattle number). As an detector of productive longevity of cows, it is important to use the milk yield indicator for one day of life, due to the high positive relationships (r=0,44-0,90) with age and economic traits. The inventory of the Black-and- White breed in the conditions of the Smolensk region showed the indicate of its replacement with the Holstein, and further breeding of these animals will be purebred with the participation of only the Holstein breed.

Division of Cow Production Groups Based on SOLOv2 and Improved CNN-LSTM

Udder conformation traits interact with cow milk yield, and it is essential to study the udder characteristics at different levels of production to predict milk yield for managing cows on farms. This study aims to develop an effective method based on instance segmentation and an improved neural network to divide cow production groups according to udders of high- and low-yielding cows. Firstly, the SOLOv2 (Segmenting Objects by LOcations) method was utilized to finely segment the cow udders. Secondly, feature extraction and data processing were conducted to define several cow udder features. Finally, the improved CNN-LSTM (Convolution Neural Network-Long Short-Term Memory) neural network was adopted to classify high- and low-yielding udders. The research compared the improved CNN-LSTM model and the other five classifiers, and the results show that CNN-LSTM achieved an overall accuracy of 96.44%. The proposed method indicates that the SOLOv2 and CNN-LSTM methods combined with analysis of udder traits have the potential for assigning cows to different production groups.

Sustainable Management of Dairy Cows in Semi-Arid Summers: Additional Early Nighttime Sprinkler Cooling for Heat Stress Mitigation

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different cooling sessions on the performance and welfare of Holstein Friesian cows during the semi-arid summer in Pakistan. Sixteen lactating cows were randomly assigned to two treatment groups: (1) five cooling sessions per day (5CS) and (2) eight cooling sessions (8CS), with two sessions during early nighttime and one in the early morning. Each sprinkler cooling session lasted 1 hour. The trial was conducted over a period of 8 weeks during August and September of 2021. The results showed that cows in the 8CS group produced an average of 2.9 kg/d more milk than those in the 5CS group. Additionally, the respiration rate and total feeding time of cows in the 8CS group was significantly lower than that of the 5CS group. Moreover, the core body temperature of cows was not significantly influenced by addition of extra cooling sessions. In conclusion, the results suggest that the addition of cooling sessions in the early nighttime had a positive effect on milk yield and welfare in Holstein cows during the semi-arid summer season. These findings could have significant implications for the management of dairy cows in similar climatic conditions.

Dairy cattle development prospects in the Vologda region

The article’s author determined the development trends of dairy breeds of cattle in the Vologda region based on the quantitative and qualitative traits dynamics from 2015 to 2021. According to the research results, from 2016 to 2020, the number of assessed livestock in the region stabilised, totalling 166 thousand animal units, including 76-77 thousand cows. In 2021, there is a decrease in the total number of livestock by 3.0 thousand animal units (up to 163 thousand heads), including cows - by 1.0 thousand animal units (up to 75 thousand heads). At breeding livestock farms for the analysed period, the number of animals increased by 8.27 thousand animal units. It amounted to 43.01 thousand animal units, including cows - by 3.56 thousand animal units (up to 20.49 thousand heads). In the Vologda region, the primary livestock of dairy breeds of cattle is made up of animals of the black-and-white breed - 68.46 thousand animal units, the rest of the species - from 4.47 (Holstein) to 10.62 thousand animal units (Kholmogory). The authors established for the analysed period an increase in the milk yield of cows for the Holstein breed by 1515 kg of milk (up to 9804 kg), for the Kholmogory breed - by 2147 kg (up to 7548 kg). An increase in milk yield until 2020 was revealed for the rest of the species. But in 2021, there was a decrease of 91 kg of milk for the Black-and-White breed (up to 8788 kg), 126 kg for the Yaroslavl breed (up to 6609 kg) and 222 kilograms for the Ayrshire breed. In the Vologda region, two species have high levels of milk fat: Yaroslavl - from 4.06 to 4.31% and Ayrshire - from 4.19 to 4.27%. For the Black-and-White breed, the indicators of the mass fraction of fat in the milk of cows are also at a high level - from 3.83 to 3.90%. The Black-and-White breed has the highest indicator of the mass fraction of protein in the milk of cows - from 3.21 to 3.30%, Yaroslavl - from 3.19 to 3.36 and Ayrshire - from 3.14 to 3.28%. Consequently, each breed population is characterised by its unique development of selectable traits in the region.

Transcriptomic regulations of heat stress response in the liver of lactating dairy cows

BackgroundThe global dairy industry is currently facing the challenge of heat stress (HS). Despite the implementation of various measures to mitigate the negative impact of HS on milk production, the cellular response of dairy cows to HS is still not well understood. Our study aims to analyze transcriptomic dynamics and functional changes in the liver of cows subjected to heat stress (HS). To achieve this, a total of 9 Holstein dairy cows were randomly selected from three environmental conditions - heat stress (HS), pair-fed (PF), and thermoneutral (TN) groups - and liver biopsies were obtained for transcriptome analysis.ResultsBoth the dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield of cows in the HS group exhibited significant reduction compared to the TN group. Through liver transcriptomic analysis, 483 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified among three experimental groups. Especially, we found all the protein coding genes in mitochondria were significantly downregulated under HS and 6 heat shock proteins were significant upregulated after HS exposure, indicating HS may affect mitochondria integrity and jeopardize the metabolic homeostasis in liver. Furthermore, Gene ontology (GO) enrichment of DEGs revealed that the protein folding pathway was upregulated while oxidative phosphorylation was downregulated in the HS group, corresponding to impaired energy production caused by mitochondria dysfunction.ConclusionsThe liver transcriptome analysis generated a comprehensive gene expression regulation network upon HS in lactating dairy cows. Overall, this study provides novel insights into molecular and metabolic changes of cows conditioned under HS. The key genes and pathways identified in this study provided further understanding of transcriptome regulation of HS response and could serve as vital references to mitigate the HS effects on dairy cow health and productivity.

Factors affecting productive longevity of cows of Red-and-White breed

The duration of economic use of cows is one of the important economic indicators in dairy cattle breeding, which determines the total amount of dairy products received from the cow and the speed of herd repair. A short period of use of cows causes economic damage to dairy cattle breeding and leads to the loss of valuable genotypes. Productive longevity of cows is the potential to increase the efficiency of dairy cattle breeding; therefore it can be a priority direction of breeding. There are quite a lot of reasons for the culling of animals from the herd, and they have their own specifi cs in each farm. The purpose of the research was to study the factors aff ecting the productive longevity of cows of Red-and-White breed in pedigree farms. The research was carried out under the conditions of breeding ferms in the Voronezh region, which Red-and-White breed of cattle bred such as JSC “Troitskoye” and JSC “Mayak” of Liskinsky district, LLC “Agrotech-Garant” Nashchekino of Anninsky district. It was found that the average milk yield of cows in all farms was 7497±532 kg (the best result was obtained in LLC “Mayak” – 8034 kg), which signifi cantly exceeds the requirements of the breed standard. The average percentage of fat in milk was 3,79 ± 0,11 %, protein – 3,22± 0,07 %, which meets the requirements of the breed standard. Analysis of the duration of productive use of cows in the herd showed that the average age at calving was 2,73 ± 0,26. A slight excess was observed in JSC “Troitskoe” (by 0,47 calving or 17,1 %). It was revealed as a result of the research that the best productive longevity and the highest productivity over the period of life in farms were found in cows calved at the age of 26–28 months, with a live weight of 480 – 520 kg, with milk yield for the fi rst lactation to 5000–6000 kg of milk, having an open days period of 60–90 days. It was found, farms have significant reserves to increase the productive longevity of cows by improving breeding work and veterinary activates.

Randomized clinical trial evaluating the effects of the administration of acidogenic boluses at dry off on udder health

High milk production at dry off is a risk factor for intramam­mary infections (IMI) postpartum due to milk leakage and im­paired formation of the keratin plug during the dry period. The use of acidifying agents at dry off can induce a temporary feed intake reduction and decrease in milk yield of high-producing dairy cows. Thus, acidogenic boluses are a potential tool to help maintain udder health around the dry period. The study aim was to evaluate the effects of the administration of acidogenic boluses at dry off on udder health.

Colour Doppler study of blood flow in the portal vein in relation to blood flow in the milk vein, milk yield and body condition of dairy cows during dry period and lactation

In dairy cows, the liver supports the increased nutrient demands of the udder for milk production. Blood flow is key for the transport of these nutrients. This study investigated portal vein blood flow volume (PVBFVol) in relation to daily milk yield (DMY), milk vein blood flow volume (MVBFVol) and body condition parameters of high-producing dairy cows, starting from late lactation, throughout dry period, and consecutive early lactation. Seventeen repeated examinations were performed on 19 Holstein cows and 313 measurement days were finally included. Vein morphology and blood flow were examined via B-mode and spectral Doppler (triplex) ultrasonography, respectively. Body condition parameters recorded were body condition score (BCS), backfat thickness (BFT) measurement with ultrasonography, heart girth circumference (HG) and withers height (WH). Longitudinal relationship of PVBFVol with MVBFVol, DMY, BCS, BFT, HG and WH was analyzed with linear mixed models, with random intercept effects, using restricted cubic splines. A significant increase of 8.28% (p < 0.01) in PVBFVol appeared for every 1 L/min increase in MVBFVol in the univariable model. PVBFVol presented a significant negative association with BCS (p < 0.01) and BFT (p = 0.02), while interaction with production stage was significant, too. PVBFVol significantly increased by 0.38% (p = 0.04) for every 1 kg increase in DMY in the multivariable model. In conclusion, the increased PVBFVol during lactation accompanies the escalation in metabolic activity of the liver and the increased blood circulation through the udder, coping with the udder's escalating nutrient demands for milk synthesis.

Relationship between Milk Yield and Udder Morphology Traits in White Fulani Cows

The study examined the relationship between milk yield and udder morphology traits in White Fulani cows. Fifty-eight apparently healthy cows in early lactation at 2nd, 3rd, and 4th parity were used in the study. The data obtained from the cows were test day milk yield (TDMY) from single milking and udder morphology traits comprising udder length (UL), udder width (UW), udder depth (UD), fore teat length (FTL), rear teat length (RTL), fore teat diameter (FTD), and rear teat diameter (RTD). There was no significant effect of parity on TDMY or the udder morphology traits. Phenotypic correlations between TDMY, UL, UW, and UD were positive and significant. Notably, phenotypic correlations between UL and TDMY at different parities were the strongest. Teat measurements had no significant correlation with TDMY. Stepwise and principal component regressions were implemented to assess the relationship between milk yield and udder morphology traits. Interestingly, UL was the only trait that entered the reduced models. The results suggest a probable genetic correlation between milk yield and udder length. Therefore, since udder conformation traits are heritable, when selecting for udder length in White Fulani cows, a correlated response in milk yield is expected.

The Relationships between the Color of the Nose Area with Milk Yield, Physiological and Blood Paremeters of Holstein Cows in Hot and Humid Conditions

The Relationships between the Color of the Nose Area with Milk Yield, Physiological and Blood Paremeters of Holstein Cows in Hot and Humid Conditions

The Enhanced Milk Yield Effect of Early Lactation Increased Milking Frequency and Bovine Somatotropin Is Additive and Not Synergistic.

Dairy farm profitability depends on milk yield, so the dairy industry manages cows to improve their productivity. Both bovine somatotropin (bST) and early lactation increased milking frequency (IMF) and milk yield (MY) in dairy cows. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of mid-lactation bST administration on milk production in established lactation when combined with the milk yield carry-over effect from early lactation IMF. Thirteen multiparous Holstein cows were milked unilaterally for 20 days in early lactation. The left udder halves were milked twice daily (2X) and the right udder halves were milked four times daily (4X). Udder halves milked 4X produced 8.60 ± 1.40 kg more than 2X on the final day of IMF treatment. Cows were then returned to 2X milking for the remainder of lactation and sampled on alternate days from 74-94 days in milk (DIM). Bovine somatotropin was administered to all cows at 80 DIM. The 4X halves continued to make 2.66 ± 0.12 kg/d more milk than 2X through 94 DIM. Fat, protein, and lactose yields were significantly greater in the 4X halves compared to the 2X from 74-94 DIM. Overall milk yield increased by 2.71 kg/d with bST administration. However, there was no significant interaction between MF and bST administration. We can infer from these data that the mechanisms by which bST and IMF in early lactation increase milk yield are complementary due to their non-synergistic nature of enhancing MY.

Can meteorological data improve the short-term prediction of individual milk yield in dairy cows?

Many farms document daily milk yields of individual cows because these are a good indicator of cow well-being. It is established that extreme meteorological conditions influence the milk yields by causing heat and cold stress, whereas less is known about the effects of moderate changes in meteorological conditions. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate whether individual daily milk yield predictions can be improved by considering such changes. We evaluated 8 years of milking and meteorological data from Eastern Switzerland with a total of 33,938 daily milkings from 145 Brown Swiss and 64 Swiss Fleckvieh cows. The cows were aged between 1.9 and 13.5 years at parturition. The data set was split into 7 periods according to the days in milk (DIM) and subsequently filtered into subsets by breed and parity. We applied Gaussian process regression to predict individual daily milk yield. We compared different models including DIM, lagged milk yield, and meteorological variables as features and found that models including the lagged milk yield performed best. Within the period of 5 to 90 DIM, we were able to predict individual next-day milk yield from the cow's last milkings with a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 2.1 kg. In contrast, without information on the previous milk yield, accuracy of milk yield prediction was lower, with an RMSE close to 8 kg. The models holding information about previous milk yields showed a substantial increase in performance. Within a more homogeneous data subset filtered by breed or parity or both, predictions were even better, with a relative RMSE of 4.3% for first-parity Fleckvieh cows. However, we found that including meteorological features, such as temperature, rainfall, wind speed, temperature humidity index, cooling degree, and barometric pressure, did not improve the predictions in any of the evaluated periods. This finding indicates that considering meteorological features in daily milk yield prediction models is not useful in moderate climates; considering lagged milk yield is sufficient. We hypothesize that this meteorological information, among other influences, is indirectly contained in the lagged milk yield.

MILK PRODUCTIVITY AND REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY OF COWS DEPENDS ON DIFFERENT MILK PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES

MILK PRODUCTIVITY AND REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY OF COWS DEPENDS ON DIFFERENT MILK PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES

The Impact on Cow Performance and Feed Efficiency When Individual Cow Milk Composition and Energy Intake Are Accounted for When Allocating Concentrates

The objective of this three-treatment, 12-week study (involving 69 dairy cows) was to test three methods of concentrate allocation on milk production efficiency. All treatments were offered a basal mixed ration of grass silage and concentrates, with additional concentrates offered to individual cows based on either milk yield alone (Control), milk energy output (Precision 1) or energy intake and milk energy output (Precision 2). Concentrate requirements were calculated and adjusted weekly. Control cows had lower concentrate dry matter intake (DMI; p = 0.040) and milk protein content (p = 0.003) but yield of milk and energy-corrected milk (ECM), energy balance, bodyweight and condition score were unaffected by treatment. Efficiency measures such as ECM/DMI and ECM/metabolizable energy intake were also unaffected by treatment. Less concentrates were used per kg ECM yield in the Control compared to the Precision treatments (p &lt; 0.001). In conclusion, accounting for individual cow milk composition or milk composition combined with individual cow energy intake did not improve production efficiency compared to an approach based on individual cow milk yield only.

P18 Effect of temperature and humidity change on milk yield of Holstein dairy cow under artificially controlled environment

P18 Effect of temperature and humidity change on milk yield of Holstein dairy cow under artificially controlled environment

Efforts to increase the selling value of pure cow's milk into fresh processed milk products in Bekiring Village

Bekiring Village is an area with a large population. There are many livelihoods as cattle farms so that pure cow's milk yield is relatively abundant. Many residents who work as cattle breeders have their own background, namely that previously, the residents were workers and managed cloves in Bekiring Village. However, the residents changed their jobs to become cattle breeders because of an epidemic that could not be handled. Cows that are cared for are the main source of livelihood for local residents, from delivering pure milk to shops or factories that will process the milk into a product that can be consumed properly. It is known that the advantage of whole milk is that it is a food ingredient that has high nutritional value. However, cow's milk is easily damaged if handled poorly, as it spoils easily and can cause illness if consumed. Therefore, innovation is needed in processing pure cow's milk into processed products with a more economical and nutritious selling value, such as fresh bekiring milk drinks. 1) Providing knowledge to the community regarding the economic potential of pure cow's milk, 2) providing insight to PKK mothers regarding how to process pure cow's milk into ready-to-drink milk products, and 3) skills training for the community regarding processing pure cow's milk.