Milk Volume Research Articles

The effects of seasonality, management, infrastructure, and automation on the milking efficiency of herringbone and rotary milking parlors in Ireland

The objective of this study was to document the milking efficiency of a sample of Irish dairy farms and to understand the effects of (1) seasonality, (2) management practices, (3) parlor infrastructure and (4) parlor automations on milking efficiency metrics. A novel methodology based on empirical data from video-cameras, infrastructure surveys and milk yield data allowed for the accurate computation of milking efficiency metrics and quantification of the effects of seasonality, number of operators and parlor automations on milking efficiency across 2 parlor types. The data for this study were collected over 2 periods: period 1 (28/07/2020 - 23/10/2020, peak-late production) and period 2 (12/04/2021 - 19/05/2021, early-peak production) from a sample of 16 herringbone and 10 rotary commercial Irish dairy farms. Milking efficiency was evaluated on each farm using 3 KPIs; 1) cows milked per hour (cows/h), 2) cows milked per operator per hour (cows/op/h) and 3) liters of milk harvested per hour (L/h). Milking efficiency KPIs were calculated using 'total process time', defined as the time between the first cow entering the holding yard and the end of the cleaning process. Average herd size for herringbone and rotary farms was 180 and 425 cows, respectively. Average system size for herringbone and rotary farms was 20 and 50 clusters, respectively. For herringbone farms, the average milking efficiency was 94 cows/h, 73 cows/op/h and 1,012 L/h, whereas rotary farms achieved an average milking efficiency of 170 cows/h, 132 cows/op/h and 1,534 L/h. Parlor size was strongly correlated with milking efficiency (cows/h) for herringbone parlors (0.91) but was only moderately correlated for rotary parlors (0.50). Hence, we documented the effect of parlor size on milking efficiency is relative to parlor type. Cluster utilization values on herringbone farms were 5 cows/cluster/h, 4 cows/cluster/op/h and 51 L/cluster/h which were 67%, 33%, and 65% greater than rotary farms, respectively. We found for both herringbone and rotary farms hourly cow throughput (cows/h, cows/op/h) were greatest during period 1 and that the volume of milk harvested per hour (L/h) was greatest for period 2. Thus, we documented an inverse seasonal relationship between hourly rates of cows milked and milk harvested. We observed that for herringbone farms, milking efficiency (cows/h, L/h) had a strong positive correlation (0.75, 0.74) with the levels of automation use. However, the minimal variation in automations used among rotary farms made it difficult to evaluate their impact on milking efficiency. Similarly, we found that the impact of automations on milking efficiency was dependent on parlor type. On average, a second operator at milking for both herringbone and rotary farms increased values for cows/h (+19% - H, + 34% - R) and L/h (+21% - H, +12% - R) but lowered values for cows/op/h (-35% - H, -12% - R). The holistic methodology applied in this study allowed us to add novel data to the literature by quantifying the effects of seasonality, the number of operators present at milking and parlor automation use on milking efficiency across 2 parlor types.

Analysis on the current situation of twin breastfeeding and its influencing factors.

Studies have found that exclusive breastfeeding can not only promote the growth and development of infants, but also increase the emotional communication between mothers and infants, and reduce the incidence of maternal breast diseases. To analysis the current situation and influencing factors of breastfeeding twins. A total of 420 twin mothers delivered in our hospital from January 2019 to December 2022 were selected to investigate the situation of breastfeeding within 6 months after delivery. An electronic questionnaire was conducted, and clinical information were collected. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were applied to analyze the factors influencing exclusive breastfeeding. The rate of exclusive breastfeeding was 21.90%; in the exclusive breastfeeding group, the age <35 years old, bachelor degree or above, rural areas, no nipple depression or flat, no breast distension, no postpartum depression, adequate breast milk, participation in health education during pregnancy, husband support for breastfeeding, no infant feeding difficulties, infant diarrhea, lactose intolerance and return to milk were 96.74%, 53.26%, 65.22%, 80.43%, 76.09%, 80.43%, 73.91%, 63.04%, 69.57%, 71.74%, 65.22%, 70.65%, and 66.30%, respectively. It was significantly higher than that in the non-exclusive breastfeeding group (P < .05). The score of Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) was (8.08 ± 1.03) in the exclusive breastfeeding group, which was significantly lower than that in the non-exclusive breastfeeding group (P < .001), while the score of Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS) was (67.32 ± 9.92), which was significantly higher than that in the non-exclusive breastfeeding one(P < .001). Logistic regression analysis showed that age, education level, nipple depression or flat, breast tenderness, postpartum depression, breast milk volume, health education training during pregnancy, husband support for breastfeeding, PSSS score, infant diarrhea, lactose intolerance, and delectation were the influencing factors of exclusive breastfeeding (P < .001). Our findings suggest that various factors were associated with a low rate of exclusive breastfeeding in twin births, such as age, educational level, and social support. Corresponding measures should be formulated for intervention to promote exclusive breastfeeding.

Feeding characteristics of healthy infants without reported feeding impairments throughout the first month of life

ObjectiveElucidate characteristics of feeding performance in healthy infants without reported feeding problems throughout the first month of life.Study designFeeding was monitored in 61 healthy infants by caregiver report for 48 h a week from birth to 4 weeks old. Outcomes included feeding modality, how much they consumed, how long the feed lasted, and how many coughing episodes the infant exhibited. Data were analyzed with descriptive and non-parametric statistics.ResultThe majority of infants (68%) exhibited at least one problematic feeding behavior. Infants consumed 68 ml/feed over 20 min, though the milk volumes and feed durations were highly variable. Coughing occurred an average of 2 feeds per day. No significant change in coughing was observed throughout the first month of life (p = 0.64). Infants coughed significantly less during breast feeds than bottle feeds (p = 0.02).ConclusionHealthy term infants exhibit what appear to be normal developmental imperfections in feeding performance throughout the first month of life.

Milk beverage base with lactose removed with ultrafiltration: Effect of fat and protein concentration on sensory and physical properties

Our objectives were to determine the effect of fat (skim to whole milk) and protein (3.4%-10.5%) concentration on the sensory and physical properties of milk beverage base that had lactose and other low molecular components removed by ultrafiltration (UF). In experiment 1, a matrix of 16 treatments was produced to achieve 4 levels of lactose removal (0%, 30%, 70%, and 97%) at each of 4 fat levels (skim, 1%, 2%, and whole milk). In experiment 2, a matrix of 12 treatments was produced to achieve 4 levels of lactose removal (0%, 30%, 70%, and 97%) at each of 3 protein concentrations (3.4%, 6.5%, and 10.5% protein). Physical and sensory properties of these products were determined. Removal of >95% of milk lactose by UF required a diafiltration volume of approximately 3 times the milk volume. Lactose and low molecular weight solute removal increased whiteness across the range from skim to whole milk while decreasing viscosity and making milk flavor blander. In addition, lactose (and other low molecular weight solute) removal by UF decreased titratable acidity by more than 50% and increased milk pH at 20°C to >7.0. Future work on milk and milk-based beverages with lactose removed by UF needs to focus on interaction of the remaining milk solids with added flavorings, changing casein to whey protein ratio before removal of lactose by UF, and the effect of lactose and low molecular weight solute removal on heat stability, particularly for neutral-pH, shelf-stable milk-based beverages.

HUBUNGAN KADAR ZAT BESI SERUM DENGAN KONSENTRASI ZAT BESI ASI IBU MENYUSUI DI KABUPATEN SELUMA

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Background: Maternal iron status affects infant neurocognitive development. When the maternal iron intake and status are disturbed, it can lead to iron deficiency which can lead to anemia if not treated. Anemia in breastfeeding mothers has a negative impact on the quality and volume of breast milk, including the availability of iron in breast milk. This study aims to analyze the relationship between serum iron levels and breast milk iron concentration in breastfeeding mothers in Seluma Regency. Methods: This study was an analytic survey, cross-sectional design, conducted in Seluma Regency in 4 (four) public health center working areas, namely Rimbo Kedui Public Health Center, Talang Tinggi, Tais, and Masmambang. Respondents were 124 breastfeeding mothers of children aged 0-24 months who were taken by proportional consecutive sampling. Venous blood and breast milk samples were collected for iron level measurement. Iron measurement was done using the spectrophotometric method. Data on characteristics were obtained using a questionnaire. Furthermore, the data were analyzed univariately and bivariately. Results: The results of measuring iron levels showed that 38.7% of mothers had iron deficiency and 15.3% of mothers had low breast milk iron levels. The bivariate test results showed 25% of mothers who experienced iron deficiency had low breast milk iron levels. (p=0.034, OR= 3.28; CI= 1.190-9.071). Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between serum iron levels and breast milk iron levels in breastfeeding mothers. It is necessary to educate mothers regarding the prevention of iron deficiency during pregnancy and breastfeeding so that the quantity of breast milk iron can meet the needs of children during breastfeeding&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Keyword :&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt; Breast milk, Iron Deficiency, Breast milk Iron Level, Iron&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN JUS DAUN TORBANGUN DENGAN PENINGKATAN PRODUKSI ASI PADA IBU NIFAS DI PMB Ny. N KOTA BEKASI TAHUN 2023

Background: In exclusive breastfeeding, 349,968 infants aged 0-6 months out of 754,438 infants aged 0-6 months (46.4%) this figure is still below the National coverage of 52.3%, especially the National target of 80%. This problem can be reduced by giving torbangun leaf juice so that nursing mothers give breast milk to their babies at least until the age of 6 months. The mechanism of torbangun leaves in increasing milk production is by increasing the proliferation of breast glandular cells in secreting milk. West Java Health Department Data 2020.&#x0D; Objective: This research aims to find out the analysis of the effect of giving Torbangun leaf juice by increasing breast milk expenditure in breastfeeding mothers at the PMB in Bekasi city..&#x0D; Methodology: The type and method of this research is quantitative research using quasy experimental designs. The sample in this study amounted to 20 nursing mothers. Research instrument with checklist sheet about increasing breastmilk expenditure in infants 0-3 days and breastmilk pump. This checklist sheet has been tested for validity. Data were analyzed using paired T-Test, obtained p-value of 0,000.&#x0D; Research Results: The results showed the average volume of breast milk before being given torbangun leaf juice was 3.35 cc, the average volume of breast milk after being given torbangun leaf juice post test one day was 36.50 cc, the average volume of breast milk after being given juice torbangun leaf post test the second day was 71.00 cc, and the average volume of breast milk after being given juice the third day post torbangun leaf was 108.25 cc which means an increase in breast milk expenditure. Paired T-Test test results obtained p-value of 0,000.&#x0D; Conclusions and suggestions: torbangun leaf juice can increase milk production in nursing mothers 0-3 days. The results of this study can be used as an alternative to increase milk production and as a reference for further research.

Real-world evidence regarding the growth of very premature infants with small for gestational age after birth: a multicenter survey in China

BackgroundTo analyze the real-world growth pattern of very premature infants (VPI) with small for gestational age (SGA) after birth by using the ΔZ value of weight at discharge.MethodsThe clinical data were collected from 28 hospitals in China from September 2019 to December 2020. They were divided into the EUGR(Extrauterine Growth Restriction) and the non-EUGR group according to the criterion of ΔZ value of weight at discharge < –1.28.ResultsThis study included 133 eligible VPI with SGA. Following the criterion of ΔZ value, the incidence of EUGR was 36.84% (49/133). The birth weight, the 5-min Apgar score, and the proportion of male infants in the EUGR group were lower (P < 0.05). The average invasive ventilation time, cumulative duration of the administration of antibiotics, blood transfusion time, blood transfusion ratio, and total days of hospitalization were significantly higher in the EUGR group (P < 0.05). In the EUGR group, several factors exhibited higher values (P < 0.05), including the initiation of enteral feeding, the volume of milk supplemented with human milk fortifier (HMF), the duration to achieve complete fortification, the cumulative duration of fasting, the duration to achieve full enteral feeding, the length of parenteral nutrition (PN), the number of days required to attain the desired total calorie intake and oral calorie intake, as well as the age at which birth weight was regained. The average weight growth velocity (GV) was significantly lower in the EUGR group (P < 0.001). The incidences of patent ductus arteriosus with hemodynamic changes (hsPDA), neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) stage≥ 2, late-onset sepsis (LOS), and feeding intolerance (FI) in the EUGR group were higher (P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that birth weight, male, and GV were the protective factors, while a long time to achieve full-dose fortification, slow recovery of birth weight, and NEC stage ≥2 were the independent risk factors.ConclusionSGA in VPI can reflect the occurrence of EUGR more accurately by using the ΔZ value of weight at discharge. Enhancing enteral nutrition support, achieving prompt and complete fortification of breast milk, promoting greater GV, reducing the duration of birth weight recovery, and minimizing the risk of NEC can contribute to a decreased occurrence of EUGR.Trial registrationCHICTR, ChiCTR1900023418. Registered 26/05/2019, http://www.chictr.org.cn.

Circadian Variation in Human Milk Hormones and Macronutrients.

There is an inadequate understanding of the daily variations in hormones and macronutrients in human milk (HM), and sample collection protocols vary considerably from study to study. To investigate changes in these milk components across 24 h, 22 lactating women collected small milk samples before and after each breastfeed or expression from each breast. Test weighing was used to determine the volume of HM consumed in each feed. The concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, insulin, fat, and glucose were measured, and the intakes were calculated. A linear mixed model was fitted to assess within-feed and circadian variation in HM feed volume and concentration, and intakes of several components. The average infant intake of HM was 879 g/24 h. Significantly higher pre-feed concentrations were found for adiponectin and glucose and lower post-feed concentrations were found for insulin and fat. Significant circadian rhythms were displayed for leptin, adiponectin, insulin, glucose (both concentration and intake), fat concentration, and milk volume. These findings demonstrate the necessity for setting up standardised and rigorous sampling procedures that consider both within-feed and circadian variations in HM components to gain a more precise understanding of the impacts of these components on infant health, growth and development.

The Effect of Crude Papain as Coagulant on Chemical Characteristics and Energy Value of Susu Goreng Based On Goat’s Milk

Experiment aimed was determined the influence of using crude papain as coagulant on the chemical properties and energy value of susu goreng based on goat milk. The completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 4 replications was applied in this experiment. The crude papain levels tested consist of P1= 0.5%, P2= 1.0%, P3= 1.5% and P4= 2.0% of milk volume. The variables measured was moisture, protein, fat, total sugar, lactose, calcium and energy value. Susu goreng obtained has moisture ranged of 52.99 to 54.08%; protein 24.88 to 29.05%; fat 22.30 to 25.75%; lactose 0.69 to 1.38%; total sugar 2.72 to 4.4%; calcium 0.68 to 0.77% and energy value 1989.28 to 2507.09 kcal/100 g. Analysis of variance showed that treatment had close significant effect (P&lt;0.01) on total sugar, calcium and lactose, significant (P&lt;0.05) on energy value but had no significant (P&gt;0.05) on moisture, protein and fat. It can be concluded that the use of crude papain as a coagulant with a level of 0.5 to 2% produces susu goreng with varying chemical characteristics. The use of crude papain level 0.5% is the best where the susu goreng produced has the characteristics of the higher protein content, calsium and energy value, the lowest lactose content and total sugar.

The Effect of Using Crude Papain as Coagulant on Chemical Characteristics and Energy Value of Susu Goreng Made from Cow’s Milk

This study aimed to determine the effect of crude papain on the chemical characteristics and energy value of fried milk made from cow’s milk. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used in this experiment with 4 treatments and 4 replicates. The levels of crude papain tested were P1 = 0.5%, P2 = 1%, P3 = 1.5% and P4 = 2.0%, of milk volume. The variables studied included protein content, total sugar, lactose, calcium and energy value. The collected data were processed according to the variance analysis procedure. The fried milk produced had protein content; 9.9 – 11.87%, fat 6.59 – 9.59%, lactose 4.84 – 8.72%; total sugar 28.25 – 36.75%; calcium 0.23 – 0.26% and energy value 2712.47 – 3388.25 calories/100g. The results of variance analysis showed that the treatment had a very significant effect (P&lt;0.01) on fat content, total sugar, and a significant effect (P&lt;0.05) on lactose content, but not significant (P&gt;0.05) on protein, calcium, and energy value of fried milk. It was concluded that the use of crude papain produced fried milk with varying levels of fat, total sugar and lactose but protein, calcium and energy value tended to be the same. The best results were obtained with the use of crude papain 0.5%.

Exploring Alternative Methods to Reduce Milk Flow Rate From Infant Bottle Systems: Bottle Angle, Milk Volume, and Bottle Ventilation.

Modifying milk flow rate is a common pediatric dysphagia treatment. Though past investigations have demonstrated how this can be achieved using bottle nipples, little is known about the impact of other bottle modifications. The objective of this investigation is to demonstrate how bottle vent, bottle position, and volume of milk alter bottle pressures and milk flow. A Dr. Brown's bottle filled with formula was secured to a retort stand and inverted to allow milk to free flow from a Level 1 nipple. Milk flow rate and bottle pressures were calculated under three conditions: (a) with and without a vent in place; (b) with varying volumes of milk (1-4 oz); and (c) in horizontal, semi-inverted, and completely inverted positions. Differences between flow rates under the conditions were tested using repeated-measures analysis of variance. Upon inversion, milk dripped from both vented and unvented bottles. Dripping continued throughout the 20-min testing period in the vented bottle; however, as air pressure and hydrostatic pressure declined (p < .01) in the unvented bottle, milk flow slowed and eventually ceased (p < .001). As angle of bottle inversion increased, hydrostatic pressure and milk flow rate had corresponding increases as well (p < .001). Hydrostatic pressure increased an average of 1.4 ± 0.12 mm Hg per additional ounce of formula that was added to the bottle, with corresponding increases in milk flow rate observed (p < .001). Milk flow rate can be altered by feeding conditions outside of bottle nipples alone. Future work examining the clinical significance of these modifications is warranted to determine optimal interventions.

Teaching antenatal hand expression: a feasibility study in an inner urban U.S. hospital

BackgroundMany women have low confidence in breastfeeding and have concerns regarding low milk volume or discomfort with breastfeeding. Antenatal hand expression may be an opportunity to help women feel more comfortable with breastfeeding and help promote exclusive breastfeeding. A study at a hospital in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. assessed the feasibility of teaching antenatal hand expression at 39 weeks among socioeconomically disadvantaged populations, overall participant satisfaction and adoption of hand expression and breastfeeding.MethodsFrom March 2020 to June 2021, women recruited at 34–39 weeks were taught to hand express, collect, and store colostrum. Starting from 39 weeks, participants were asked to practice hand expression 1–3 times / day until delivery, log their experiences, and store colostrum expressed. Women were contacted to encourage continued hand expression and answer any questions. Postpartum, a survey assessed satisfaction with hand expression and issues encountered. The survey also inquired about breastfeeding plans and barriers, and whether women were exclusively breastfeeding (defined as infants who received only breastmilk from the time of birth). Chart review of postpartum or well-baby visit notes determined whether women continued breastfeeding.ResultsOf the 29 participants, 72% (21/29) reported hand expressing at home, and no women reported contractions when hand expressing. Participants rated mean satisfaction of 8.1/10 (SD = 1.62) with antenatal hand expression, mean satisfaction of 9.4/10 (SD = 0.90) toward hand expression education, mean likelihood of 9.4/10 (SD = 1.24) recommending hand expression to others, and a mean score of 8.1/10 (SD = 1.69) on how helpful hand expression was in breastfeeding initiation. 90% (26/29) of women initiated breastfeeding after birth and 72% (21/29) exclusively breastfed on discharge, but only 11/29 (38%) continued exclusively breastfeeding when re-assessed 4–6 weeks postpartum. Barriers included maternal discomfort, low milk supply, and maternal or infant illness.ConclusionsThis study suggests that women in an urban setting would be willing to practice antenatal hand expression. A larger and adequately powered study could be feasible to determine associations between antenatal hand expression and breastfeeding rates and confidence.

Identification of candidate novel production variants on the Bos taurus chromosome X

Chromosome X is often excluded from bovine genetic studies due to complications caused by the sex specific nature of the chromosome. As chromosome X is the second largest cattle chromosome and makes up approximately 6% of the female genome, finding ways to include chromosome X in dairy genetic studies is important. Using female animals and treating chromosome X as an autosome, we performed X chromosome inclusive genome-wide association studies in the selective breeding environment of the New Zealand dairy industry, aiming to identify chromosome X variants associated with milk production traits. We report on the findings of these genome-wide association studies and their potential effect within the dairy industry. We identify missense mutations in the MOSPD1 and CCDC160 genes that are associated with decreased milk volume and protein production and increased fat production. Both of these mutations are exonic SNP that are more prevalent in the Jersey breed than in Holstein-Friesians. Of the 2 candidates proposed it is likely that only one is causal, though we have not been able to identify which is more likely.

Breast Milk Production Variability Among Mothers of Preterm Infants.

Introduction: Mothers of preterm infants are at risk for inadequate milk production. Pumping logs are often used to both encourage lactation in the first week and track its efficacy. Our objectives were to determine whether mothers of preterm infants who keep pumping logs are demographically different from those who do not and to determine whether this practice affects the amount of mother's own milk (MOM) fed to their infants. We also aimed at determining whether there is a correlation between: (1) time to first breast milk expression, (2) cumulative frequency of expression in the first week, and (3) milk volume on day 7 with subsequent milk volumes and percent of infant diet consisting of MOM. Methods: Mothers of infants born ≤32 weeks and ≤1,500 g were enrolled within 48 hours of birth and encouraged to keep a pumping log. Data were collected on maternal characteristics, patterns of milk expression, and milk volumes on days 7, 14, 21, and 28 after delivery. Infant data were collected via chart review. Results: Mothers who kept pumping logs provided their own milk for a greater percentage of their infant's feeds at the time of achieving full feeds (p = 0.017). The total number of expressions in the first week was correlated with milk volume on day 21 (p = 0.016) and the provision of a higher percentage of MOM feeds at discharge (p = 0.03). Milk volume on day 7 correlated with volumes obtained at days 14, 21, and 28 (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Pumping logs may affect the availability of MOM for preterm infants. Frequency of pumping in the first week and milk volume on day 7 may impact long-term lactation success for these women.

EFEKTIVITAS BABY MASSAGE TERHADAP FREKUENSI DAN DURASI MENYUSU PADA BAYI USIA 0-6 BULAN

&#x0D; Breastmilk is a source of nutrition that is ideal because of its balanced composition and is the most perfect for baby's needs, both in quality and quantity. The scope of exclusive breastfeeding is indeed increasing every year but is still below target. To increase the achievement of exclusive breastfeeding requires a stimulation of a massage baby. One of the basic mechanisms of baby massage is the activity of the vagus nerve increases the volume of milk and better absorption so that the baby is hungry quickly and will suckle more often to his mother. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of baby massage on the frequency and duration of breastfeeding infants aged 0-6 months. The design of this study is Quasi Experiment with Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design. The sample of this study totaled 30 respondents (15 babies as a control group and 15 babies as treatment groups) with purposive sampling techniques. The data collection tool used is a standard operating procedures of Baby Massage, Observation Forms of Frequency and Breastfeeding Duration of Babies Age 0-6 Months. Bivariate data analysis using the Mann Whitney test and T-test independent test. The results of the study found that there was a significant difference in frequency and duration of breastfeeding in infants aged 0-6 months in treatment group and control group (P = 0.001 and P = 0.016). This proves the baby massage is very useful in helping exclusive breastfeeding achievement if done routinely.

Effect of Supplementary Feeding on Milk Volume, Milk Composition, Blood Biochemical Index, and Fecal Microflora Diversity in Grazing Yili Mares.

Grazing is a common approach to rearing. We investigated the effects of supplementation during grazing on milk yield and composition, blood biochemistry, and fecal microflora in Yili horses. The control mares grazed normally, while those in groups I and II received 1 kg/d of concentrate and 1 kg/d of concentrate + 0.4 kg/d of coated FA, respectively. Milk volumes were significantly higher in groups I and II than in the control group, and among the previous two, milk volumes were significantly higher in group II than in group I. Milk fat, lactose, and protein levels were significantly higher in group II than in the others. BUN was highly significantly lower in group I than in the control group. Specific FAs, total SFA, and total UFA were significantly higher in group II than in the other groups. After feeding, plasma GLU, free FA, TG, LDL, and VLDL were significantly higher in group II than in the other groups. The control group, group I, and group II had 4984, 5487, and 5158 OTUs, respectively, and 3483 OTUs were common to all groups. The abundance of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes was >75%. The abundance of Verrucomicrobia was significantly higher in groups I and II than in the control group and, among the previous two, significantly higher in group II than in group I. The abundance of Treponema_saccharophilum significantly differed between the control and other groups, and WCHB 1_41, Kiritimatiellae, and Verrucomicrobia abundances significantly differed between groups II and the other groups.

PENDAMPINGAN USAHA PANGAN OLAHAN SUSU TENJOMILK DESA TENJOLAYA KABUPATEN BANDUNG

Tenjolaya Village is one of the villages in Bandung Regency as a contributor to fresh cow's milk from dairy cattle. The Tenjolaya Village breeder group has a large volume of cow's milk but has not been able to optimally manage livestock products which can be sold at a higher selling price. One of the efforts to optimize livestock production in the form of fresh cow's milk is by processing it into dairy food products. The Business Incubator Center (Bicube) Politeknik STIA LAN Bandung provides business assistance for the people of Tenjolaya Village so that they can optimize the utilization of fresh cow's milk. The method of implementing the assistance activities consists of two stages, namely the preparation and business assistance stages. The results of business assistance activities include the TenjoMilk trademark, NIB, PIRT permit, packaging design, email and social media accounts, as well as product selling price estimation. These business assistance activities enable the community to independently produce higher quality and competitive dairy products which can be an alternative for earning income and improving the welfare of the people of Tenjolaya Village.

Exploration of gender dynamics in the production and marketing of forage technologies in Kenya

Inadequate and poor-quality feed resources are a key constraining factor in livestock production that compromises the livelihoods of many women and men dependent on livestock, who can be found in most low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Several forage varieties have been developed, which are targeted to smallholder farmers in developing countries, yet the level of adoption remains low, particularly among women farmers. Adoption of varieties could enhance livelihoods by increasing livestock productivity and also by providing an income from the sale of surplus forage. However, evidence on gendered barriers to and incentives for the adoption of forage varieties is scarce. This study explores the gender dynamics influencing the uptake and commercialization of a forage variety, Brachiaria (syn. Urochloa), among women and men farmers in four subcounties in Kenya. Through a mixed-methods approach, 260 individuals (59 women and 201 men) belonging to a household where at least one individual is a member of a dairy cooperative were interviewed. Complementary data from qualitative interviews engaging 16 single-sex focus group discussions (FGDs) and 8 key informant interviews (KIIs) were collected. Results reveal that Brachiaria is accessible to both women and men. Dairy cooperatives are important means for women and men to access extension services, useful information, and planting materials, but only a few women are cooperative members. Men face constraints owing to small land areas, rather than the ownership and access problems that constrain women. These challenges privilege men as de facto owners of resources while subordinating women and disenfranchising them in terms of adopting this technology. Complex yet important pathways for women’s and men’s empowerment exist through the sale of planting materials, hay bales, and an increased volume of milk obtained when cows are fed with Brachiaria. We conclude that cooperative membership for men should be supported, while at the same time gender norms that reduce women’s engagement with cooperatives, and their access to and control over land, should be challenged.

Potential of Endangered Local Donkey Breeds in Meat and Milk Production

The problem of the erosion of animal genetic resources is evident in certain local donkey breeds, and their long-term sustainability can be achieved by economically repositioning them. To develop alternative and sustainable commercial programs, the meat and milk production characteristics of Istrian donkey and Littoral Dinaric donkey breeds were investigated. The meat production characteristics were examined in mature males, whose carcasses were dissected, and meat composition was determined using NIT spectrophotometry and gas chromatography. Milk yield and milk composition were determined in jennies in second or subsequent lactations by measuring milk volume and using infrared spectrometry and gas chromatography. Compared to the Littoral Dinaric donkey, the Istrian donkey has a higher carcass weight and dressing percentage (p &lt; 0.001). The share of boneless meat in relation to live weight was 28.27% in the Istrian donkey and 26.18% in the Littoral Dinaric donkey. The absolute masses of primal cuts of meat in E, I, and II classes were significantly greater in Istrian donkeys than in Littoral Dinaric donkeys (p &lt; 0.01), although the differences in the proportions of primal cuts were not significant. The breed did not have a significant impact on the color, pH, or meat composition. A significant influence of breed on milk yield, lactose, protein, and the fat content of milk was observed (p &lt; 0.01). A significant influence of breed on the ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFA fatty acids in donkey milk was observed (p = 0.002). The values of the atherogenic and thrombogenic indexes were favorable, considering potential beneficial effects of donkey milk and meat on consumer health. The findings of this research suggest that local donkey breeds hold significant potential for meat and milk production, focusing on the uniqueness and quality of their products rather than the quantity of meat and milk they can produce.

GENETYCZNE ASPEKTY SYNTEZY LAKTOZY U BYDŁA MLECZNEGO

Market requirements, dictated by the growing needs of consumers, make it necessary to conduct breeding works to improve the performance characteristics of farm animals. The effectiveness of the breeding goal depends on both the genotype of the animals and the environmental conditions. Genomic selection using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is increasingly used in the selection and evaluation of dairy cattle breeds. In recent years, many experiments have been carried out to determine the relationship between the occurrence of the genotype and performance traits of livestock. The analysis of milk composition carried out so far focused mainly on such milk production traits as milk yield (kg), fat yield (kg), fat content (%), protein yield (kg) and protein content (%). So far, no largescale experiments have been carried out to test the content of lactose in milk and evaluate possible relationships with other milk performance traits. Lactose synthesis in the epithelial cells of the mammary gland serves as a major factor influencing milk volume production. Due to that conducting such an analysis seems to be beneficial for milk producers for economic reasons. An additional advantage may be the use of the obtained results in marker-assisted selection (MAS). The present review summarizes knowledge about lactose synthesis by covering and linking several aspects of cow’s milk.