Milk Supply Chain Research Articles

Measurement and Improvement of Fresh Milk Supply Chain Performance (Case Study of XYZ Farmers Group, Bogor Regency)

The challenges in the small-scale dairy industry often stem from outdated business management practices and a lack of comprehensive performance evaluation. This study adopts a structural approach by analyzing the performance of the fresh milk supply chain within Farmers Group XYZ, located inBogor Regency. We employed the SCOR and AHP methods for our performance analysis. Data were garnered through questionnaires, interviews, and observations. The findings reveal that the overall performance of the fresh milk supply chain was moderate, with performance scores of 84.25% forfeed suppliers, 77.47% for Farmers Group XYZ, and 82.05% for consumers. Notably, areas requiring enhancement include reliability, responsiveness, and cost-efficiency. Consequently, we have developed strategic recommendations aimed at augmenting supply chain effectiveness. These include enhancing the transportation system to ensure timely deliveries (Reliability), shortening order fulfillment times and improving the flexibility to adapt to demand fluctuations (Responsiveness), and optimizing logistics and storage to reduce costs (Cost). Implementing these strategies will bolster collaboration and fortify relationships among suppliers, producers, and consumers, contributing to a more robust dairy industry.

Fresh Milk Supply Chain Analysis in Kelompok Ternak Mandiri Sejahtera using Food Supply Chain Network Approach

Supply chain management plays a role in ensuring the availability of raw materials from suppliers to the final product reaching consumers. Kelompok Ternak Mandiri Sejahtera (KTMS) is a cooperative that acts as a link between farmers and dairy processing consumers. However, research on theapplication of the supply chain concept at KTMS has not yet been explored. One commonly used approach to analyze supply chain conditions is the Food Supply Chain Network (FSCN). Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze the fresh milk supply chain conditions at KTMS using the FSCNapproach to comprehensively understand the supply chain conditions. The research was conducted at the Kelompok Ternak Mandiri Sejahtera (KTMS) from June to July 2024. The method used was qualitative descriptive with observations and interviews using questionnaires relevant to the FoodSupply Chain Network (FSCN) framework with 17 respondents. The results of the study indicate that the fresh milk supply chain conditions at Kelompok Ternak Mandiri Sejahtera (KTMS), based on the Food Supply Chain Network framework approach, have been running smoothly, although transportation resources and technology resources remain weaknesses for both the farmers and KTMS.

Microbial quality and constraints affecting of cow milk supply chain in Nekemte City, Ethiopia

Microbial quality and constraints affecting of cow milk supply chain in Nekemte City, Ethiopia

Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in Milk and Dairy Product Supply Chains: A Global Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Listeria monocytogenes, one of the main foodborne pathogens, is commonly found in milk and dairy products. This study aimed to estimate the presence of L. monocytogenes in milk and dairy product supply chains using a meta-analysis based on PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. A total of 173 studies were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence in the supply chain environment was 8.69% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.30%-12.78%), which was higher than that in dairy products (4.60%, 95% CI: 1.72%-8.60%) and milk products (2.93%, 95% CI: 2.14%-3.82%). Subgroup analysis showed that L. monocytogenes prevalence in raw milk (3.44%, 95% CI: 2.61%-4.28%) was significantly higher than in pasteurized milk (0.60%, 95% CI: 0.00%-2.06%). The highest prevalence of L. monocytogenes in milk and dairy products was observed in North America (5.27%, 95% CI: 2.19%-8.35%) and South America (13.54%, 95% CI: 3.71%-23.37%). In addition, studies using culture and molecular methods (5.17%, 95% CI: 2.29%-8.06%) had higher prevalence than other detection methods. Serogroup 1/2a and 3a (45.34%, 95% CI: 28.74%-62.37%), serogroup 1/2b and 3b (14.23%, 95% CI: 6.05%-24.24%), and serogroup 4b/4e (13.71%, 95% CI: 6.18%-22.83%) were dominant in these studies. The results of this study provide a better understanding of the prevalence of L. monocytogenes in milk and dairy product supply chains and suggest a potential foodborne pathogen burden.

INTERPRETING FARMER ATTITUDE TO FOOD LOSS PHENOMENON IN THE FRESH MILK SUPPLY CHAIN IN BANYUMAS, INDONESIA

Food loss is currently a global problem for both developing and developed countries. Food loss is defined as the loss of a portion of food that is still raw but cannot be processed into a food product because the resulting material does not meet the desired quality. Food loss occurs in livestock production, and one focus is the milk supply chain. Food loss in milking usually occurs due to activities carried out during the harvest, post-harvest, and distribution processes. Food loss in the milk supply chain is caused by decreased milk quality and the farmer's attitude. Problems regarding the attitude of farmers that often occur are farmers' low attitude of responsibility to conduct something. This study aims to determine the effect of farmer attitudes to food loss in the milk supply chain. The method used was quantitative by collecting data from a survey of 46 milk farmers in Bayumas. Then, data were analyzed using the ANOVA approach. The results showed that demographics significantly affect farmers’ attitudes toward food loss in the milk supply chain. The food loss is due to farmers' treatments, including feeding, filtering milk into milk cans, and depositing milk in the shelter. Most farmers are over 50 and need more attention and knowledge about food loss in the milk supply chain. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct regular counseling programs for farmers in the supply chain regarding food loss mitigation. The stakeholders can provide the program to add new insights related to food loss. There should be intervention from the deposit shelter and cooperative in helping to increase farmers' awareness of food loss in quantity and quality.

Isolation and Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria in Pasteurized Powdered Milk Sold in Ogun, Lagos and Oyo, Southwest, Nigeria

Study’s Novelty/Excerpt This study provides novel insights into the bacteriological quality of powdered milk sold in Ogun, Lagos, and Oyo, Southwest Nigeria, by isolating and identifying bacterial species through 16S rRNA gene sequencing and evaluating their antibiotic resistance profiles. The research highlights the detection of potentially harmful bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus, indicating issues related to inadequate storage or sanitation practices in the milk supply chain. These findings underscore the importance of rigorous microbial monitoring and improved hygiene standards to ensure the safety and extended shelf life of powdered milk products. Full Abstract Milk is a nutritious beverage enjoyed by people of all ages, but it also provides an ideal environment for the growth of various microorganisms. This study aimed to isolate and identify the bacteriological quality of powdered milk sold in Ogun, Lagos, and Oyo, Southwest Nigeria. Three samples from each of five different brands were analyzed by homogenizing 1g of each milk sample with 10ml of nutritional broth, followed by overnight incubation at 37°C. Subsequently, the bacteria were plated on nutrient agar, Mac-Conkey, and EMB, with further characterization through partial sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. The detected species were then evaluated against antibiotics including Acyclovir, Cefotaxime, Augmentin, Cefuroxime, Gentamicin, Erythromycin, Ofloxacin, Nitrofurantoin, Ciprofloxacin, Nalidixic acid, and Azithromycin. The molecular testing revealed the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, Brevibacillus agri, Lysinibacillus sphaericus, and Bacillus thuringiensis as the identified bacterial species. Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibited sensitivity to Gentamicin and Cefuroxime, with Nitrofurantoin showing the highest sensitivity at 80.0%. Brevibacillus agri (LATC3) demonstrated sensitivity to Cefuroxime and Gentamicin, with a higher sensitivity of 55.00% to Gentamicin. Bacillus cereus (LAKG2 and LAC2) showed higher responsiveness to Ceftriaxone compared to Ofloxacin, Cefotaxime, Augmentin, Acyclovir, and Levofloxacin. These findings indicate the presence of potentially harmful organisms in the microbial populations of pasteurized milk, suggesting inadequate storage practices or insufficient sanitation of facilities and equipment post-production and packaging. Therefore, monitoring the microbial quality of pasteurized milk is essential to ensure safety and extend its shelf life.

Mapping Flows in the Cassava, Rice, Milk, and Fish Supply Chains of the Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo: Is There Any Quiet Revolution Taking Place?

By applying a stacked survey approach to farmers, processors, and intermediaries, this study estimates and maps aggregate flows of fresh and processed cassava, rice, milk, and fish within the Bukavu-Uvira-Kalemie economic corridor of the Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). To achieve this, we develop and implement a comprehensive accounting method to better capture the complex set of activities within all four supply chains as well as an alignment procedure to ensure consistency in flows across their stacks. Apart from operating beyond mere subsistence levels, the findings of this study indicate that much of the vibrant agri-food value chain (AVC) developments observed in other low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) are yet to occur in the Eastern DRC: processing levels and new product development are low; intermediaries remain very present in agri-food markets; food losses are high in the midstream segments; and advance payments to farmers have not disappeared. While these observations provide for a dissonant case study, it underscores the huge potential for future upgrading of AVC in the Eastern DRC.

Building resilience in the infant formula milk supply chain

In recent years, Infant Formula Milk (IFM), a vital source of nutrition for infants lacking breast milk in their first two years, has been plagued by diverse and severe global supply chain disruptions. These challenges have triggered shortages, compromised product quality, and threatened food security, leading to dire health consequences and even fatalities among infants. However, despite the criticality of IFM, current research is lacking in terms of how to build or improve the resilience of IFM supply chains. This paper presents a detailed framework for building a resilient IFM supply chain. A key pillar of this framework is a comprehensive analysis of potential hazards. Using the Hazard and Operability Analysis (HAZOP) method, 91 potential hazards were identified across the entire IFM supply chain. Subsequently, a clustering method identified 17 critical risks with irreversible consequences for infant health and supply chain flow. Finally, mitigation strategies that combine traditional approaches with 4.0 technology-enabled solutions are proposed. Adapting this framework can provide valuable insights for IFM supply chain stakeholders, enabling them to secure the vital flow of this life-sustaining product and safeguard the health and well-being of infants.

Transforming milk supply chains with blockchain: enhancing visibility and cost reduction

Transforming milk supply chains with blockchain: enhancing visibility and cost reduction

Milk supply chain as a reservoir of antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcus species

Milk supply chain as a reservoir of antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcus species

Analysis of the Dairy Milk Supply Chain at Sapi Juara Farm, Bogor Regency

Pamijahan District in Bogor Regency, West Java, is known as one of the main sources of milk supply for dairy cows in the region. Dairy cow's milk is a product that has high and stable demand and selling value. Supply Chain Management (SCM) at Sapi Juara Farm in Pamijahan District involves the distribution of dairy cow's milk which includes product flow, information and finance. This study aims to understand the SCM of dairy milk at Sapi Juara Farm, including product flow, information and finance, as well as efficiency as measured through marketing margin and farmer's share. This research uses quantitative descriptive methods with primary data obtained from interviews. The results of the analysis show that there is a flow of dairy milk products, a flow of information from farmers to various actors in the supply chain, and a flow of funds that includes costs and profits from nine distribution channels that influence the performance of the supply chain based on the payment system. From the analysis of the profit share value, it can be seen that the SCM for dairy cow milk in Pamijahan District is running efficiently. It is hoped that SCM in Pamijahan District can be more efficient to avoid losses at each stage or link in the chain and stabilize milk prices in the market, while improving the welfare of farmers, especially at Sapi Juara Farm.

Consumer Behavioural Patterns Towards Milk and Dairy Products: An Analytical Investigation of an Indian Dairy Supply Chain

Background: India has the most significant milk production and consumption level in the world. Fluid milk consumption will rise to 90 million metric tons in FY 2024 (Annual Report 202-23, United States Department of Agriculture). Milk is an essential component of daily diet in every age segment in India. Consumers’ behaviour and consumption patterns are based on their choices and preferences about product quality, price and preferences. This article critically investigates the consumer perception towards indigenous dairy markets and their consumption and behavioural pattern. Methods: Quantitative approach and Multiple Logistic Linear Regression Analysis (MLLRA) technique was used to test the hypothesis to establish a direct and indirect relationship among endogenous and exogenous variables. The sample was drawn from rural and urban regions of India’s top ten milk-producing states. Result: The research findings suggested a significant relationship between the direct and indirect role of consumers buying behaviour characteristics towards milk and dairy products and their satisfaction level. This research is limited to milk processors, dairy companies and dairy scientists in the field of marketing and dairy research. Dairy Farmers, Processors and Producers are vigilant about the quality of food products, especially milk delivered to their end users and their value-addition in the Milk Supply Chain (MSC) and logistics. In the past three years, during the unprecedented COVID-19, consumers’ consciousness level about health and well-being has been argued.

Trend of raw milk collection, milk processing constraints and opportunities in Ethiopia

Ethiopia is awarded from nature with cattle resource that brings it to the first stage from Africa and fifth from the world. Dairy production in Ethiopia is mainly rural small farming system with low productive indigenous cattle breed and an animal having multipurpose usage. Modern dairy product processing industries still infant and mostly dominated by traditional milk and milk products processing, due to regardless attention is given for dairy processing sector in the Ethiopia. Although modern dairy processing industries emerged in different part of the country, there is no constant in number of dairy processing industries which is up and down throughout different years due to disintegrated milk supply chain, poor milk quality, informal marketing, limit milk product processing technology, limited infrastructure and sociocultural impacts etc. are some of the limitation factors. Traditional milk product produced in Ethiopia are fermented yoghurt, traditional butter and butter milk, ghee and Cottage cheese. Whereas, modern milk and milk products are pasteurized milk, different type of yogurt and different kind of cheeses. Although, there are milk collection and milk product processing development constraints in Ethiopia, unexploited livestock resources in the country will an opportunities of milk and milk products processing investment. There for, this review paper is attempt to indicate the available dairy products processing investments opportunities and technical and non- technical constraints of milk collection and milk products processing in Ethiopia.

ASSESSMENT OF RADIATION RISK LEVELS ASSOCIATED WITH NATURAL (226RA, 232TH, AND 40K) AND ARTIFICIAL (137CS) RADIONUCLIDES PRESENT IN POWDERED MILK SOLD AND CONSUMED IN SENEGAL

The study conducted in Senegal sought to address the dearth of data on radionuclide concentrations in milk, particularly considering the upward trajectory of domestic consumption. Employing gamma-spectrometry, researchers investigated five milk brands, calculating the resulting ingestion dose. The concentrations of 232Th, 226Ra, 137Cs, and 40K exhibited variability across brands, ranging from 0.40 ± 0.30 for G1 to 7.58 ± 0.37 for V1, 0.50 ± 0.17 for V1 to 1.15 ± 0.11 for D1, 0.06 ± 0.05 for V1 to 0.43 ± 0.06 for D1, L1, G1, and H1, and 16.31 ± 4.02 for L1 to 369.26 ± 15.84 Bq/kg for G1. Notably, the total average Annual Effective Dose for all age groups remained consistent across all brands. Importantly, the concentrations observed were found to be significantly below the guidance level recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). As a result, the study concludes that all five milk brands investigated are considered safe for consumption, providing reassurance to the public regarding the radionuclide content in the milk supply chain in Senegal.

Analysis of Microbiological Quality and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns in Milk Supply Chain

The widespread consumption of milk for its nutritional value and health benefits brings the risk of milk-borne diseases due to the presence of various microorganisms, including antibiotic-resistant pathogens. This has led to an increased focus on ensuring the safety of milk products across the supply chain by dairy industries. The study aimed to evaluate microbiological parameters and detect multi-antibiotic-resistant pathogens at three specific supply points and to explore the association between the presence of residual antibiotics and the resistant isolates in milk samples. About 50 milk samples, including raw, soon-after-processed, packaged marketed pasteurized, and UHT milk, were subjected to microbiological analysis. This involved assessing the total bacterial count (TBC) and total coliform count (TCC), conducting antibiotic susceptibility tests through disk and well diffusion assays, detecting virulence genes in multi-antibiotic resistant isolates using gene-specific PCR, and analyzing residual antibiotics by HPLC. The study revealed that the quality of raw milk samples was unacceptable (TBC >4.5x107 CFU/mL and TCC >5.6x104 CFU/mL), while pasteurized samples from processing plants had lower counts than those from retail stores (TBC >5x105 CFU/mL and TCC >1.6x104 CFU/mL) indicating post-pasteurization contamination. About 70.37% of the isolates were Gram-negative, with Escherichia coli (21.4%) and Vibrio (18.8%) being the most prevalent. Resistance to antibiotics was substantial, particularly against ampicillin (86.3%), tetracycline (76%), and ciprofloxacin (58.9%). Gene-specific PCR analysis detected uidA, oprL, and oprI virulence genes in multi-drug-resistant Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas sp. respectively. The study also revealed a direct association between the presence of residual antibiotics and the resistant isolates, emphasizing the need for dairy industry improvements. As high bacterial counts in milk can pose health risks by fostering antibiotic-resistant pathogens, it is essential to mitigate microbiological contamination in the milk supply chain through the implementation of various precautionary measures.
 Bioresearch Commu. 10(1): 1462-1473, 2024 (January)

Theoretical Contribution and Critical Analysis of Indian Dairy Sector: A Review on Sustainable Advantage in Milk Supply Chain

A milk supply chain (MSC) is an operational framework that integrates dairy farmers, suppliers, milk outlets, retailers and users to deliver the milk from the producer to end users. Domestic consumption of milk from 17.0 million tonnes (MT) in the year 1950 increased to 221.6 MT in the year 2022−2023 (Department of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry Dairying, 2023). Now the Indian dairy Sector has become the largest milk production country across the globe. This article aims to review an in-depth analysis of the selected literature corpus, providing a better understanding of a subject domain. More than 300 articles or research papers were retrieved from various journals of production engineering, clinical and medical journals on pertinent topics through academic literature and publishers and were systematically studied and classified. It also gives better insights about publications concerning possible issues related to the number of themes, sub-themes covered in individual journals, future scope, the methodology adopted, number of methods used and publication trends. The literature suggests that milk intake helps prevent various health ailments, contrary to other non-epidemic diseases in humans. Inclusive authors discuss the literature on the trade-off between sustainability and risks or challenges in the MSC.

Non-starter lactic acid bacteria and citrate fermenting bacteria in milk supply chain: Are they easily controlled?

The frequency and possible sources of non-starter lactic acid bacteria (NSLAB) and citrate fermenting bacteria (CFB) at four points of a milk supply chain were evaluated. The relationship between the distance from farms (G1 and G2) to industry with NSLAB, CFB and psychrotrophic bacteria populations was also evaluated. A positive correlation between psychrotrophic and CFB was verified, which points to the need for the correct use of good milking practices to control these bacteria. NSLAB showed a significant increase in the population in raw milk samples collected in industrial silos (4.4 log cfu mL−1). CFB populations showed a significant increase in milk from tank trucks (4 log cfu mL−1). There was no difference between G1 and G2 in microorganisms counts. Even after the pasteurisation process, NSLAB and CFB populations remained high, which points to the occurrence of post-heat treatment recontamination, formation of biofilms and/or the presence of thermoduric microbiota.

Economic Sustainability of the Milk and Dairy Supply Chain: Evidence from Serbia

The sector of milk and dairy products in Serbia along the entire supply chain has been under significant challenges in recent years, especially in current crises. In this direction, this research looked at the supply chain of milk and dairy products by analyzing the primary production, the situation in the processing industry, and the international market’s competitiveness. Indicators of technical efficiency were used to analyze the situation on agricultural farms, while for the processing industry, the impact of various variables on profitability was evaluated using panel models. Furthermore, an examination of these products’ standings in the global market was conducted by assessing their revealed comparative advantages and integration index. The results of the research determined the level of technical efficiency of the producer, while the statistically significant influence of certain variables on profitability was determined within the processing industry. Additionally, the analysis showed modestly revealed comparative advantages in the international market but good integration with the international market. Finally, the sustainability of the milk and dairy products supply chain is highly questionable in crises, which will be a challenge for producers and policymakers.

The influence of material handling and operational performance on food loss occurrence in the milk supply chain

Food loss occurs during production, handling, and post-harvest processing. Food loss also occurs because the product is under quality and shelf-life over. In addition, the performance and knowledge of farmers also need to be improved to minimize food loss. Food loss in the milk supply chain occurs due to spills, damage, and product contamination caused by operator negligence and poor handling procedures due to the lack of material handling and operational performance. This study aims to determine the effect of material handling and operational performance on food loss in the milk supply chain. The method used is a quantitative method with a statistical test Chi-Square. The results show that most material handling cases involve manual milking and milk storage. Another cause of food loss is the high production of bacteria, which impacts milk quality. In operational performance, the primary reason is communication among farmers regarding the cleanliness and handling of cattle during production. New farmers with low experience are expected to attend training to increase production capacity and avoid bacterial contamination. Upgrading Milking equipment is also essential to reduce food loss in the milk supply chain

Impact of the implementation of tailored management strategies to reduce the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in milk-supply chain in Italy

Impact of the implementation of tailored management strategies to reduce the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in milk-supply chain in Italy