Milk Sales Research Articles

How have media campaigns been used to promote and discourage healthy and unhealthy beverages in the United States? A systematic scoping review to inform future research to reduce sugary beverage health risks.

SummarySugary beverage consumption is associated with many health risks. This study used a proof‐of‐concept media campaign typology to examine U.S. beverage campaigns that promoted healthy beverages and encouraged or discouraged sugary beverages. We used a three‐step systematic scoping review to identify, organize, analyze, and synthesize evidence. Step 1 used Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA‐ScR) guidelines to search four electronic databases and gray literature through 2021. Step 2 categorized relevant media campaigns using a media campaign typology. Step 3 examined campaign evaluation outcomes. We identified 280 campaigns organized into six campaign typology categories. The media landscape was dominated by corporate marketing campaigns for branded sugary beverages (65.8%; n = 184) followed by public awareness (9.6%; n = 27), public policy (8.2%; n = 23), social marketing (7.1%; n = 20), corporate social responsibility (5.7%; n = 16), and countermarketing (3.6%; n = 10) campaigns. Evaluations for 20 unique campaigns implemented over 30 years (1992–2021) across 14 states showed reduced sugary beverage or juice and increased water or low‐fat milk sales and intake. Positive short‐term cognitive and mid–term retail and behavioral changes were reported. There was limited evidence for long‐term policy, social norm, and population health outcomes. Future research is needed to use media campaigns in strategic communications to reduce sugary beverage health risks for Americans.

Ensuring a sustainable milk production system with rational use of feed

The article discusses the results of studying the use of feed additives with a high degree of protein protection in feeding highly productive cows. These feed additives have fairly stable characteristics, contain a high volume of protected protein PassPro Soy - 69.33% and PassPro Balance 70.80%, respectively, have a high digestibility of organic matter PassPro Soy - 90.38% and PassPro Balance 86.57%. An increase in the milk productivity of cows by 8.4 and 5.1%, the amount of milk fat by 10.8 and 6.1%, and milk protein by 9.9 and 6.1% was established. An improvement in the physiological and biochemical status of cows in the experimental groups was established. Dry matter consumption increased by 3.3 and 1.2%. Profits from milk sales increased by 11.6% and 8.4%.

To sell, not to sell, or to quit: Exploring milk producers’ approaches after a supply chain disruption in Northwest Cameroon

• Overlapping circumstances in Bamenda, Cameroon, caused a supply chain disruption in the dairy sector. • Producers continued selling milk (Sellers), stopped selling milk but kept the cattle (Non-Sellers), or sold all their dairy animals (Quitters). • Sedentary and pastoral milk producers’ approaches are analyzed separately to avoid one-size-fits-all policies. • Pastoral Sellers are associated with greater access to production factors and sedentary Sellers with livestock diversity and land titles. • Dairy-focused trainings offered within functional cooperatives could help both groups maintain their livelihood post-disruption. The Northwest is the second largest milk producing region of Cameroon. In Bamenda, the region’s capital, the shutdown of the only milk processing plant in mid-2016 and political unrest later that year disrupted its dairy supply chain. Producers had to decide whether to continue selling milk, to momentarily stop selling milk, or to quit the dairy business entirely. We investigate the approaches considered by producers in response to the supply chain disruption using household survey data from 2017 with 320 active and inactive dairy market participants. By means of binary and multinomial logit models, we examine household characteristics, farm resources, and institutional factors that may have driven producers’ responses one year after the disruption. Our analysis reveals that pastoral and sedentary milk producers should be examined separately. Results show that livestock diversity, land titles, and dairy-focused trainings are helpful to sedentary producers to continue milk sales, whereas pastoral sellers are encouraged by greater access to production factors, and by being members of cooperatives. Generally, younger producers in non-urban areas are most likely to remain milk sellers, regardless of production system. This study sheds light on producers’ different approaches after supply chain disruptions and highlights farm-level factors that help them stabilize and maintain their livelihoods. This knowledge can contribute to the design of more appropriate mitigation strategies against the repercussions of such events in the future, particularly for cattle and dairy development programs.

ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ СЫРОГО МОЛОКА ЧЕРЕЗ СОЗДАНИЕ СЕТИ МОЛОКОМАТОВ

The article discusses the possibility of selling agricultural products through modern vending machines that carry out "smart" sale of goods through a sales and service process management system with a comprehensive analysis of information on the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the products being sold. This study revealed the possibility of using vending machines by domestic agricultural producers, which is confirmed by economic calculations. For agricultural producers, the sale of fresh milk through milk dispensers is an alternative way to enter the retail market with their products. The study identified the opportunities and risks, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of selling raw milk through milk machines, and they are subject to the same requirements as in general for vending machines and points of sale of milk. Based on the application of economic calculation methods, the expediency of using this equipment in the sale of raw milk is determined using the example of a particular enterprise. The main conclusion, confirmed by the above calculations, is the conclusion about the economic efficiency of placing a network of milk machines. In the future, in the context of increasing digitalization in the development of this type of sale of agricultural products, there is an obvious trend to shift the emphasis in shares between classical retail and automated using online technologies with a reduction in the cost of selling products.

DETERMINATION OF RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATION IN MILK SAMPLES CONSUMED IN REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA AND POPULATION DOSE RATE ESTIMATES

Milk is one of the most important food products in the human diet and contains all the macronutrients, that is, proteins, carbohydrates, fat, vitamins (A, D and B groups) and trace elements, especially calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc and selenium. Milk contamination is largely due to the grazing of animals on contaminated grass and drinking water. Grass is a direct source or route of radionuclides to animals and humans through the consumption of meat and milk. One of the important tasks of the veterinary activity is veterinary-sanitary supervision of the production and sale of milk and dairy products, whose main goal is the provision of biologically good milk and dairy products from healthy animals.The purpose of this study was to determine the activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th 40K and 137Cs in milk samples most commonly used in daily consumption in the Republic of North Macedonia and based on the results, the risk of radiation to the population can be estimated. An instrument - gamma spectrometer (Canberra Packard) with a high purity germanium detector and GENIE 2000 program was used for measurement of the samples.On the basis of the performed tests, the mean activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K were 1.76 ± 0.23; 1.05 ± 1.00; 31.9 ± 5.07 (Bq·kg-1), respectively. 40K has the highest value compared to other radionuclides due to the process of transfer from soil to grass and from grass and water to milk.The activity of 137Cs is below the detection limit for all tested milk types. This shows that there is no risk of radiation to the population, i.e., the safety limits are not exceeded, which points out the insignificant threat of radiation arising from radionuclides that are naturally or artificially present in the tested milk, and that reach humans through the food chain.

ՊԱՏԱՀԱԿԱՆ ՎԱՅՐԵՐՈՒՄ ՎԱՃԱՌՎՈՂ ԿԱԹԻ ՍԱՆԻՏԱՐԱԿԱՆ ԳՆԱՀԱՏԱԿԱՆԸ

The research results of unpasteurized and non-factory farmed milk sold at random selling spots are presented in the current article. In all samples subjected to expert examination, soda has been detected, which means that the milk was adulterated. Nor did the organoleptic indices comply with the accepted standards. In some samples, a suspicious reaction to brucellosis and mastitis was observed. Hence, the milk sale at non-specialized selling spots should be prohibited, as its consumption poses danger to human health and can become a source for the spread of infectious diseases.

Foodborne illness outbreaks linked to unpasteurised milk and relationship to changes in state laws - United States, 1998-2018.

Consumption of unpasteurised milk in the United States has presented a public health challenge for decades because of the increased risk of pathogen transmission causing illness outbreaks. We analysed Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System data to characterise unpasteurised milk outbreaks. Using Poisson and negative binomial regression, we compared the number of outbreaks and outbreak-associated illnesses between jurisdictions grouped by legal status of unpasteurised milk sale based on a May 2019 survey of state laws. During 2013-2018, 75 outbreaks with 675 illnesses occurred that were linked to unpasteurised milk; of these, 325 illnesses (48%) were among people aged 0-19 years. Of 74 single-state outbreaks, 58 (78%) occurred in states where the sale of unpasteurised milk was expressly allowed. Compared with jurisdictions where retail sales were prohibited (n = 24), those where sales were expressly allowed (n = 27) were estimated to have 3.2 (95% CI 1.4-7.6) times greater number of outbreaks; of these, jurisdictions where sale was allowed in retail stores (n = 14) had 3.6 (95% CI 1.3-9.6) times greater number of outbreaks compared with those where sale was allowed on-farm only (n = 13). This study supports findings of previously published reports indicating that state laws resulting in increased availability of unpasteurised milk are associated with more outbreak-associated illnesses and outbreaks.

Simulation of the lifetime productivity of a dairy herd in Japan according to the number of days to first service of cows.

To determine the optimal voluntary waiting period to first service after calving for maximizing the lifetime productivity of cows in a dairy herd, we simulated the changes in lifetime productivity due to increasing the number of days from calving to first service. We also assessed the effects of changes in the maximum number of services within a lactation, maximum number of calvings, and calf sale prices on lifetime productivity. We evaluated lifetime productivity as lifetime average productivity, that is, the sum of daily revenues from milk and calf sales from first calving to culling. The lifetime productivity at ≤65 days to first service was low because of the low conception rate during early lactation. In addition, lifetime productivity at ≥185 days to first service decreased as the number of days to first service increased. The number of days to first service for maximum lifetime productivity decreased as the maximum number of calvings increased. Furthermore, the decrease in lifetime productivity associated with decreasing the maximum number of services within a lactation from five to four was greater than that when the maximum number of calvings was decreased from six to five.

ՉՆԱԽԱՏԵՍՎԱԾ ՎԱՅՐԵՐՈՒՄ ՎԱՃԱՌՎՈՂ ԿԱԹԻ ՍԱՆԻՏԱՐԱԿԱՆ ԳՆԱՀԱՏԱԿԱՆԸ

Upon the investigations carried out in the regions/marzes of Armenia, it has been disclosed that the organoleptic, physicochemical and microbiological indices of a number of milk samples, sold in different places not intended for their sale, don’t comply with those set for high-quality milk standards; infections with pathogens of brucellosis, tuberculosis and mastitis have been detected in the mentioned samples. Violation of sanitary-hygienic norms set per milk storage and transportation standards can cause food poisoning and toxicoinfections. Thus, it is recommended that food safety inspectorate bodies should impose and implement control over the private milk sale process at random places.

Impact of Jharkhand State Cooperative Milk Producers’ Federation on Socio economic Status of Dairy Farmers

The paper assesses the impact of membership of dairy cooperative i.e. Jharkhand State Cooperative Milk Producers’ Federation (JMF) on the performance of dairy production systems using propensity score matching techniques. Dairy cooperative members differed significantly from non-members in terms of outcome variables. The mean difference value explained that the socio-economic condition of members was better than non-members. The findings revealed that membership of JMF contributes towards improving yields of dairy animals, net dairy income, and also, to household milk consumption. The non-members reaped better price for the milk in the wet market as compared to the members. Nonetheless,the member-producers recorded higher proportion of milk sale as compared to the non-members which also indicated their intensity of market participation. These results indicatetowards the need to improve dairy farmers’ linkages through cooperatives or other such institutions for their socio-economic development.

Milk Production and its Marketing in Mizoram- Findings from Aizawl District

"The present study examined the economics of milk production in Mizoram with reference to input-output relationship, cost-benefits ratio and marketing channels, using stratified sampling technique to select the sample farmers according to the herd size. Descriptive statistical tools and regression models have been used to analyse the data. Although dairy farming requires a large amount of capital for starting up and monthly average variable cost also being very high, returns from sale of milk and other sources produce a sizeable amount of income to the cattle farmers. Findings show that the dairy farming was found to be profitable activity which is justified by its cost-benefit ratio which is greater than one (1.7). Dairying farming has been subject to decreasing returns to scale. Dairy farmers are faced with various kinds of constraints. Appropriate measures are suggested to address these constraints in order to enhance the profitability and viability of dairy farming and to develop the sector as a whole."

The impact of COVID-19 on the small and medium dairy farms and comparative analysis of customers’ behavior in Armenia

The restrictions caused by the pandemic of COVID-19 have affected almost all economic sectors of different countries, including agriculture. At the global level of quarantine and lockdowns, the whole humanity has been faced with various problems, food insecurity being one of them. The current research aims to study the effect of the restraints imposed in Armenia upon COVID-19, in 2020 on the activities of small and medium dairy farms and to compare the retrieved data with those of pre-pandemic period. The study period covered March–August, 2020, when the most severe restrictions were working in Armenia, while the indicators were compared with the data of 2019 for the same period. Meanwhile, the changes of the customer behavior from the prospect of milk and dairy product purchase throughout the restriction period have been disclosed and their incentives have been enhanced. The investigations testify that in Armenia the milk production and sale prices haven't undergone any significant changes within the restriction period, which is mainly accounted for internal market sale and short run of severe restrictions. Considerable change has been recorded in the customer behavior, particularly in the first month after declaring state of emergency. An increase in the purchase rate of milk and dairy product per one-time buy, as well as a decrease in the visit frequency to the shops and supermarkets have been recorded.

Economic sustainability analysis of Gaushalas in selected districts of Telangana state

In India, with the increasing cattle population the number of stray cattle has also been increasing. While indigenous cattle constitute a major portion of the total cattle population their proportion has been showing a declining trend. Gaushalas can serve as an alternative for housing the increasing stray cattle and also for preserving the indigenous germplasm. However, Gaushalas are functioning with insufficient funds mostly from donations and government grant. In this this study, an attempt was made to undertake economic sustainability analysis of Gaushalas by covering 14 Gaushalas in select districts of Telangana state. The data were collected from Gaushalas for the period 2014 to 2019 using a semi structured interview schedule. It was found that the major source of income to Gaushalas was from donations (82.5 per cent) followed by income from sale of milk and milk products (12.9 per cent). The expenses of the Gaushalas mainly included feed and fodder cost (82.5 per cent) followed by veterinary and miscellaneous expenditure (6.7 per cent). The overall net income for all the Gaushalas was negative. The returns over variable cost were positive for almost all the Gaushalas indicating that the Gaushalas were able to meet their immediate expenses in the short run. The overall operating ratio of 0.98 indicates that most of the Gaushalas were just able to cover their operating expenses. The overall fixed ratio was at 1.04 indicating that the Gaushalas were not able to cover variable and fixed expenses completely. Economic Sustainability Index ( ESI ) was computed which ranges from 0 to 1 using 5 indicators viz ., net income per animal, returns over variable cost, self-sufficiency, dependency and percentage of productive animals. The values of ESI of the Gaushalas ranged from 0.302 to 0.471. Of 14 sample Gaushalas 2 Gaushalas fell under low economic sustainability and rest 12 Gaushalas were under medium economic sustainability category. A positive relationship was found between income diversification and sustainability of the Gaushalas. So, there is a need to diversify income sources such as income from sale of milk, milk products and other by-products.

Livestock Holding and Time Spent by Farm Women in Dairying Activities in Andhra Pradesh

A study was conducted to investigate the involvement of women in dairying activities in Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh. The study involved a total of 225 respondents covering 75 villages. The result revealed that small farm women possessed significantly (P≤0.05) more graded Murrah buffaloes (3.68±0.28), whereas women under medium farm category possessed significantly (P≤0.05) more number of local cows (0.28±0.07), Murrah buffaloes (0.45±0.21) as well as more (P≤0.01) buffalo heifers (1.22±0.14). The milk production (litres per day) (13.25±0.80), consumption (1.48±0.06) and milk consumption by women (0.16±0.07) was observed to be high in medium women dairy farmers in the study area. Milk sale per day was observed to be significantly (P≤0.05) high in small farmers (14.20±1.90). Small farm women (587.00±81.70) obtained more income (rupees/day) through dairying followed by medium (516.34±54.35) and landless (385.66±32.39) farm women. It was observed that women are spending more time on dairy activities in the study area compared to men. The time spent was more on feeding activities.

Fasting, food and farming: Value chains and food taboos in Ethiopia.

The impact of food taboos-often because of religion-is understudied. In Ethiopia, religious fasting by Orthodox Christians is assumed to be an important impediment for the sustainable development of a competitive dairy sector and desired higher milk consumption, especially by children. However, evidence is limited. Relying on unique data, we shed light on three major issues. First, we observe that the average annual number of fasting days that Orthodox adults are effectively adhering to is 140, less than commonly cited averages. Using this as an estimate for extrapolation, fasting is estimated to reduce annual dairy consumption by approximately 12 percent nationally. Second, farms adapt to declining milk demand during fasting by increased processing of milk into storable products-fasting contributes to larger price swings for these products. We further note continued sales of milk by non-remote farmers and reduced production-by adjusting lactation times for dairy animals-for remote farmers. Third, fasting is mostly associated with increased milk consumption by the children of dairy farmers, seemingly because of excess milk availability during fasting periods. Our results suggest that fasting habits are not a major explanation for the observed poor performance of Ethiopia's dairy sector nor low milk consumption by children. To reduce the impact of fasting on the dairy sector in Ethiopia further, investment is called for in improved milk processing, storage, and infrastructure facilities.

The battle over milk: consumption, public health and the industrialization of the milk supply in São Paulo, 1911-1945.

In 1911, the city of São Paulo decided to modernize its milk supply system by opening up the import market for industrially pasteurized milk. But the industrial product was widely rejected, creating even more demand for raw milk produced in small barns under potentially unsafe conditions. This study examines how public authorities handled the double challenge of both minimizing the health risks of raw milk and helping to improve the industrial product, over the course of three decades. The article ends with an analysis of the effects of mandatory pasteurization, introduced in 1939, which equated to a ban on the sale of raw milk in the city of São Paulo.

Conflict and intervention in the milk market in Mexico City, 1902-1952

In the first half of the nineteenth century, authorities in Mexico City struggled to regulate the milk market in order to increase the product's availability and sanitation. This process was characterized by bitter disputes between the government and all actors involved in the production, sale, distribution and pasteurization of cow's milk. In this article I explain how the Mexican government's economic and political priorities, namely protecting consumer prices and avoiding discontent among the dairy business actors, were prioritized over public health measures, such as pasteurization and the struggle against adulterated milk.

ANALISIS KELAYAKAN FINANSIAL USAHA SAPI PERAH SENTULFRESH INDONESIA DI KABUPATEN BOGOR

This research seeks to analyze the feasibility of dairy cattle business. This research was conducted in Sentulfresh Indonesia in Bogor Regency. Respondents consisted of the owner and the employees of dairy farm also yoghurt production. Data were analyzed by quantitatively using measurement criteria of financial viability and sensitivity analyzes. The results showed that dairy cattle business is financially viable as indicated by NPV values of Rp5,542,458,138.00; Net B/C values of 2.42; Gross B/C values of 1.63; IRR values of 35.09 percent; and PP of 5.76 from the economic life of dairy cattle for eight years, and dairy cattle business is still viable despite the drop in yoghurt sales of 6.24 percent, the drop in milk sales of 45.60 percent, and an increase in cow maintenance cost of 5.88 percent.Key words: dairy cattle, financial feasibility, sensitivity.

Inclusive approach to calculating the real cost price and estimating the actual efficiency of cattle breeding

Information of the real cost price of milk and cattle meat production directly affects the accuracy and timeliness of management decisions in agricultural organizations. This led to the main objective of this study - with the help of an inclusive approach of calculating costs, to display the actual situation with costs and efficiency in cattle breeding, to develop a methodology for applying this approach in practice. The second objective of this longitudinal study is to look at the dynamics of the evolution of costs and prices for milk and cattle meat, since their change is closely related to understanding the past and present problems faced by agricultural producers. The paper describes the method developed by the author to distribution of costs in cattle breeding, the scale for determining the residual value of animal has been presented, depending on the period of its useful use. The method is based on a more accurate distribution of the company’s expenses by types of products obtained and complements the current cost price calculation methodology. Approbation of the developed inclusive approach to calculating costs in cattle breeding made it possible to assess the actual situation in the industry: cattle fattening is not that unprofitable (calculations have shown that fattening is effective in one third of the thousand surveyed agricultural organizations), and milk production is not as efficient as it is commonly believed (only a quarter of enterprises receive actual profits from milk sale).

Evaluation of the practice and contribution of sheep breeding and camel milk to the income of camel drivers in the peri-urban area of N'Djamena (Tchad)

Camel drivers living in the peri-urban area of Sahelian cities carry out several economic activities. These activities can have an impact on techno-economic practice of livestock. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2018 to assess the practice and contribution of sheep breeding and camel milk to the income of camel drivers in the peri-urban area of N'Djamena. It affected 42 sedentary camel drivers (27.6%). Young camel drivers (31.52 ± 9.3 years old) raise a mixed herd. Arab sheep is exploited for the subsistence. Its productivity is improved by monitoring reproduction, breeding selection (format) and supplementation. A family workforce and salaried shepherds ensure manage and sell. Camels walk during the day under the control of a young camel driver. Camel is milked manually by a woman and/or a man. The demand for sheep on the market is higher than that of goats and camels. The contribution rate of the average annual income of sheep sold (ScoreAISSm) is 51.2 ± 23.6% of the total average annual income from breeding (ScoreTAIBm) (1960187 ± 1028966 CFA francs). This rate is high in Group A households not selling camel milk compared to Group 2 (p<0.01). Average annual income from the sale of camel milk (ScoreCMm) provides the daily expenses of the household in Group B. The correlations between the number of women–ScoreTAIB and the number of women–ScoreCMm are positive (p<0.01). Depending on opportunities offered by the place of sedentarisation, camel drivers develop strategies to better meet the urban market demand while maintaining a pastoral way of life.