Milk Protein Components Research Articles

On the issue of methods for the identification of melamine in milk and its processed products

The development and intensification of the dairy industry currently often leads to the appearance of counterfeit food products in circulation. Component adulteration of milk is widespread in relation to the most valuable protein component. To date, the problem is that the estimation of the amount of protein in milk and its processed products by arbitration methods is based on the determination of nitrogen and is currently imperfect, since when adulterated with nitrogencontaining substances such as melamine, urea gives false inflated values and does not allow for operational input and production control. We have analyzed the regulatory framework, scientific publications of domestic and foreign authors, review materials from open sources over the past 10 years on the issues of falsification of the protein component of milk and its processed products, methods of identification of adulterating components. As a result of the analysis of regulatory documents and scientific literature, it was established that the existing methods approved in regulatory documents are laborious to reproduce, require special equipment, training of personnel to work on this equipment, the use of chemical reagents and auxiliary equipment, often expensive. The modern method of identifying melamine using infrared analyzers will allow to establish its quantitative values with great accuracy in the presence of appropriate calibration dependencies, in many ways accelerate and simplify the procedure for delivery and acceptance of raw milk while maintaining quality and safety indicators at a high level in accordance with regulatory documents.

Composition of breast milk from mothers of premature and full-term infants and its influence in Z-Scores for infant physical growth

BackgroundBreast milk contains various crucial nutrients and biologically active substances and is ideal for newborns. This study aimed to analyze the composition of breast milk from mothers of premature and full-term infants and its influences on the growth of infants.MethodsInfant-mother dyads examined at our Hospital (March 2016 to May 2017) were included. Milk was collected at 0–1 month, 2–3 months, and 5–6 months and analyzed using a MIRIS human milk analyzer. Z-scores of weight-for-length (WLZ), weight-for-age (WAZ), and length-for-age (LAZ) were calculated.ResultsThis study included full-term (> 37 weeks of gestation, n = 177) and premature (< 37 weeks, n = 94) infant-mother dyads. The premature infants showed higher ΔWAZ, ΔLAZ, and ΔWLZ from infancy to toddlerhood for the physical growth speed, compared with term infants (P < 0.001). All proteins and true protein components of breast milk decreased with infants’ age (P < 0.001). For premature and full-term infants, differences in ΔWAZ and ΔLAZ from birth to infancy and the difference in ΔLAZ, WAZ, and LAZ in toddlerhood were positively associated with non-protein nitrogen (NPN) (all P < 0.05), while the Z-score differences in ΔWLZ from birth to infancy were negatively associated with NPN (all P < 0.05). For premature babies, from birth to infancy stage, ΔWAZ was positively correlated with NPN and carbohydrates while negatively correlated with dry matter (all P < 0.05), and ΔLAZ correlated with NPN (β = 0.428, P = 0.005).ConclusionBreastfeeding helped premature infants compensatory growth when compared to term infants. Whileduring early infancy stage ΔWLZ gain was negatively associated with increased amounts of NPN in breast milk. This might mean although NPN increase the Z-scores of weight-for-age and length-for-age, with no rise in adipose tissue mass.

Chemerin Stimulates the Secretory Activity of BME-UV1 Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells.

Adipose tissue is an active endocrine gland, synthesizing and secreting multiple signaling molecules termed adipokines. Following the detection of adipokines and their receptors in the mammary tissue of various species, it is indicated that adipokines play a role in the development of the mammary gland. The aim of the present study was to determine the concentration-dependent influence of three adipokines, leptin, adiponectin, and chemerin, on the viability, apoptosis, and secretory activity of BME-UV1 bovine mammary epithelial cells. The study confirmed that BME-UV1 cells contain the leptin receptor (Ob-R) protein, and express transcripts of adiponectin (ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2) and chemerin (CMLKR1 and GPR1) receptors. Regardless of the administered dose, none of the three tested adipokines had an effect on the viability of BME-UV1 cells, and the number of apoptotic cells remained unchanged. However, chemerin (100 ng/mL) stimulated BME-UV1 cells to synthesize and secrete αS1-casein, the major protein component of milk. These results indicate that chemerin may be a potent regulator of the bovine mammary epithelial cells' functional differentiation, contributing, along with the major systemic hormones and local growth factors, to the development of the bovine mammary gland.

Comparison of miR-106b, miR-191, and miR-30d expression dynamics in milk with regard to its composition in Holstein and Ayrshire cows.

Milk composition varies considerably and depends on paratypical, genetic, and epigenetic factors. MiRNAs belong to the class of small non-coding RNAs; they are one of the key tools of epigenetic control because of their ability to regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. We compared the relative expression levels of miR-106b, miR-191, and miR-30d in milk to demonstrate the relationship between the content of these miRNAs with protein and fat components of milk in Holstein and Ayrshire cattle. Milk fat, protein, and casein contents were determined in the obtained samples, as well as the content of the main fatty acids (g/100 g milk), including: saturated acids, such as myristic (C14:0), palmitic (C16:0), and stearic (C18:0) acids; monounsaturated acids, including oleic (C18:1) acid; as well as long-, medium- and short-chain, polyunsaturated, and trans fatty acids. Real-time stem-loop one-tube reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction with TaqMan probes was used to measure the miRNA expression levels. The miRNA expression levels in milk samples were found to be decreased in the first two months in Holstein breed, and in the first four months in Ayrshire breed. Correlation analysis did not reveal any dependence between changes in the expression level of miRNA and milk fat content, but showed a multidirectional relationship with individual milk fatty acids. Positive associations between the expression levels of miR-106b and miR-30d and protein and casein content were found in the Ayrshire breed. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that miR-106b and miR-30d expression levels can cause changes in fatty acid and protein composition of milk in Ayrshire cows, whereas miR-106b expression level determines the fatty acid composition in Holsteins. The data obtained in this study showed that miR-106b, miR-191, and miR-30d expression levels in milk samples have peculiarities associated with breed affiliation and the lactation period.

Effects of Feeding A1 and A2 Cow Milk-based Diet on Hematological Parameters in Diabetic Mice Model

Background: Milk is essential part of diet across the globe and is a rich source of protein and calcium. Major protein component of milk is casein with beta-casein (β-casein) as the second most prevalent protein in cow milk. β-casein has 15 different genetic variants and of these A1 and A2 have gained research focus. All livestock as well as well human have proline at amino acid position 67 of β-casein, which is referred as A2 variant, but in cattle breeds, other genetic variant called A1 with histidine at amino acid position 67 is also present. This A1 type variant of â-casein or A1 type milk has been implicated as a potential etiological factor in several pathologies. Methods: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the A1and A2 β-casein variants of cow milk as factors affecting different hematological parameters and other parameters like glucose and insulin in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic C57/BL6 mice after the induction of diabetes. Diabetes was induced by injecting STZ intraperitoneally at dose of 45mg per kg of body weight for consecutive 5 days. Milk powder prepared from milk with A1A1 and A2A2 genotypes was used for feeding for three months. Result: After 3 months of feeding trial, it was observed that diabetic mice fed with A1A1 milk (STZ+A1A1) exhibited significantly elevated levels of glucose and insulin. Similarly, the levels of white blood cells, lymphocytes and neutrophils showed significant changes in STZ+A1A1 group compared to control and STZ+A2A2 group indicating the probable association A1A1 milk with inflammatory reaction. However, no significant changes were observed in parameters like red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit or mean cell volume. In the mice group fed with A2A2 milk powder-based diet, no significant change was observed in the observed parameters except lymphocyte percentage which was lower compared to control group. In summary, our results show that A1 form of cow milk might have a proinflammatory effect.

MiR-380-3p promotes β-casein expression by targeting αS1-casein in goat mammary epithelial cells.

αS1-Casein is more closely associated with milk allergic reaction than other milk protein components. microRNA (miRNA) is a class of small non-coding RNAs that modulate multiple biological progresses by the target gene. However, the post-transcriptional regulation of αS1-casein expression by miRNA in ruminants remains unclear. This study aims to explore the regulatory roles of miR-380-3p on αS1-casein synthesis in goat mammary epithelial cells (GMEC). αS1-Casein gene and miR-380-3p expression was measured in dairy goat mammary gland by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). miR-380-3p overexpression and knockdown were performed by miR-380-3p mimic or inhibitor in GMEC. The effect of miR-380-3p on αS1-casein synthesis was detected by qRT-PCR, western blot, luciferase and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays in GMEC. Compared with middle-lactation period, αS1-casein gene expression is increased, while miR-380-3p expression is decreased during peak-lactation of dairy goats. miR-380-3p reduces αS1-casein abundance by targeting the 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR) of αS1-casein mRNA in GMEC. miR-380-3p enhances β-casein expression and signal transducer and activator of transcription 5a (STAT5a) activity. Moreover, miR-380-3p promotes β-casein abundance through target gene αS1-casein, and activates β-casein transcription by enhancing the binding of STAT5 to β-casein gene promoter region. miR-380-3p decreases αS1-casein expression and increases β-casein expression by targeting αS1-casein in GMEC, which supplies a novel strategy for reducing milk allergic potential and building up milk quality in ruminants.

A New AS-PCR Method to Detect CSN201 Allele, Genotyping at Ca-Sensitive Caseins Loci and Milk Traits Association Studies in Autochthonous Lazio Goats.

Calcium-sensitive caseins are the main protein component of milk. In the goat, they are encoded by three genes (CSN1S1, CSN2, and CSN1S2) located on chromosome 6. A high number of alleles has been discovered for these genes in the goat species, responsible for changes in the milk's qualitative and quantitative characteristics. This study aimed to develop an Allele-Specific PCR (AS-PCR), which allowed us to unequivocally detect goat carriers of the CSN201 allele. Subsequently, the calcium-sensitive casein loci genotype was investigated in three native goat breeds of the Lazio Region (Bianca Monticellana, Capestrina, and Ciociara Grigia). No individuals were carriers of the CSN1S101, CSN1S1E, CSN201, CSN1S2D, and CSN1S20 alleles, while a high frequency of the alleles CSN1S1F and CSN1S1A*,B* was observed. Association analyses between the different genotypes at the CSN1S1&amp;nbsp;locus and some milk traits, namely the fat and protein yielded and the fat, protein, solids-not-fat, and casein percentages without an effect on the milk yield, were observed.

Molecular characterization of buffalo αs1-casein gene

The caseins (Alpha s1, Alpha s2, beta and kappa) comprise the major protein component of ruminant milk and are secreted in the form of stable calcium phosphate micelles. The present study was proposed to characterize αs1-casein gene in buffalo at the molecular level to determine complete αs1-casein cDNA sequence. Sequencing results were analyzed and aligned with available mRNA GenBank sequences of other domestic animals (Accession AAB34797, NM_001009795, X72221, AY344966, NM_181029, AY948385 and BC109618). The complete amino acid coding region of the buffalo αs1- casein was deduced from cloned cDNA generated from mammary tissue mRNA. Amino acid sequence comprises of 199 amino acid residues. When aligned with previously reported buffalo sequence (Accession-AY948385) it showed one amino acid (Glutamine) deletion at amino acid position 78.

High-frequency acoustic cavitation in the technology of producing milk and dairy products

The article tells us about the issue of the influence of high-frequency acoustic cavitation on the quality characteristics of raw milk and white cheese produced with its use. It is shown that with the duration of milk processing for 30 minutes and the impact power of 45 kHz, the number of bacteria of the Escherichia coli group decreases by 40% and native calcium is preserved, which is subsequently necessary for the formation of a high-quality cheese layer. The effect of high-frequency acoustic cavitation on the components of milk, such as fat and protein, has been studied. It is established that during the initial period of exposure to high-frequency cavitation, there is a crushing of fat particles - homogenization with subsequent agglomeration, and then the release of free (destabilized) fat. It is worth noting that acoustic cavitation does not have a negative effect on the protein component of milk. Thus, whey proteins, which are most susceptible to denaturation (precipitation) during heat treatment, remain in the native state during cavitation exposure. The authors concluded that high-frequency acoustic exposure is technologically feasible in the production of high-protein products, in particular, in the production of white cheese. The results of histological analysis indicate that calcium in this type of processing in cheese has a structured appearance and larger associations in size compared to cheese obtained from unprocessed milk, which has a positive effect on the quality of the protein matrix of the product.

Mutation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 5 (STAT5) Binding Sites Decreases Milk Allergen αS1-Casein Content in Goat Mammary Epithelial Cells.

αS1-Casein (encoded by the CSN1S1 gene) is associated with food allergy more than other milk protein components. Milk allergy caused by αS1-casein is derived from cow milk, goat milk and other ruminant milk. However, little is known about the transcription regulation of αS1-casein synthesis in dairy goats. This study aimed to investigate the regulatory roles of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) on αS1-casein in goat mammary epithelial cells (GMEC). Deletion analysis showed that the core promoter region of CSN1S1 was located at −110 to −18 bp upstream of transcription start site, which contained two putative STAT5 binding sites (gamma-interferon activation site, GAS). Overexpression of STAT5a gene upregulated the mRNA level and the promoter activity of the CSN1S1 gene, and STAT5 inhibitor decreased phosphorylated STAT5 in the nucleus and CSN1S1 transcription activity. Further, GAS site-directed mutagenesis and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays revealed that GAS1 and GAS2 sites in the CSN1S1 promoter core region were binding sites of STAT5. Taken together, STAT5 directly regulates CSN1S1 transcription by GAS1 and GAS2 sites in GMEC, and the mutation of STAT5 binding sites could downregulate CSN1S1 expression and decrease αS1-casein synthesis, which provide the novel strategy for reducing the allergic potential of goat milk and improving milk quality in ruminants.

БИОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ЦЕННОСТЬ БЕЛКОВ МОЛОКА КОРОВ СИММЕНТАЛЬСКОЙ ПОРОДЫ, ПРОИЗВОДИМОГО В УСЛОВИЯХ ИНТЕНСИВНОЙ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ

Taking into account modern requirements, the biological value of the protein component of the Simmental breed Krov milk produced under intensive technology has been studied. The amino acid composition of milk proteins was identified by high-performance liquid chromatography. To analyze the biological value of proteins, calculated indicators were used: the amino acid index and the amino acid number (skor) of essential amino acids, taking into account the true digestibility of each of them. As a result of the research, all the essential and interchangeable amino acids and a fairly high concentration of many of them were identified. Among the essential amino acids, the largest amount in the milk samples contained phenylalanine+tyrosine, leucine, lysine, valine, and the smallest-tryptophan, methionine+cysteine. In the aggregate of interchangeable amino acids, the highest saturation was noted for glutamic acid+glutamine, arginine, proline, and the lowest-glycine, alanine. The predominance of interchangeable amino acids was noted in the protein component, which caused a low amino acid index (0.61). The amount of assimilated essential amino acids was higher relative to the reference protein. However, the amino acid score had a wide oscillation amplitude: from 149.6 % for the amino acids phenylalanine + tyrosine to 61.2 and 87.8 %, respectively, for tryptophan and methionine+cysteine, which indicated their imbalance. The essential amino acids tryptophan and methionine+cysteine were limiting, since their amino acid number (skor) is below 100 %.

Potential Protective Protein Components of Cow's Milk against Certain Tumor Entities.

Milk and dairy products, especially from cow’s milk, play a major role in the daily human diet. It is therefore hardly surprising that the subject of milk is being extensively researched and that many effects of individual milk components have been characterized as a result. With the wealth of results available today, the influence of milk on the development of various types of cancer and, in particular, its often protective effects have been shown both in vitro and in vivo and in the evaluation of large-scale cohort and case-control studies. Various caseins, diverse whey proteins such as α-lactalbumin (α-LA), bovine α-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells (BAMLET), β-lactoglobulin (β-LG), or bovine serum albumin (BSA), and numerous milk fat components, such as conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), milk fat globule membrane (MFGM), or butyrate, as well as calcium and other protein components such as lactoferrin (Lf), lactoferricin (Lfcin), and casomorphines, show antitumor or cytotoxic effects on cells from different tumor entities. With regard to a balanced and health-promoting diet, milk consumption plays a major role in a global context. This work provides an overview of what is known about the antitumoral properties of proteins derived from cow’s milk and their modes of action.

MiR-204-5p and miR-211 Synergistically Downregulate the αS1-Casein Content and Contribute to the Lower Allergy of Goat Milk.

αS1-Casein (encoded by the CSN1S1 gene) is associated with higher rates of allergy than other milk protein components for humans. microRNAs (miRNAs) as small noncoding RNA molecules regulate gene expression and influence diverse biological processes. However, little is known about the regulation of milk protein synthesis by miRNAs in ruminants. In this study, we aim to investigate the regulatory roles of miR-204 family members (miR-204-5p and miR-211) on αS1-casein in goat mammary epithelial cells (GMEC). Here, we observed that the CSN1S1 mRNA level is upregulated, while miR-204-5p and miR-211 (miR-204-5p/-211) abundance is downregulated during peak lactation compared with middle lactation of dairy goats. We found that miR-204-5p/-211 synergistically inhibit αS1-casein expression via directly binding to the 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR) of CSN1S1 in GMEC. miR-204-5p/-211 increase β-casein mRNA (CSN2) and protein abundance, as well as the signal transducer and activator of transcription 5a (STAT5a) activity. Further, miR-204-5p/-211 enhance β-casein expression via the CSN1S1-STAT5a signaling axis and promote β-casein transcription by activating the STAT5 response element located in the CSN2 promoter. In conclusion, miR-204-5p/-211 regulate αS1-casein and β-casein synthesis via targeting CSN1S1 in GMEC, which provide the strategy for manipulating miR-204 family members to reduce milk allergy potential and improve ruminant milk quality for human consumption.

Milk-derived osteopontin shapes the development of the intestinal microbiota

Abstract Breast-feeding is important for the growth and development of infants, delivering nutritional support as well as a wealth of immunological factors that provide protection while the infant immune system matures. Formula-fed infants have an increased risk of negative health outcomes, including obesity, autoimmunity, and infections, and display dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota compared to breast-fed infants. Of the many components of milk, bioactive proteins provide a potential mechanism by which breast milk can impact the infant microbiota. One protein of interest is osteopontin (OPN), a highly glycosylated phosphoprotein involved in a range of physiological processes including bone mineralization, inflammation, wound healing, and homeostasis of lymphoid cells in the intestinal epithelium. Osteopontin constitutes about 2% of the protein component of milk; however, the impacts of milk-derived osteopontin on the development of the infant microbiota are not yet well understood. We propose that milk-derived osteopontin plays a critical role in the development of the neonatal gut microbiota, and that lack of osteopontin intake during the post-natal period leads to gut dysbiosis.

Oral Feeding of Cow Milk Containing A1 Variant of \u03b2 Casein Induces Pulmonary Inflammation in Male Balb/c Mice

Milk is globally consumed as a rich source of protein and calcium. A major protein component of milk is casein, with β-casein having 2 major variants A1 and A2. Of these, A1 casein variant has been implicated as a potential etiological factor in several pathologies, but direct effect on lungs has not been studied. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the A1and A2 β casein variants of cow milk as factors causing allergic airway disease in murine model. Mice fed with A1A1 milk exhibited increased airway hyperresponsiveness with increasing concentration of bronchoconstrictor (methacholine), which was not observed in mice fed with A2A2 milk. Significantly elevated levels of IL-4 and IL-5 were found in bronchoalveolar lavage and serum of A1A1 variant fed mice. Increased IgE and IgG levels along with increased infiltration of lymphocytes and eosinophils, leading to peribronchial inflammation was also observed in A1A1 variant fed mice, although, no goblet cell hyperplasia or airway remodeling was observed. In contrast, A2A2 milk fed mice presented phenotype matching the control group, while A1A2 milk fed group presented an intermediate phenotype. In summary, our results show that A1 form of cow milk has a proinflammatory effect on the lung resulting in phenotype closely matching with the typical allergic asthma phenotype.

PENGARUH PENDAPATAN EKONOMI IBU MENYUSUI TEHADAP KWALITAS KOMPONEN MAKRONUTRIEN ASI

ABSTRACT&#x0D; Indonesian socioeconomic experienced a prolonged crisis, which causes families unable to got decent, good, and nutritious food due to rising prices soaring or decreasing the amount of individual income (Arisman, 2004). Individual income is one of the socio-economic factors that can affected family food security. Low economic income indicated poor family food security, where food consumption patterns of breastfeeding mothers will be disrupted and have an impact on the amount and composition of nutritional milk. Breast milk has a good nutritional component for babies. The macronutrient component of breast milk influenced the prosess of growth and development of infants. This research was analytic observational research type cross sectional study design through observations on all breastfeeding mothers with children aged 1-2 months in the work area of Wonoksumo health center to determine the effect of economic income of breastfeeding mothers on the quality of the macronutrient component of breast milk. Breastfeeding of macronutrient component of ASI research using MIRIS human milk analyzer tool and income variable were measured using questionnaires. The data analysis used Categorical Regression. The result of this research shows that there were influence of economic income on protein and fat component of breast milk (P=0,02, P=0,000). The conclusion of this study showed that economic income of nursing mothers can affected the components of protein and fat in breast milk. &#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Income, Brestfeeding mothers, Breast milk component&#x0D;

The Effects of Fortification and Refrigerated Storage on Bioactive Proteins in Holder-pasteurized Donor Human Milk.

The aim of the study was to assess the total protein, lysozyme, and immunoglobulin A (IgA) content of unfortified and fortified Holder-pasteurized donor human milk (HPDHM) during 96 hours of refrigerated storage. HPDHM was prepared in a hospital feeding room and subjected to treatment with 3 different fortifiers: an acidic, bovine-based (F-ACID), a neutral, bovine-based, and a human milk-derived (F-HUM) fortifier. Unfortified HPDHM served as the control (CONTROL). Samples were stored at 4°C, and every 24 hours, a 1-mL aliquot was removed for analysis. At baseline, there was a significant difference in protein (mean, standard deviation) concentration (g/dL) between control (1.3, 0.1) and all other treatments (F-ACID = 2.0, 0.2; neutral, bovine-derived fortifier = 2.2, 0.1; F-HUM = 2.5, 0.1; P < 0.001). Lysozyme and IgA were significantly lower in the F-ACID group (P < 0.001). Lysozyme and IgA were significantly higher in the F-HUM group (P < 0.001). There was no significant effect of storage time (P > 0.9) for all dependent variables. The type of fortifier has a more significant impact on bioactive components in fortified HPDHM than does storage time. Our findings of lack of negative impact of refrigeration storage time on the protein and bioactive components of donor milk strengthen the recent recommendations to extend storage time to 48 hours.

Proteomics and microstructure profiling of goat milk protein after homogenization

This study investigated the protein changes in goat milk during the homogenization process using label-free quantification. We quantified 310 and 315 proteins in the control group (CG) and homogenized group (HG), respectively, and 16 proteins were significantly different between the 2 groups. For HG, the goat milk protein particle sizes were smaller and more evenly distributed and exhibited an increase in the regular arrangement of the secondary structures. Proteomics analysis verified that xanthine dehydrogenase and asparaginase-like 1 expression in CG were higher than in HG, whereas the opposite was observed for fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, κ-casein, and β-casein. Significant changes were found in the homogenization-treated goat milk proteome that were related to goat milk glycolysis/gluconeogenesis metabolism. This work provides updated information on the current proteome characteristics of homogenized goat milk, which may be important for applying the protein component of goat milk to human nutrition and health.

Исследование фракционирования молока как типичной биологической жидкости методом цифровой голографической интерферометрии

AbstractWe present the results of a study of milk as a complex biological fluid. The simultaneous occurrence of both direct and reverse sedimentation associated, respectively, with the protein and fat components of milk is demonstrated. Digital holographic interferometry enables the determination of the spatial and temporal changes in the refractive index of the suspension under study caused by fractionation processes with an accuracy of 10^–6, which exceeds the capabilities of other research methods. The results can be used to create a mathematical model of biological fluid fractionation processes and to develop physical models (phantoms) of such systems.

A Study of Fractionation of Milk As a Typical Biological Fluid by Digital Holographic Interferometry

We present the results of a study of milk as a complex biological fluid. The simultaneous occurrence of both direct and reverse sedimentation associated, respectively, with the protein and fat components of milk is demonstrated. Digital holographic interferometry enables the determination of the spatial and temporal changes in the refractive index of the suspension under study caused by fractionation processes with an accuracy of 10–6, which exceeds the capabilities of other research methods. The results can be used to create a mathematical model of biological fluid fractionation processes and to develop physical models (phantoms) of such systems.