Milk Production In Dairy Cows Research Articles

The The Relationship Between Lactation Period With Colostrum Age And Colostrum Fat Content Of FH (Friesian Holstein) At Kpsp Setia Kawan, Pasuruan

Colostrum is the milk secreted by the mother cow on the first day until the fourth day of milking after giving birth sothat it becomes the main food for the calf. The decrease in the milk production of dairy cows is in line with the increasein the lactation period. The effect of lactation period and colostrum age on colostrum fat content needs to beinvestigated because many small farmers do not understand the importance of colostrum for calves, especiallycolostrum fat content. The research location is in the Cattle Farming Cooperative. Dairy (KPSP) Faithful Friend. Dairycows used were 23 FH cows with a sample of 115 samples with 3 lactation periods (1,2,3) and 1,2,3,4,5 milking days.The method used is the case study method and sampling with purposive sampling. The variables used were lactationperiod, age and colostrum fat. data were analyzed using simple linear regression and correlation then analyzed usingdescriptive results. The relationship between lactation period and colostrum fat content is Y 7.43 + 0.03X, which meansthat every increase of 1 lactation period will result in an increase in colostrum fat content of 0.03%. With a correlationcoefficient (r) of 0.013 and a determination coefficient (R2) of 0.01%. while the average age of colostrum with thehighest colostrum fat content on the first day was 8.79 while the smallest fat content on the fifth day was 5.85. Basedon the results of the study it can be concluded that lactation period is not associated with the highest colostrum fatcontent on day 1 and the lowest on day 5.Keywords: Colostrum, lactation period, colostrum age, fat

The effect of teff (Eragrostis tef) hay inclusion on feed intake, digestibility, and milk production in dairy cows

Teff (Eragrostis tef) is a drought-tolerant, multi-harvest, high-quality summer forage crop. We conducted a study aiming at assessing the effect of replacing wheat hay with teff hay in diets on the feed intake, digestibility, and lactational performance of dairy cows. Thirty-four multiparous (≥3rd parity) Israeli Holstein Friesian dairy cows averaging (± SD) 182 days in milk ± 8 days in milk, 45 kg/d ± 4.8 kg/d of milk yield, and a body weight of 647.1 kg ± 51 kg at the beginning of the study were recruited to a 6-week feeding trial. Cows were randomly divided into two balanced groups based on parity, days in milk, and milk yield. Cows were subjected to two low-roughage dietary treatments (~30% roughage): a control wheat hay-based diet and a teff hay-based diet. Production performances, dry matter intake, and nutrient digestibility were measured. Milk samples were analyzed for their composition and fatty acids profile. Blood samples were used to measure metabolite concentrations. The statistical model included fixed effects of dietary treatments, time, and random effects of cows nested in treatment. Production data and feed intake were analyzed as repeated measures using a covariance structure. Dietary treatments did not affect dry matter intake (26 kg/d). However, the teff-fed cows demonstrated higher crude protein digestibility than control cows (61.9% vs. 59.2%). Dietary teff inclusion increased milk yield by 1.5 kg/d. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and omega-3 fatty acids profiles in milk were greater in the teff cows than in the control cows (4.77 g/100 g vs. 4.36 g/100 g and 3.71 g/100 g vs. 3.43 g/100 g, respectively). Non-esterified fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and blood urea nitrogen concentrations in circulation were higher in the control group than in the teff group. The acetic-to-propionic-acid ratio in the rumen fluid was higher in control cows than in teff cows (2.90 vs. 2.43). However, the ruminal ammonia-N concentration was higher in the teff cows than in the control cows (18.5 mg/dL vs. 15.8 mg/dL). In conclusion, teff hay inclusion in the rations of high-producing dairy cows increased milk yield, which could be attributed to improved crude protein digestibility and energy partition to production.

Sirtuin 3 mitigates oxidative-stress-induced apoptosis in bovine mammary epithelial cells

Ketosis is often accompanied by a reduction in milk production in dairy cows, but the molecular mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Ketotic cows possess systemic oxidative stress (OS), which may implicate apoptosis in mammary glands. Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) is a vital regulator of cellular redox homeostasis and is under the control of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling in nonruminants. Thus, we aimed to investigate (1) the AMPK-SIRT3 and apoptosis status of mammary glands from ketotic cows, (2) the effect of SIRT3 on OS-induced apoptosis in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC), and (3) the role of AMPK signaling on SIRT3-mediated effects on apoptosis. Mammary gland samples were reused from a previous study, which contained healthy and ketotic cows (both n = 15). BMEC were incubated with 0, 0.3, 0.6, or 0.9 mM H2O2 for 6 h with/without a 30 min incubation of an antioxidant MitoQ (1 μM). Then BMEC were incubated with SIRT3 overexpression adenovirus (Ad-SIRT3) for 6 h followed by a 6 h incubation with 0.6 mM H2O2. Finally, BMEC were treated with the AMPK inhibitor Compound C (Cd C,10 μM) for 30 min before the H2O2 challenge, or cells were initially treated with the AMPK agonist MK8722 (10 μM) for 30 min followed by a 30-h culture with/without si-SIRT3 and eventually the H2O2 exposure. Ketotic cows displayed higher levels of Bax, Caspase-3 and Bax/Bcl-2 but lower levels of Bcl-2 in mammary glands. H2O2 incubation displayed similar results, exhibiting a dose-dependent manner between the H2O2 concentration and the apoptosis degree. Mito Q pretreatment reduced cellular reactive oxygen species and rescued cells from apoptosis. Ketotic cows had a lower mammary protein abundance of SIRT3. Similarly, H2O2 incubation downregulated both mRNA and protein levels of SIRT3 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Ad-SIRT3 infection lowered levels of cellular reactive oxygen species, Bax, Caspase-3 and Bax/Bcl-2 but increased levels of Bcl-2. TUNEL assays confirmed that Ad-SIRT3 infection mitigated H2O2-induced apoptosis. Both ketotic cows and H2O2-induced BMEC had lower levels of p-AMPK and p-AMPK/AMPK. Additionally, Cd C pretreatment decreased SIRT3 and Bcl-2 expression but increased levels of Bax and Caspase-3. Contrary to the inhibitor, MK8722 had opposite effects and reduced the percentage of apoptotic cells. However, these effects of MK8722 were reversed upon SIRT3 silencing. In conclusion, in vivo data confirmed that ketosis is associated with greater apoptosis and restricted AMPK-SIRT3 signaling in mammary glands; in vitro data indicated that SIRT3 mitigates OS-induced apoptosis via AMPK signaling. As such, there may be potential benefits for targeting the AMPK-SIRT3 axis to help counteract the negative effects of mammary glands during ketosis.

Effects of dietary fat, nitrate, and 3-nitrooxypropanol and their combinations on methane emission, feed intake, and milk production in dairy cows

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of individual and combined use of dietary fat, nitrate, and 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) on dairy cows' enteric methane (CH4) emission and production performance. Twenty-four primiparous and 24 multiparous Danish Holstein cows (111 ± 44.6 d in milk; mean ± standard deviation) were included in an incomplete 8 × 8 Latin square design with six 21-d periods. Dietary treatments were organized in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement aiming for 2 levels of FAT (30 or 63 g of crude fat/kg of dry matter [DM]; LF or HF, respectively), 2 levels of NITRATE (0 or 10 g of nitrate/kg of DM; UREA or NIT, respectively), and 2 levels of 3-NOP (0 or 80 mg/kg DM; BLANK or NOP, respectively). Treatments were included in ad libitum-fed partial mixed rations in bins that automatically measured feed intake and eating behavior. Additional concentrate was offered as bait in GreenFeed units used for measurement of gas emission. For total DM intake (DMI), a FAT × NITRATE interaction showed that DMI, across parities and levels of 3-NOP, was unaffected by separate fat supplementation, but reduced by nitrate with 4.6% and synergistically decreased (significant 2-way interaction) with 13.0% when fat and nitrate were combined. Additionally, 3-NOP decreased DMI by 13.4% and the combination of 3-NOP with fat and nitrate decreased DMI in an additive way (no significant 3-way interaction). The decreasing effects on DMI were more pronounced in multiparous cows than in primiparous cows. For treatments with largest reductions in DMI, eating behavior was altered toward more frequent, but smaller meals, a slower eating rate and increased attempts to visit unassigned feed bins. Energy-corrected milk (ECM) yield increased by 6.3% with fat supplementation, whereas ECM yield did not differ among diets including nitrate (FAT × NITRATE interaction). Cows supplemented with 3-NOP had 9.0% lower ECM yield than cows fed no 3-NOP. Based on three 2-way interactions including FAT, NITRATE, and 3-NOP, the combined use of the additives resulted in antagonistic effects on CH4 reduction. A 6% to 7% reduction in CH4 yield (CH4/kg of DMI) could be ascribed to the effect of fat, a 12% to 13% reduction could be ascribed to the effect of nitrate and an 18% to 23% reduction could be ascribed to the effect of 3-NOP. Hence, no combinations of additives resulted in CH4 yield-reductions that were greater than what was obtained by separate supplementation of the most potent additive within the combination. The CH4 yield reduction potential of additives was similar between parities. Increased apparent total-tract digestibility of organic matter (OM) in cows fed combinations including nitrate or 3-NOP was a result of a NITRATE × 3-NOP interaction. Apparent total-tract digestibility of OM was also increased by fat supplementation. These increases reflected observed decreases in DMI. In conclusion, combined use of fat, nitrate, and 3-NOP in all combinations did not result in CH4 reductions that were greater than separate supplementation of the most potent additive within the combination (3-NOP > nitrate > fat). Additionally, separate supplementation of some additives and combined use of all additives reduced DMI.

Tea polyphenols protect bovine intestinal epithelial cells from the adverse effects of heat-stress in vitro

Heat-stress (HS) leads to impaired gut health, adversely affecting milk production of dairy cows. In the present study, we investigated the protective effects of tea polyphenols (TP) against HS-induced damage in bovine intestinal epithelial cells (BIECs) and explored the underlying mechanisms. Primary BIECs were isolated from bovine duodenum, cultured and treated as follows: (1) control cells incubated in complete medium at 37 °C for 12 h, (2) TP group incubated in medium containing 100 μg/mL TP at 37 °C for 12 h, (3) HS group incubated in medium at 37 °C for 6 h followed by 6 h at 42 °C, and (4) HS + TP group incubated with 100 μg/mL TP for 6 h at 37 °C and 6 h at 42 °C. TP improved cell viability and antioxidant capacity, and decreased apoptosis and LDH activity. TP led to upregulation of Nrf2 and its target antioxidant genes HO-1, NQO1 and SOD1 expression. TP significantly decreased the expression of proinflammatory cytokine genes (NF-κB, IL-6 and TNF-α), and increased expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine gene, IL-10. The above results suggested that TP protected BIECs from HS-induced adverse effects by alleviating oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, indicating that TP can alleviate HS-induced intestinal damage in dairy cows.

Optimizing hormonal and amino acid combinations for enhanced cell proliferation and cell cycle progression in bovine mammary epithelial cells.

The number of bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) is closely associated with the quantity of milk production in dairy cows; however, the optimal levels and the combined effects of hormones and essential amino acids (EAAs) on cell proliferation are not completely understood. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the optimal combination of individual hormones and EAAs for cell proliferation and related signaling pathways in BMECs. Immortalized BMECs (MAC-T) were treated with six hormones (insulin, cortisol, progesterone, estrone, 17β-estradiol, and epidermal growth factor) and ten EAAs (arginine, histidine, leucine, isoleucine, threonine, tryptophan, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, and valine) for 24 h. Cells were cultured in a medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) as FBS supplemented at a concentration of 10% to 50% showed a comparable increase in cell proliferation rate. The optimized combination of four hormones (insulin, cortisol, progesterone, and 17β-estradiol) and 20% of a mixture of ten EAAs led to the highest cell proliferation rate, which led to a significant increase in cell cycle progression at the S and G2/M phases, in the protein levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and cyclin B1, cell nucleus staining, and in cell numbers. The optimal combination of hormones and EAAs increased BMEC proliferation by enhancing cell cycle progression in the S and G/2M phases. Our findings indicate that optimizing hormone and amino acid levels has the potential to enhance milk production, both in cell culture settings by promoting increased cell numbers, and in dairy cows by regulating feed intake.

Maternal metabolic status and in-vitro culture conditions during embryonic genome activation deregulate the expression of energy-related genes in the bovine 16-cells embryo.

The molecular consequences of the metabolic stress caused by milk production of dairy cows in the early embryo are largely unknown. The objective was to determine the impact of dam metabolic status or in vitro culture during embryonic genome activation (EGA) on the transcriptomic profiles of bovine 16-cell stage embryos. Two days after synchronized oestrus, in vitro produced 2- to 4-cell stage embryos were endoscopically transferred in pools of 50 into the oviduct ipsilateral to the corpus luteum of lactating (LACT, n = 3) or nonlactating (i.e. dried off immediately at calving; DRY, n = 3) dairy cows. On Day 4, the oviducts were flushed to recover the embryos. Pools of five Day-2 embryos (n = 5) and Day-4 16-cell stage embryos obtained in vitro (n = 3) or from LACT or DRY cows were subjected to RNAseq. Temporally differentially expressed genes (DEG; FDR<0.05) between Day-2 and Day-4 embryos were determined considering the differences between the three conditions under which EGA occurred. Also, DEG between Day-4 embryos derived from the three conditions were identified. Functional analysis of the temporal DEG demonstrated that genes involved in ribosome, translation and oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria were strongly more expressed in Day-4 than Day-2 embryos. Comparison of Day-4 embryos that underwent EGA in vitro, or in LACT or DRY cows, identified DEG enriching for mitochondrial respiration and protein translation, including the mTOR pathway. In conclusion, exposure of the embryo to an unfavourable maternal metabolic status during EGA influences its transcriptome and potentially the competence for pregnancy establishment.

High yielding cows metabolism peculiarities under climate change conditions with the use of feed additive with protein protected from rumen degradation

The research relevance is determined by the problem of thermal load on the body of dairy cows by increasing the content of protein protected from breakdown in the rumen. The research aims to determine the metabolism and level of delivery of various forms of protein and energy to the body of highly productive cows in the diets of cows in the second half of lactation under conditions of climate change. Research methods include zootechnical (assessment of feed intake, rationing, selection of groups, organisation of the experiment, determination of milk production), biochemical (determination of the content of basic nutrients in feed, milk quality indicators), statistical, and mathematical. The compensation of protein in the diet of high-yielding cows under climate change conditions was carried out using the protein feed additive TEP-mix with protein protected from rumen breakdown. It has been proven that its inclusion in the cow’s diet can increase average daily milk production by 9.1% in the cold season (0-10°C) and by 28.0% in the summer (21-36.4°C). In addition, the fat and protein content in milk increased in cows receiving the high-protein feed additive TEP mix. It was found that the increase in protein nutrition of cows from 23.18% to 33.53% with the use of the feed additive TEP-mix with protein protected from scar breakdown ensures a reduction in the impact of climate change on the metabolism of dairy cows. Thus, it has been proved that the use of specific protein feed sources that regulate the level of non-cutting protein in the diet can be considered a factor in combating heat stress and increasing milk production of dairy cows throughout the physiological cycle of lactation, including in extreme conditions of high temperatures

The autumn low milk yield syndrome in Brown Swiss cows in continental climates: hypotheses and facts.

Extensive research has been conducted globally on the impact of heat stress (HS) on animal health and milk production in dairy cows. In this article, we examine the possible reasons for the decrease in milk production in Brown Swiss (BS) cows during the autumn season, known as the autumn low milk yield syndrome (ALMYS). This condition has been extensively studied in high-yielding Holstein Friesian (HF) cattle and has also been observed in BS cows with a daily milk yield of around 30kg. Our hypothesis is that the drop in milk yield and the increased prevalence of mastitis in autumn, as found in our recent studies, may be a long-term consequence of summer HS. We re-evaluate our previous findings in light of the possible manifestation of an HS-related form of ALMYS in BS cows. As milk yield, mastitis spread, and reproductive function of cows are interrelated and have seasonal dependence, we examine the consistency of our hypothesis with existing data. The significant drop in milk yield in BS cows in autumn (by 2.0-3.2kg), as well as the threshold of milk yield decrease (temperature-humidity index of 70.7), may point in favour of the manifestation of ALMYS in BS cows, similar to HF cows. Only the percentage effect of seasonal factor (59.4%; p < 0.05) on milk yield of BS cows was significant. HS-related ALMYS provides a robust conceptual framework for diverse sets of productive and animal health data in BS cows, similar to observations in high-yielding HF cattle. However, the limitations associated with the lack of additional data (e.g. immunological indicators) suggest the need for further research to confirm ALMYS in BS breed.

Effects of dietary inclusion of 3 Nordic brown macroalgae on enteric methane emission and productivity of dairy cows

Macroalgae are receiving increased attention as antimethanogenic feed additives for cattle, but most in vivo studies are limited to investigating effects of the red macroalgae Asparagopsis spp. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the CH4 mitigating potential of 3 brown macroalgae from the Northern Hemisphere when fed to dairy cows, and to study the effects on feed intake, milk production, feed digestibility, and animal health indicators. The experiment was conducted as a 4 × 4 Latin square design using 4 lactating rumen, duodenal, and ileal cannulated Danish Holstein dairy cows. The cows were fed a total mixed ration (TMR) without any macroalgae or the same TMR diluted with, on a dry matter basis, either 4% ensiled Saccharina latissima, 4% Ascophyllum nodosum (NOD), or 2% Sargassum muticum (MUT). Each period consisted of 14 d of adaptation, 3 d of digesta and blood sampling, and 4 d of gas exchange measurements using respiration chambers. Milk yield and dry matter intake (DMI) were recorded daily. Blood was sampled on d 13 and 16 and analyzed for health status indicators. None of the 3 species affected the CH4 emission. Moreover, milk yield and DMI were also unaffected. Total-tract digestibility of crude protein was significantly lower for NOD compared with other diets, and additionally, the NOD diet also tended to reduce total-tract digestibility of neutral detergent fiber compared with MUT. Blood biomarkers did not indicate negative effects of the dietary inclusion of macroalgae on cow health. In conclusion, none of the 3 brown macroalgae reduced CH4 emission and did not affect DMI and milk production of dairy cows, whereas negative effects on the digestibility of nutrients were observed when A. nodosum was added. None of the diets would be allowed to be fed in commercial dairy herds due to high contents of iodine, cadmium, and arsenic.

Developmental programming of production and reproduction in dairy cows: I. Association of maternal parity with offspring's birth weight, milk yield, reproductive performance and AMH concentration during the first lactation period

Multiparous dams have been reported to produce offspring with greater fertility and higher AMH concentration, as a marker of ovarian reserves, as compared with nulliparous and primiparous dams. Yet it has remained to be addressed whether this phenomenon can still be true for old multiparous cows which might experience some geriatric changes in their reproductive system. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the productive and reproductive performance of offspring with different maternal parity. To this end, offspring were classified based on their maternal parities into four categories, including offspring of nulliparous (no previous parity), primiparous (one previous parity), young multiparous (two to six previous parities) and old multiparous (seven or more previous parities) dams. In study I, data of birth weight, milk yield and reproductive variables of 11,788 offspring and data of their maternal parity were retrieved. In study II, blood samples (n = 521) were collected from offspring with various maternal parity for measurement of serum AMH. Birth weight was the lowest in the offspring of nulliparous dams (P < 0.0001) and it was lower in offspring of primiparous and old multiparous dams than offspring of young multiparous dams (P < 0.05). Milk production was the lowest in offspring of old multiparous dams (P < 0.01), and it was lower in offspring of young multiparous dams than offspring of nulliparous and primiparous dams (P < 0.0001). Offspring of old multiparous dams had greater first service conception rate, less services per conception and shorter calving to conception interval than offspring of nulliparous, primiparous and young multiparous dams (P < 0.05). Furthermore, AMH concentration was higher in offspring of old multiparous dams than offspring of nulliparous and primiparous dams (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the present study revealed greater milk production in offspring resulting from dams with lower parity, probably due to the genetic selection for improvement of milk production in dairy cows which imparts the younger generations greater genetic merits for milk production. Reproductive performance, however, was greater in offspring born to dams with higher parity, particularly those born to old multiparous dams, and this phenomenon might be related to their lower milk production and higher AMH concentration.

Effect of heat stress on dairy cow production, reproduction, health, and potential mitigation strategies

Extreme weather events are becoming more common and more severe as a result of climate change, and this has serious implications for the future of livestock, farmer income and livelihoods, and food security worldwide. Dairy cattle have become more heat sensitive due to selective breeding for higher production and increased feedlot operations. The harmful effects of heat stress cause hyperthermia, oxidative stress, and other physiological changes in dairy cows. Environmental heat stress causes a decrease in feed intake, leading to a decrease in milk production in dairy cows. The main method to check for reductions in milk production in dairy cows during the summer is an accurate evaluation of heat stress and effective mitigation strategies. Three primary management strategies have been proposed to reduce heat stress and stabilize dairy cattle performance in increasingly hot and humid climates. Short-term management options include physical alteration of the environment and nutritional management, while long-term management strategy includes discovering heat-tolerant genetic traits and genomic selection for heat tolerance. This review looks at how heat stress has affected the dairy industry’s sustainability and elaborates on genomic selection for thermotolerance in dairy cattle as sustainable breeding practices to increase dairy cows’ ability to withstand high temperatures.

Effect of a garlic and citrus extract supplement on performance, rumen fermentation, methane production, and rumen microbiome of dairy cows

The aim of this trial was to determine the effect of a garlic and citrus extract supplement (GCE) on the performance, rumen fermentation, methane emissions, and rumen microbiome of dairy cows. Fourteen multiparous Nordic Red cows in mid-lactation from the research herd of Luke (Jokioinen, Finland) were allocated to 7 blocks in a complete randomized block design based on body weight, days in milk, dry matter intake (DMI), and milk yield. Animals within each block were randomly allocated to a diet with or without GCE. The experimental period for each block of cows (one for each of the control and GCE groups) consisted of 14 d of adaptation followed by 4 d of methane measurements inside the open circuit respiration chambers, with the first day being considered as acclimatization. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc.). Methane production (g/d) and methane intensity (g/kg of energy-corrected milk) were lower by 10.3 and 11.7%, respectively, and methane yield (g/kg of DMI) tended to be lower by 9.7% in cows fed GCE compared with the control. Dry matter intake, milk production, and milk composition were similar between treatments. Rumen pH and total volatile fatty acid concentrations in rumen fluid were similar, whereas GCE tended to increase molar propionate concentration and decrease the molar ratio of acetate to propionate. Supplementation with GCE resulted in greater abundance of Succinivibrionaceae, which was associated with reduced methane. The relative abundance of the strict anaerobic Methanobrevibacter genus was reduced by GCE. The change in microbial community and rumen propionate proportion may explain the decrease in enteric methane emissions. In conclusion, feeding GCE to dairy cows for 18 d modified rumen fermentation and microbiota, leading to reduced methane production and intensity without compromising DMI or milk production in dairy cows. This could be an effective strategy for enteric methane mitigation of dairy cows.

Effects of grazing management and concentrate supplementation on intake and milk production of dairy cows grazing orchardgrass

In pasture-based dairy systems, grazing management strategies have focused mainly on achieving a high herbage harvest per hectare, whereas strategies oriented to maximizing the intake rate of herbage have been recently explored. The objectives of the study were (i) to evaluate the herbage nutritional value, intake and milk production per animal and per hectare of mid-lactation Holstein dairy cows grazing orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) in response to grazing management strategies that prioritize either herbage harvest per hectare or herbage intake rate, and (ii) to assess whether concentrate supplementation affects this response. The experiment was conducted in Uruguay using twenty-four mid-lactation Holstein dairy cows grazing orchardgrass under rotational stocking over an 81-day period. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement consisting of two grazing management strategies [i.e. “high intake rate” (HIR) with pre- and post-grazing sward target heights of 21 and 13 cm, respectively, vs. “high herbage harvest per hectare” (HHH) with a pre-grazing target of 3.5–4 leaves per tiller and a post-grazing target of minimum leaf area corresponding to sward heights between 7 and 11 cm] in combination with concentrate supplementation levels of 0 (CS0) or 4 (CS4) kg of dry matter/cow per day. Sward height, number of leaves, herbage morphological and chemical composition, body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), feed intake, and milk production per cow and per hectare were measured. Statistical analyses were performed using linear mixed models. Compared to cows under HHH, cows under HIR grazed herbage with greater nutritional value and achieved a greater feed intake and greater milk production per cow (P < 0.05), regardless of concentrate supplementation level. Conversely, under HHH milk production per hectare was marginally greater (P < 0.10) and milk solids production per hectare was greater (P < 0.05). Yet, cows under HHH lost BCS when were managed without supplementation (P < 0.05). In conclusion, HIR grazing management is an effective option for grazing dairy production systems that seek to maximize individual productivity of high-producing cows. On the other hand, HHH grazing strategies remain relevant to dairy farm businesses in which profit is driven by production per hectare. Yet, high producing dairy cows under this strategy are likely to lose BCS if not supplemented.

Effect of Brazilian spinach (Alternanthera sissoo) pellet supplementation and dietary ratios on rumen characteristics, microorganisms, methane production, milk yield, and milk composition in dairy cows.

The aim of the previous research was to evaluate the effects of Brazilian spinach pellet (BSP) supplementation and dietary ratios on rumen characteristics, methane estimation, and milk production in dairy cows. Four crossbred Thai dairy cattle, with Holstein Friesian (HF) cows with a body weight of 442 ± 50 kg were assessed in a 2 × 2 factorial in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to obtain diets; factor A was the roughage (R) to concentrate (C) ratio at 40:60 and 30:70, and factor B was level of BSP supplantation at 2% and 6% of dry matter (basis) intake (DMI). R:C ratio and supplementation of BSP had no interaction effect on DMI and nutrient digestibility. On DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) intake, the R:C ratio increased (p < 0.05). The digestibility of OM improved (p < 0.05) when cows were fed a R:C ratio of 30:70. On pH, ammonia-nitrogen, protozoal population, and blood urea-nitrogen, there were no interactions between the R:C ratio and BSP supplementation. Increasing the BSP supplementation to 6% (p < 0.01) decreased the protozoal population. The R:C ratio of 30:70 increased total volatile fatty acid (VFA) and propionate (C3) concentrations while decreasing the acetate (C2) to C3 ratio and methane (CH4 ) estimation (p < 0.01). The average concentration of total VFA has increased by 114.46 mmol/L for 6% of BSP supplementation. Increased BSP supplementation increased the C3 concentration while decreasing the C2:C3 ratio and CH4 emissions (p < 0.05). The R:C ratio and BSP supplementation had no interaction effect on milk yield, 3.5% fat-corrected milk (FCM), or milk composition. The R:C ratio of 30:70 increased milk yield (p < 0.05) to the highest level of 12.18 kg/day. In conclusion, the diet containing a R:C ratio of 30:70 increased feed intake, milk yield, BUN, total VFA, and C3 concentration, and decreased the C2:C3 ratio and CH4 emission. BSP supplementation at 6% could increase TVFA and C3 concentrations while decreasing the protozoal population and CH4 estimation.

Study of Non-Genetic Factors Affecting Dairy Cow's Milk Production and the Development of Correction Factors for Selection of FH Cattle in Indonesia

The purpose of this study is to identify the non-genetic variables that have a substantial impact on the milk output per lactation of FH dairy cows at BBPTUHPT Baturraden and to construct variables' correction factors. The National Dairy Cow and Forage Breeding Center (BBPTUHPT) of Baturraden provided the secondary data for the study, which included 1,942 unique records of the amount of milk produced per lactation by 1,015 FH dairy cows born between 2000 and 2014 (a total of 1,015 lactation records). Milk output per lactation, the number of milking days (100–600), the age at calving (575–2,993 days), the lactation phase (lactation 1-6), and the season of birth were among the studied variables. The F test was used to examine the impact of non-genetic factors on the amount of milk cows produce per lactation (ANOVA). The impact of season on milk output per lactation was examined using a student t-test. Utilizing the multivariate least squares method, correction factors were created. Age at calving, which ranges from 1750 to 2000 days, milking days, which range from 300 to 350, and the dry season serve as the primary benchmarks for constructing correction factors. The R program was used to generate and run statistical tests and graphic representation. The findings indicated that the age of calving and lactation period had a very strong correlation (r= 0.94). The number of milking days, age at calving, and season at birth all significantly affected milk output per lactation, with the variance contributing 84.16 percent to the overall variation, according to the results of multivariate analysis (P &lt; 0.01). Actual milk production had a mean (standard deviation) of 3710.55 kg, while adjusted milk production had a mean (standard deviation) of 5167.91 kg. The adjustment parameters can lower the variation in milk production each lactation by 57.92%. (43.00 percent vs 18.09 percent). Conclusion: Non-genetic variability was successfully reduced by correcting milk production data on the number of days of milking, age at calving, and season at birth.

Milk production of dairy cow at PT. Ultra Peternakan Bandung Selatan

This study aims to determine the effect of body condition score (BCS), lactation length, and dry period on milk production of dairy cows at PT. Ultra Peternakan Bandung Selatan (UPBS). The research was conducted at PT. UPBS, Pengalengan, West Java, the following method used is survey method, where the data of primary and secondary data using 130 lactating dairy cows 3. Complete milk production records as variable y and BCS, lactation length, and dry period as variable x. The effect of BCS, duration of lactation, and dry period were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis. The results of this study discovered that each factor of BCS, lactation length and dry period duration a very significant effect (P<0,01) with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 76.2%, average milk production 7835±631,33 kg, BCS score 3,25 ±0,26; lactation length is 346±65,26 days, and dry period (R2) is 77±33,18 days. The conclusions of this study; to optimize milk production, the implementation of dairy cows maintenance needed on BCS, lactation length, and optimal dry period according to the recommendations.

Quality and Quantity of Dairy Cow Milk Production in View of Differences in Concentrate Use at KUD Kertajaya Kandangan, Kediri Regency, East Java

Background: Differences in the use of concentrates in dairy cows cause differences in the quantity and quality of milk produced. Purpose: To compare the quality and quantity of milk between dairy cows fed concentrate A and concentrate B. Methods: This observation was carried out at KUD Kertajaya Kandangan Kediri using 40 cows with a ratio of 20 dairy cows fed concentrate A and 20 cows dairy cows fed concentrate B. The quality of cow's milk samples was tested using a lactoscan machine, and then the quantity was measured at the time of milking using a scaled milk can. Results: The results showed that the quality of dairy cows fed with concentrate A had an average pH of 6.495±0.176, milk specific gravity of 1,0241±0.0004 g/ml, a fat content of 5,241±2.614%, protein of 3,335±0.294%, non-solid fat of 8.542±0.518% and total solid of 13.707±2.612% with an average milk yield of 15.7±2.273 liters per day while the quality of dairy cows fed with concentrate B had an average pH of 6.425±0.102, milk Specific Gravity of 1,0244±0.0005 g/ml, Fat Content of 6,447±2.621%, Protein of 3.284±0.213%, non-solid fat of 9.134±0.6313% and total solid of 15.459±2.752%% with the average milk produced is 15.5±2.140 liters per day. Conclusion: The quality and quantity of milk of dairy cows fed concentrates A and B have a noticeable difference (P&lt;0.05) in terms of solid nonfat (SNF) and total solids. Concentrate B has a higher percentage of solid nonfat and total solid than concentrate A.

Edukasi Pembuatan Yoghurt Berbahan Dasar Susu Sapi Pada Ibu PKK Di Desa Kemuning Lor Kabupaten Jember

Milk production for dairy cows in Jember Regency is quite a lot, marked by a total production per year reaching 2.9 million liters per/year, but the use of fresh milk into processed products in Rayap Hamlet, Kemuning Lor Village, Arjasa District is still lacking, only limited to being used as a dairy product. pure cow's milk drink. Fresh cow's milk that has not undergone processing is easily damaged and has low economic value. Therefore, efforts are needed to be able to increase the economic value, benefits and good shelf life of the processing of fresh milk, one of the processing based on fresh milk is to make yogurt. The nutritional content of yogurt, especially protein and calcium, can meet nutritional needs. Nutrition is needed in every life cycle, starting from the womb (fetus), infants, children, adults, and the elderly. This service is carried out to increase knowledge and skills through education on processing milk into yogurt. This activity involved PKK Kemuning Lor Village women and institutional components from tertiary institutions, namely lecturers as activity assistants and assisted by two students. The output achieved from this service is an increase in knowledge of making yogurt.

Climate change, nutrigenomics, immune function and diseases and production in dairy cattle: a comprehensive review

Climate change is considered a main factor that negatively impacts agriculture and animal production. In addition, it also influences the animal's immune functions and diet intake, making it susceptible to infectious diseases. Recent nutritional research involving genomics proposes a rational ability to prevent disease occurrences. Scientific evidence in genomic sequencing discloses opportunities for discovering diet health associations and prospective for individual phenotypes and genotypes based on dietary suggestions. This review covers climate change, nutrition, and immune function on dairy cows' health and diseases. Strategies to increase dairy cow milk productive yield through nutritional interventions offer the prospect of improving their milk production performances and animal welfare. This review also addresses how such nutrition manipulations can enhance dairy cows' immune function and productivity. The principal competencies covered in this review are the evolutionary impacts of climate change on animals, climate change on livestock diseases, nutrition and clinical practice in dairy cows, and the influences of malnutrition on dairy cow diseases. In addition, the article discussed a common origin for immunity and digestion, the evolution of transgenerational immunity, nutrition, and immune function, and their impact on cattle. Moreover, the review covered the interaction between nutrition and immune function and their influence on the health problems of dairy cows. Finally, the review discussed the application of nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics in milk production in dairy cows and strategies for preventing disease during early lactation.